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a bo \ PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by
C.W. PLANT, B.sc., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, F.R.E.S.

January/February 1999

ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.

Editor
C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.
Telephone: 01279 507697 E-mail: Colinwplant@compuserve.com

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., F.L.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., F.R.ES.

Editorial Panel

A.A. Allen, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. A.M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.

N. L. Birkett, J.P., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S. J.A. Owen, M_LD., Ph.D., F.R.E:S.

J.D. Bradley, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. C.J. Luckens, M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.O.G.

J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S. B. Skinner

P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R.ES. P.A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.LBiol., F.R.E.S.

C.A. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

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BANFFSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 1

THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF BANFFSHIRE:
2nd SUPPLEMENT

Roy Leverton
Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Cornhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS.

INCREASINGLY, recorders in English and Welsh counties are publishing atlases of
their butterflies and moths — a welcome trend. Such a course is impractical in the less
well-populated parts of the British Isles, where not only are there few observers to
provide the data, but the potential sales of such a volume might be calculated in
single figures. For vice-counties like Banffshire, it is only through the pages of
scientific journals that the information contained in field notebooks can be given a
more permanent form, and reach a wider audience.

Barbour (1976) published the first list of the macrolepidoptera of Banffshire,
comprising 256 moths and 22 butterflies. A supplement (Leverton, 1993) added 36
moths and three butterflies. As the vice-county becomes better known, the rate of
new discoveries has inevitably slowed. Even so, this second supplement adds a
further 19 moths, but deletes one species on the original list, giving a total of 310
moths and 25 butterflies. There are still some obvious gaps, especially among the
coastal moths.

Until recently, there was no collated list of Banffshire microlepidoptera. However,
the Aberdeenshire recorders, R.M. Palmer and M.R. Young, kindly allowed
themselves to be persuaded to take on Banffshire microlepidoptera too. Notebook
searches coupled with increased fieldwork have already revealed around 250 species,
with many more awaited. A full list of all Lepidoptera recorded in north-east
Scotland (VCs 91-94, Kincardineshire, South Aberdeenshire, North Aberdeenshire
and Banffshire) is available from R.M. Palmer, Greenburn Cottage, Bucksburn,
Aberdeen AB21 9UA.

Underworked counties such as ours welcome records submitted by visiting
recorders, who were responsible for several of the new discoveries in the present
supplement. Naturally enough, most of these visitors come in the hope of seeing the
Scottish specialities, but it is unfortunate that a few do not always pay close attention
to moths which are not among their targets. Sometimes we receive lists which
include unlikely species, well outside their known British range. When the observer
is made aware of this, and asked for further details, the record is hastily withdrawn,
with the explanation “I didn’t really look at it — it wasn’t one I needed.” Indeed, I
have twice been in the field with highly respected visitors and seen them barely
glance at a moth, then misidentify it as something not yet on the Banffshire list. Had
I not been there, such records might well have been accepted as genuine. So please,
be meticulous!

A further source of confusion is the tendency up here for moths to differ in
appearance and emergence dates from their conspecifics further south. Having
warned others of this pitfall in the earlier supplement, it was galling to stumble into
it myself. Every June and July I searched the sallow carr for Eupithecia tenuiata,
puzzled at being unable to find it in what seemed entirely suitable habitat. Every

2 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 29.1.1999

August, a small, weakly marked, very grey pug appeared about mid-month, often at
sugar with the common Xanthia species. I recorded it as a partial second brood of E.
subfuscata. After seven years, the penny dropped. Oh well, we all make mistakes!
Presumably this was the large grey form of E. tenuiata named cinerae Gregson,
mentioned by South (1908) as occurring in neighbouring Moray.

The overlapping of species whose emergences are separated by many weeks
further south is especially striking here in years with cold, late springs. Thus in
1996, Orthosia incerta just made it into June, while Anticlea badiata was seen up to
the 10th of that month. The last Apamea sordens (15 August) overlapped by two
days with the first of the Xanthia togata. The first Aporophyla nigra and last
Thyatira batis were seen on the same date (21 August), with a perfectly fresh male
Cucullia umbratica the next night. One year, I expect to find the July Highflyer
Hydriomena furcata and the December Moth Poecilocampa populi in the trap
together, having missed this by only three days in 1994 (9 and 12 October
respectively).

Even after living here for eight years, it is hard to readjust when species
previously thought of as rarities are now among the commonest, and vice versa.
Going to draw the blinds one cold but still evening (15.x.94), I noticed 16 small
triangles on the kitchen window. Every one was a Chloroclysta miata. Light
trapping in the garden a week later produced a catch of 30 C. siterata showing
great variety of colour and marking. Such numbers at least give plenty of practice
at separating the two (size and wing shape being particularly useful). Many
female C. siterata lack any trace of red, while a few C. miata are flushed with
pink.

Among the migrants, the pale immigrant form of Eurois occulta is several times
more frequent than Peridroma saucia. Pieris rapae (occasional singles, but not
every year) is a far scarcer visitor to my garden than Vanessa atalanta (31 on the
Buddleia at once on 29.viii.97, with a further 18 on the line of sugared fenceposts
just across the road — though this was exceptional). It took eight years to find the first
P. rapae larva on our garden cabbages. This pupated successfully under a
windowsill, only to be snatched from literally under my nose by a particularly bold
male Great Tit, frustrating my desire to see how well it survived the winter. No
doubt it was a “first” for the Great Tit too.

Deletion from the Banffshire list
Hepialus lupulinus L. — The only record has now been withdrawn by the observer.
This species seems to be absent from north-east Scotland as a whole.

Additions to the Banffshire list
Zygaena exulans (Hohen.) — Loch Builg (OS grid reference NJ10), one in July 1976
(RA per MRY). Considered a windblown stray from the South Aberdeenshire
sites, but there may well be undiscovered colonies in Banffshire, as much
apparently suitable habitat exists.

Sesia bembeciformis (Hb.) — Ordiquhill, NJ55, common amongst Salix carr, but
overlooked until 1993.

BANFFSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 3

Epirrhoe galiata (D.&S.) — Inland on limestone at Inchrory, NJ10, in 1977, 1980 &
1997 (MRY, DAB), and at Tomintoul, NJ11, in 1993 (MRY).

Entephria flavicinctata (Hb.) — Tomintoul, NJ10, in 1993 (MRY).

Eupithecia tenuiata (Hb.) — Aberchirder, NJ55, August 1984 (LWH); Banff, NJ66,
1989 & 1996; Ordiquhill, NJ55, 1990-97, but originally misidentified as E.
subfuscata Gen. II (Leverton, 1993). Specimens are very grey (cinerae Gregson)
and do not appear until August.

E. trisignaria H.-S. — Ordiquhill, NJ55, male to m.v. on 21.vu.96.
Itame brunneata (Thunb.) — Glen Fiddich, NJ33, two on 30.vii.96 (DAB).
Gnophos obscuratus (D.&S.) — Macduff, NJ76, fairly common 29.vii.94 (DAB, RL).

Tyria jacobaeae (L.) — Ordiquhill, NJ55, male to m.v. on 26.v.95. Clearly a stray, at
least 80km from a known breeding area.

Agrotis clavis (Hufn.) — “Banffshire coast’, one, July 1993 (RK-J).

Standfussiana lucernea (L.) “Banffshire coast’, July 1993 (RK-J); Macduff, NJ76.
several, 26.vili.93 (PW, DAB, RL).

Noctua orbona (Hufn.) Ordiquhill, NJ55, male to m.v. on 3.viii.94. Unfortunately, I
trod on it, much to the amusement of my friends. Now in coll. MRY.

Peridroma saucia (Hb.) Ordiquhill, NJ55, singles on 8.vii.95 & 3.x.97. Only two at
the site, 1990-97, compared with ca. 55 Agrotis ipsilon Hufn.

Xestia alpicola alpina Humph. & Westw. Ben Rinnes, NJ23, larvae and pupae, June
1996 (MRY, RL, DAB). Moths resembled the Aviemore form.

Hadena confusa (Hufn.) — Findochty, NJ46, larvae on sea campion, 17.vii.96. Moth
bred.

Tholera cespitis (D.&S.) — The Cabrach, NJ33, 1983 (JM).
Dichonia aprilina (L.) — Ordiquhill, NJ55, male to m.v. on 30.ix.97.

Celaena leucostigma (Hb.) — Ordiquhill, NJ55, singles at sugar, 14.vili.95 & 2.1x.96.
Not thought to be resident in north-east Scotland, so presumed migrants.

Catocala fraxini (L.) — Ordiquhill, NJ55, male ab. moerens Fuchs to m.v. on 10.ix.95.

Other notable records
Inachis io (L.) — Ordiquhill, NJ55, one on Buddleia, 15.viii.97 (JL). Thought to be
the first record for Banffshire this century.
Eulithis mellinata (Fabr.) — Ordiquhill, NJ55, female to m.v. on 9.viii.96.
Deilephila elpenor (L.) — Ordiquhill, NJ55, now almost annual, and up to three per
night in some years. Perhaps established.

Cryphia domestica (Hufn.) — Banff, NJ66, one on shop window, 16.viii.96. At
perhaps its northernmost limit in Britain.

4 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the following observers for submitting records, which are identified
by initials. The are R. Allen, D.A. Barbour, L.W. Hardwick, R. Knill-Jones, James
Leverton, Joan Morgan, Paul Waring and M.R. Young.

References
Barbour, D.A. 1976. Macrolepidoptera of Banffshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 88: 1-11.

Leverton, R., 1993. The Macrolepidoptera of Banffshire: a supplement. Entomologist’s Rec. J.
Var. 105: 97-104.
South, R., 1908.The moths of the British Isles. Series 2.

More Early Greys

With regard to Roger Morris’ Early Grey Xylocampa areola (Esper) at Mitcham,
Surrey on 11 January 1998 (Ent. Rec. 110: 168) I myself would have regarded this as
an “odd man out”, derived from a microhabitat which must abound in the urban area.
A species capable of feeding on cultivated honeysuckles might well find itself
pupating in a “hot spot” unlikely to occur in a natural woodland environment. For
example, my own records of 1982 at Hampstead show 27 trapped from 8 February to
29 May, though only two were prior to 21 April when the species began to turn up
regularly. Again the following year one turned up on 30 March but the main influx
began on 29 April.

However, my records, beginning in the late 1970s, do show fairly consistently
earlier appearance dates over the long term, though I would regard even a twenty
years period to be dominated by short term factors. My 1981 to 1985 records,
ignoring the “odd man out”, match Mr Morris’ in being all 1 April but from 1980 the
dates of first appearance have been almost consistently in March. The latest date in
this period was 7 April (1996).— RAYMOND A. SOFTLY, 12 Parliament Court,
Parliament Hill, Hampstead, London NW3 2TS.

Six-belted Clearwing Bembecia ichneumoniformis D.&S.) (= scopigera auct.)
(Lep.: Sesiidae) in south-east London

As late as 1993 (Plant, Larger moths of the London Area: 12) the Six-belted
Clearwing could be noted, in the London area, as an extremely local species
restricted to the chalk. I was therefore quite astonished to sweep a male from a
rough, grassy strip of ground with Lotus corniculatus (the foodplant) and other
legumes, beside a path on Woolwich Common near here on 15 August 1998.
However, Colin Plant was able to inform me that this moth has undergone a very
marked increase in this part of the south-east, though most of the records so far were
from the north side of the River Thames.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

STATUS OF LARGE HEATH 5

THE CURRENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS IN ENGLAND OF THE
LARGE HEATH BUTTERFLY COENONYMPHA TULLIA MULLER
(LEP.: SATYRIDAE)

HARRY T. EALES

11 Ennerdale Terrace, Low Westwood, Derwentside, Co. Durham NE17 7PN.

IT IS EXACTLY fifty years ago that a similarly titled article was published in the
pages of the Entomologist, by J.E.H. Blackie (1948). The lapse of time, and the
changes in the distribution of this insect during this intervening period, more than
justifies a further review of its current status.

Assessments on the distribution of any species can only be made when good,
accurate, current data is available. In England a considerable amount of work has
been carried out on this insect since 1995. Although this butterfly is known to exist
in Wales, Scotland and Ireland its current status in these countries is at present far
from clear, due mainly to the considerable amount of drainage which has taken place
for the purposes of afforestation, peat extraction and changes in land use, in recent
decades. A great deal of research is needed in all three of these countries on the
present distribution of this butterfly, to bring them up to a similar standard to that of
this species in England.

A study of the historical data available, has shown that numerous colony losses
have taken place in England since this species was first detected in 1795. The
reasons for these losses are invariably one or more of those given in the previous
paragraph. There is only one locality where over-collecting may have been partially
responsible. This was in the Delamere Forest, Cheshire. Five small mosses made up
the Delamere group of sites. This area was known to produce specimens with the
darkest shade of upper wing colouring, and the largest under wing spotting, of this
insect to be found anywhere in Britain. As a consequence large numbers of
collectors and dealers congregated there during the flight period of the butterfly. The
last known specimen from this locality was taken on 11 July 1929. (Turner Coll.
Liverpool Museum). Blackie states that his correspondent, Mr A.E. Tonge, informed
him that, “The last site was lost by the submergence (flooding) of the breeding area’,
but no actual date was given for this.

In his article, Blackie noted that records existed for eleven English counties,
although the data for some of them was very tenuous. He also made the cardinal
error of many an author of books on British butterflies, in that he did not verify
the accuracy of the data he was using. Under Durham, he simply copied what
Edward Newman (1870) had written, unaware that Newman had accidentally
transposed four Northumberland sites into Durham. Newman not noticing his
error wrote, “Appears to have been exterminated in Northumberland”. An error
that was to be repeated by numerous authors, for at least eighty years. A glance at
any map of the Northumberland and Durham area would have shown Newman’s
mistake.

In all, Blackie identified some 40 known sites by name, some of which he knew
were already “lost ground”. Only six of the sites he mentioned still have this

6 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 2501999

butterfly present on them. It has been lost on all the others. Of the eleven counties he
named in his article, only six still have the butterfly today.

Until the early 1960s virtually all data on Large Heath sites came from insect
collectors, who occasionally published their records in the Entomological Press or in
County Lists. With the advent of the ITE Butterfly Recording Scheme, the
“Entomological Recorder” came rapidly to the fore. But until recently very few
additional Large Heath sites were located. This is because most recorders tend to
operate in areas where many butterfly species may be found. Unfortunately the
Large Heath, because of the type of habitat it frequents, is seldom accompanied by
other species, except perhaps by the common, Green-veined White Pieris napi, and
occasionally, the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary Boloria selene. The very isolation
of numerous colonies of the Large Heath deters recorders because of the difficulties
encountered in negotiating the often rough terrain between the nearest road access,
and many potential sites. Known sites with ease of access, tend to be recorded
frequently, and if there are a few sites within a county then there is little or no
stimulus, for either the collector or recorder, to look elsewhere within that area for
additional new sites where this butterfly may exist.

Many of the older and well known localities frequented by this insect have been
lost during the past century. However, the work of a small number of dedicated
entomologists scattered throughout the Midlands and north of England has shown
that, although there have been many site losses, some sites have survived, and new
sites can be, and still are, being located.

It is not the intention of the author to name or indicate by grid reference, any site
where this butterfly may be found. He considers that this information is, perhaps,
better left unpublished in an effort to reduce the predation on this species by
collectors. The exact details of all the currently occupied sites are known to the
various organisations involved in the conservation of this insect and its habitat.
These include Butterfly Conservation, English Nature, Forestry Commission,
Ministry of Defence, certain National Parks, Wildlife trusts etc. All of these
organisations are in a position to assist in, or advise on the preservation of this
species, rather than its destruction.

With the exception of perhaps some six sites, where the records date from 1992
onwards, all other site records have been made or verified, between 1995 and 1998.
All counties mentioned are the post 1974 counties. The rearrangement of county
boundaries and the creation of some new administrative areas in that year, altered the
county status of some known sites for this butterfly.

The definitions of terminology used in this article in relation to where this species
occurs, are as follows:

Locality A general area, eg. North York Moors, Solway Mosses, etc.

Site The precise area of a locality where this species is to be found,
which has the necessary larval food plant and adult nectar plant in
sufficient volume to sustain the species. These areas can vary
from as little as one to well over 100 hectares.

STATUS OF LARGE HEATH 7)

Colony A site which is separated from another, by at least 500 metres of
unsuitable habitat. This colony definition is that which is used in
The Large Heath Species Action Plan (Bourn and Warren, 1997).
If two or more sites in an area are within 500m. edge to edge they
are regarded as one colony. In certain areas a single colony can
involve as many as eight or more sites.

Sites in England vary in altitude from 15m to 470m amsl (none to the best of the
author’s knowledge have been accurately reported at any higher altitude in Wales,
Scotland or Ireland).

Table 1 shows the English Counties where the Large Heath is still to be found, the
number of sites within that county and the rationalisation of those sites into colonies,
utilising the “Colony Definition”. The arrangement of Counties is south to north.

2) |

Shropshire

Lincolnshire
Yorkshire
Lancashire
Cumbria

| Northumberland

Table 1.

Location of extant (1998) colonies of Coenonympha tullia in England by county area

The final colonies total should however be amended to 141 as the single
Lincolnshire site and one Yorkshire site are artificially separated by the
Lincs./Yorks. county boundary and are in fact one colony.

A final year’s survey work is to be carried out by the author in Northumberland,
and some detailed survey work remains to be done in North Yorkshire, where one
new colony was detected in 1997 by Mr P. Summers of The Royal Scottish Museum.
It is not beyond the bounds of possibility, that this butterfly may occur in other
isolated areas in North Yorkshire and perhaps Derbyshire, which have not, as yet,
been the subject of systematic examination.

The current status of this insect in Northumberland and Cumbria may appear to be
strong, but there was a 20% loss of known sites between 1984 and 1996 in the
former county and a 40% loss of historical sites in the latter, prior to 1996. The
detection of numerous sites in both these counties over the past three years is not
indicative of this butterfly increasing its range, but merely the detection of sites in
areas which have not been explored for their entomological interest previously. In all
probability, these recently discovered sites have been occupied by this insect for
many centuries. Not all of the presently known sites have large or strong
populations, many are in various stages of decline, and in several instances this
decline is almost certainly terminal.

8 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

In England the butterfly occurs on a variety of different mire types, some of
which are NNRs, LNRs, or SSSIs. However, unless these reserves are owned
outright by a conservation organisation, or the landowners are willing to co-
operate in the long term protection of the habitat, there is very little that can be
done to stop the continued destruction of sites by commercial concerns (peat
extraction, private afforestation) or by landowners wanting to “improve” their land
for agricultural purposes. Several SSSIs have had, or are in the process of having,
their peat reserves commercially extracted, and the Large Heath has been either
exterminated or is under threat of extinction on these sites.

The future prospect for this butterfly in a European context is not promising. At
the present time the Large Heath is in a severe decline and is almost extinct in
some countries.

From a more positive viewpoint it should be noted that several Government
Agencies which have a large land-holding, such as the Forestry Commission and
the Ministry of Defence, are very active in conservation of many species including
the Large Heath, when they are aware of the occurrence of this insect on their
lands. National Parks can offer Stewardship Agreements to help preserve bogland
habitat, and they do take an active part in mire restoration. There are certain
National Trust properties where the Large Heath is still to be found. This latter
organisation carries out biological surveys and habitat restoration work on its
property, but its powers to conserve Large Heath habitat are perhaps, on occasion,
limited by the terms of the tenancy agreements with the farmers occupying the
land.

There is little doubt that this butterfly will continue to be a resident breeding
species within England for many decades to come, especially in the most northern
counties. But the current destruction of its habitat continues, and the decline of this
species will follow this destruction. It will not be until all suitable mire habitats
receive legally enforceable protection, that this decline will abate.

Acknowledgements

It would be impractical to list everyone who has kindly provided information for
this article, but the author wishes to thank all those who contributed records, and
especially the following who have supplied detailed survey material to him, over
the past three years, from various counties in England. Dr J. Joy, Mr C.W. Plant,
Mr Martin Wain, Mr Martin C. White, Mr P.C. Rowarth, Mr P. Summers, officials
of English Nature, the Invertebrate Sites Register, the National Trust, the
Northumberland National Park, the Northumberland Wildlife Trust, the Institute of
Terrestrial Ecology and Butterfly Net. Grant aid and other valuable assistance
contributing towards the Large Heath Survey Project in Northumberland, was
supplied by Butterfly Conservation, English Nature, the British Ecological
Society, Forest Enterprise, Northumbrian Water, the Otterburn Training Area,
(MOD), the Northumberland National Park, the Northumberland Wildlife Trust
and the Viscount Ridley Trust.

STATUS OF LARGE HEATH 9

References and bibliography

Some of the surveys and reports used are limited circulation documents and have not been

published and are signified by the letter (R).

Blackie, J.E.H., 1948. The History, Status and Prospects in England of Coenonympha tullia
Miller. Entomologist. 81: 229-235.

Bourn, N.A.D. & Warren, M.S., 1997. Species Action Plan. Large Heath. Butterfly Conservation.
Dorset.

Eales, H.T., 1995. A Revision of the Status of The Large Heath Butterfly in Northumberland. (R)

—, 1996. A Revision of the Status of The Large Heath Butterfly in Northumberland. (R)

—, 1997a. A Revision of the Status of The Large Heath In Northumberland. (Abstract) Bulletin of
the British Ecological Society. 28: 108-109.

—, 1997b. A Revision of the Status of The Large Heath Butterfly in Northumberland. (R)

— , 1997c. Sites in England from which The Large Heath Butterfly has been recorded since its
discovery as a British species in 1795. (R)

—, 1998. A Revision of the Status of The Large Heath Butterfly in Northumberland. (R)

Joy, J., 1992. The Ecology and Life History of The Large Heath Butterfly on the
Shropshire/Clwyd Mosses. Bulletin of the British Ecological Society 22:114-119.

Joy, J. and Westhead, M., 1992. The Current Status of The Large Heath on Fenn’s & Whixall
Moss. (R)

Newman, E., 1870. //lustrated Natural History of British Butterflies and Moths. London.

Plant, C.W., 1995. A Survey of The Large Heath at Thorne, Crowle, Goole and Hatfield Moors. (R)

Roworth, P.C., 1997. The Large Heath Butterfly in South Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire. (R)

Swaay, C.A.M. Van, Warren, M.S. & Grill, A., 1997. Threatened Butterflies in Europe —
Provisonal Report. De Vlinderstichting (Dutch Butterfly Conservation), Wageningen. The
Netherlands and British Butterfly Conservation, Wareham, UK.

Wain, M., 1996. A Revision of the Status of The Large Heath Butterfly in Cumbria. (R)

— , 1996a. A Review of The Large Heath Butterfly on The Solway Mosses. Cumbria. 1996. (R)

— , 1997. The Distribution of The Large Heath Butterfly in Cumbria 1997, with a Review of its
Historical Records. (R)

— , 1997a. The Distribution of The Large Heath Butterfly in Lancashire. (R)

White. M.C., 1995. The Large Heath on Crowle Moor. (Unpublished, privately circulated document)

Databases consulted: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. (BRC); Invertebrate Site
Register (English Nature); Butterfly Net. (British Butterfly Conservation).

The author has established a computer data base exclusively for recording historical
and current records of the Large Heath. He would be very grateful for any records of
this species from anywhere within the British Isles. All information will be kept
confidential.

Philereme vetulata (D.& S.)(Lep.: Geometridae) new to Co. Clare

A larva of Philereme vetulata, the Brown Scallop, was beaten from alder buckthorn
Rhamnus catharticus L. on 20 May 1998 at Loch Bunny in the Burren district of Co.
Clare, Ireland. The adult moth emerged the following month. This species was
recorded in 1996 from the neighbouring county of Galway (Skinner, B., 1998.
Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking) but does not appear
to have been reported previously from Clare ALAN JENKINS, 79 Westmoreland
Terrace, London SW1.

10 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

Further spread of the Feathered Ranunculus Polymixis lichenea (Hb.) (Lep.:
Noctuidae)

As county moth recorder for Surrey I sometimes receive dubious records from
people not known to me, invariably unsupported by voucher specimens. In
September 1998 I was contacted by Mr P. Williams, a recorder previously unfamiliar
to me, who claimed to have taken not one but two examples of the Feathered
Ranunculus in his trap at West Molesey. Although he was sure of his identification I
was somewhat sceptical but, nevertheless, relieved to hear that he had retained the
moths, and we arranged to meet the following week so that I could see them. A few
days later, 27.1x.1998, I was going through my own trap, in South Croydon, when I
saw a rather worn but clearly greenish noctuid which, as soon as I had laid eyes on
it, rapidly vanished into the garden. It was with further relief that I recaptured the
moth the following night when I was pleased to identity it as lichenea; an
identification subsequently confirmed by dissection of the genitalia. I subsequently
met Mr Williams and was able to confirm his specimens. I later heard from James
Halsey that he had recorded a specimen of this moth at East Sheen on 17.1x.1998 .

West (Ent. Rec. 110:244) recently described the spread of lichenea in north-west
Kent, citing recent records as well as those from the London area (Plant, 1993.
Larger moths of the London area). Collins (1997, Larger moths of Surrey) gives
two records for Surrey: Wormley, 26.1x.1962, Messenger; and Addiscombe,
26.x.1969, Evans. This latter record also being the first for the London area quoted
by West. These recent Surrey records are further evidence of its spread along the
course of the Thames, a distribution shared by such species as Mullein Wave
Scopula marginepunctata (Goeze), Yarrow Pug Eupithecia millefoliata R6ssler and
Least Carpet /daea rusticata (D.&S.) — another species which is spreading and has
been recorded throughout Surrey but is only common in the north of the county. As
with West’s records, the four 1998 Surrey examples were all male, as, of course,
are the majority of moths at m.v. traps; it remains to be seen whether the moth can
establish itself in Surrey, but as the larva seems to eat very many species of plant it
should well be able to.— GRAHAM A. COLLINS, 15 Hurst Way, South Croydon,
Surrey CR2 7AP.

Euryporus picipes (Paykull) (Col:. Staphylinidae) in Roxburghshire

I shook a specimen of this uncommon beetle from very wet moss on a visit to Linton
Loch, Roxburghshire with my friend Magnus Sinclair on 25.iv.98. Fowler (1888.
The Coleoptera of the British Islands vol 2.) recorded it from the “Scottish
lowlands” but there do not appear to be any recent records from this part of the
British Isles. Other Scottish sites at which the beetle has been recorded recently
include St Fergus, North Aberdeen (Redgate, 1981. Ent. mon. Mag. 117: 201), Sands
of Forvie, NNR, North Aberdeen, (Crowson cited Redgate /oc.cit), Rannoch, Mid
Perth (Dobson, 1978. Glasg. Nat. 19: 363) and Abernethy Forest, Elgin (Owen,
1998. Br. J. Ent. nat. Hist. 10:. 175).— J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom,
Surrey KT17 3PU.

SUBTERRANEAN BEETLES if

SUBURBAN GARDENS IN SOUTH-WEST LONDON AS HOMES FOR
SUBTERRANEAN BEETLES

J. A. OWEN
8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

IN THE SPRING of 1995, the trial of a prototype underground pitfall-trap in the
author’s garden revealed that it was providing a home for the subterranean weevil
Raymondionymus marqueti (Aubé) and a number of other soil-inhabiting beetle
species (Owen, 1995). To find out more about the subterranean beetle fauna of
gardens in the area, underground pitfall-traps were set in a number of suburban
gardens in south-west London.

The survey

The study was carried out during 1995, 1996 and 1997. Traps were set in gardens
usually in a border near the perimeter fence in soil containing roots of trees or
shrubs. Mostly, only one trap was set in each garden but two were set in one garden
and three in another. A few traps were set in the middle of grass lawns. All the
gardens lay within a circle of radius 15km from the centre of Epsom, Surrey. In
preliminary studies, traps were set in a few gardens for two or three weeks only but,
to allow reasonable comparison between gardens, only data from gardens in which
traps were for at least 12 weeks sometime in the period May to August are
considered in this paper. Four of the gardens had been created on chalk (rendzina),
one on fine sand, five on loam and two on clay.

The pitfall-traps were set and operated as previously described (Owen, 1997a),
with the minor change of having an empty plastic drinking container pushed into the
top of the mesh cylinder to make the trap more secure against the entry of surface
fauna. They were charged with a mixture of equal parts malt vinegar and sweet
sherry. The contents of traps were examined at intervals of two to eight weeks and
all the beetles present identified and counted. Because more than one trap was set in
some gardens, trapping effort at each garden was computed in terms of trap-weeks.
The total trapping effort expended was 496 trap weeks.

Results

The 2240 beetles collected comprised 60 species. A list of these is given in Table 1,
which indicates the number of gardens in which each species was found and the
numbers of each species trapped. The relative abundances of species varied
considerably. A few species were found in some numbers but no fewer than 20
species (33% of the total) were represented by single specimens. No species was
trapped in all 12 gardens but Raymondionymus marqueti was trapped in 10 gardens
and two others — Rhizophagus perforatus and Anommatus duodecimstriatus were
trapped in nine gardens.

Four of the species trapped are Red Data Book species (Hyman and Parsons,
1992; 1994) viz Alevonota aurantiaca (RDB1), Trichonyx sulcicollis (RDB2),

1 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25-1 1999

Anommatus diecki (RDBK) and Langelandia anophthalma (RDB3) and three are
Nationally Notable viz. — Acrotona parens, Athous campyloides and Anommatus
duodecimstriatus.

The influence of soil type on the catch is summarised in Table 2. On average,
gardens on chalk produced the largest catch (expressed as beetles per trap-week)
whereas gardens on clay, produced on average, the largest number of species. Traps
set in the middle of grass lawns failed to catch any beetles.

Discussion

The fact that gardens can possess an extensive beetle fauna is well documented.
Henderson (1945, 1946) recorded 366 species from his garden at Purley, Surrey.
Allen (1998) recorded 805 species from his garden at Blackheath, Kent during the
years 1927 — 1973. Neither of these authors specifically sought subterranean
species but findings in this study indicate that gardens are rich in these species
too. No doubt, a longer list of garden subterranean species could have been
obtained by further effort but there would undoubtedly be a diminishing return.
Not one of the species was found in all 12 gardens. Most of the species
encountered were trapped in less than half of the gardens studied but it has to be
noted that, when traps were set in more than one position in a garden, the catch in
terms of species present varied in different positions. Thus the apparent absence
of a species from a garden may have been more due to the position(s) selected for
the trap(s) rather than to a real absence. Not surprisingly, most of the beetles
species trapped underground are small. In this study, 95% of the specimens
belonged to species less than 5mm long and easily able to pass through a tunnel 1
sq mm in cross section.

Many of the species trapped are recognised as species normally living or
developing in the soil. Others live on the surface of the soil or in decaying vegetation
and may have found their way into traps by chance, perhaps burrowing into the soil
to escape desiccation. Some, such as Carpophilus marginellus and Glischrochilus
hortensis, are normally associated with sap running from tree wounds or under bark
and may have been attracted to the traps by the sherry-vinegar mixture with which
they were baited. Abraeus globosus normally occurs in rotten wood and it may be
relevant that there were rotten logs lying on the soil near where the particular trap
was Set.

There was considerable variation in the relative abundances of different species.
This is the usual finding in surveys by trapping (see, for example, Williams, 1964;
Taylor, 1978). The abundances of 499 species recorded by trapping with a flight-
interception trap ranged from one to 841 specimens (Owen, 1993); 125 species (27%
of the total) were represented by single specimens.

There does not appear to have been published a list of subterranean beetles with
which this garden list can be compared but an on-going similar survey of
subterranean beetles in woodlands in the same general area has produced to-date 100
species. Some of these have occurred both in gardens and woodlands but there are
apparently differences in the subterranean beetle fauna in the two habitats. Thus out

SUBTERRANEAN BEETLES 13

of the 60 species trapped in gardens, 36 have not so far been trapped in woodlands.
Of the seven Red Data Book and Nationally Notable species found in gardens, only
one - Anommatus duodecimstriatus — has turned up in woodlands. A full comparison
of gardens and woodlands obviously requires more woodland trapping but it is
unlikely that all the differences already noted will disappear.

The paucity of species and beetles in the one garden on fine sand is mirrored by a
similar paucity in woodland on the same type of soil. Fine sand naturally packs
tightly making it difficult for beetles to pass through it. Holes made by the passage of
worms and other tunnelling creatures are not semi-permanent in sand as they are in
the other types of soil. The greater number of species from gardens on clay may be
related to the moisture holding properties of this type of soil.

Five of the species trapped in gardens, viz.—, P. wollastoni, A. diecki, A.
duodecimstriatus L. anophthalma and R. marqueti have an number of features in
common. They lack eyes and wings and except, for P. wollastoni, have fused elytra.
Apart from A. diecki, they were among the beetles trapped in greatest numbers in
gardens. Three of these species — A. diecki, L. anophthalma and R. marqueti, have
not so far turned up in traps in woodland while the other two turned up there in very
small numbers — two and ten respectively. It thus seems that lack of eyes and wings
and fused elytra are features specialised for an underground lifestyle and that in
south-east England, at least, the more specialised underground beetles are insects of
gardens rather than insects of the countryside. Absence of wings must seriously
interfere with natural spread of an insect and it may be that these beetles were
introduced to Britain and distributed between gardens by human activities.

The presence of a number of Red Data Book and Nationally Notable species in
gardens raises an interesting conservation issue. The national status of insects is one
of the factors used in deciding which habitats should receive priority in protection
and it would seem sensible that the importance of this index should not be weakened
by giving high status to more or less exclusively garden insects. The same argument
applies to species living in man-made compost heaps. One grass-compost heap
studied over a three year period was found to harbour six Red Data Book and eight
Nationally Notable species, some of which appear to be more or less confined to this
habitat (Owen, Allen, Booth & Luff, 1997).

Notes on selected species

Stomis pumicatus. This was the only carabid to be trapped more than once. Little
appears to be known about it ecology but its recorded occurrence in flood debris is
consistent with a subterranean life style. The elongate mandibles could
conceivably be an adaptation to seeking prey in tunnels in the soil.

Parabathyscia wollastoni. This beetle was the most abundant of the species trapped
in gardens comprising over a third of the total specimens. Though it was recorded
from four gardens, 917 specimens came from a single trap in a garden on chalk. In
gardens, it occurs nearly entirely underground; it was not among the 366 species
recorded in his garden by Henderson (1945, 1946) and Allen (1953), in his very

14 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25999

extensive study of garden beetles, recorded only two specimens, both taken under
cut grass. This species has been recorded from old seed potatoes (e.g. Wood,
1886) but the garden in which the 917 specimens were trapped had not been used
for growing potatoes or any other root vegetables for at least a decade and the
ground in which the trap was set had received only minimal cultivation for many
years. Abroad, Parabathyscia forms part of a large group of related genera, many
of which live in caves. As far as adaptation to underground existence goes, P.
wollastoni has long been noted to lack eyes. Examination of about 20 trapped
specimens revealed that they lacked wings but the elytra were not fused.

Alevonota aurantiaca. A single specimen of this species was trapped in a garden on
loam at what was historically the edge of the North Downs. The species is known
only from Dorset, South Hampshire and Surrey, where it has been found on
relatively few occasions usually by sweeping in calm weather (Allen, 1991). Two
specimens were caught in a flight interception trap on chalk downland (Owen,
1997b). Its appearance in an underground trap supports the view that it essentially
an underground species.

Acrotona parens. This species was not recognised as British until Champion (1909)
recorded a specimen from Guildford, Surrey. Since then, it has been noted in other
parts of south and south-eastern England and in North Wales though there are few
published records.

Trichonyx sulcicollis. A single specimen was trapped in a garden backing on to a
large woodland area. The beetle has been recorded mostly from woodland areas
though the only other example found by the author was also in a garden, at
Bishop’s Waltham, Hampshire.

Athous campyloides. A male and female of this crepuscular species was trapped in a
garden on loam, along with two larvae probably of this species. The beetle is
normally found at the roots of grass in sandy areas.

Rhizophagus parallelocollis. Sixteen specimens came from traps in three gardens.
The species has long been recognised as one occurring underground, usually in
association with the corpses of animals or with coffins. Enquiries, however, did
not uncover any other evidence of burials in the gardens concerned. This species
has wings and the elytra are not fused. Peacock (1977), citing Horion (1960),
states that adults come to the surface in spring and swarm.

Rhizophagus perforatus. This was one of the commonest species to trapped. It is
another species recognised as a garden insect (e.g. Henderson, 1945; Allen 1950),
being found usually under pieces of wood or stones or in compost. It appears
regularly in small numbers in an m.v. light trap set near a compost heap in the
author’s garden.

SUBTERRANEAN BEETLES

Table 1: Beetles taken in underground traps set in gardens.
The total number of specimens was 2240. Data cover 12 gardens.

Number of gardens Number of
Species with species specimens
CARABIDAE
Clivina fossor (Linnaeus) l l
Trechus obtusus Erichson 1 1
Stomis pumicatus (Panzer) 1 6
HYDROPHILIDAE
Megasternum obscurum (Marsham) 3 6
HISTERIDAE
Abraeus globosus (Hoffmann) 1 7
Kissister minimus (Aubé) l 1
PTILIIDAE
Ptenidium laevigatum Erichson 2 13
P. pusillum (Gyllenhal) 2 3
LEIODIDAE
Parabathyscia wollastoni (Janson) 4 950
STAPHYLINIDAE

Coprophilus striatulus (Fabricius)
Platystethus nitens (Sahlberg)
Anotylus sculpturatus (Gravenhorst)
A. tetracarinatus (Block)
Lathrobium fulvipenne (Gravenhorst)
L. multipunctum Gravenhorst
Sunius propinquus (Brisout)

Othius myrmecophilus Kiesenwetter
Xantholinus linearis (Oliver)
Quedius mesomelinus (Marsham)
Tachyporus dispar (Paykull)

T. hypnorum (Fabricius)

T. nitidulus (Fabricius)

Tachinus subterraneus (Linnaeus)
Cordalia obscura (Gravenhorst)
Callicerus rigidicornis (Erichson)
Dinaraea angustula (Gyllenhal)
Plataraea brunnea (Fabricius)
Philhygra elongatula (Gravenhorst)
Mocyta fungi (Gravenhorst)
Acrotona parrens (Mulsant & Rey)
Datomicra nigra (Kraatz)

Atheta triangulum (Kraatz)

A. xanthopus (Thomson)

A. crassicornis (Fabricius)

A. oblita (Erichson)

Alevonota aurantiaca Fauvel
Oxypoda opaca (Gravenhorst)

eS ee NNN NR RR RR RR DD NR RB RB NK NR KN OR eR

16 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

Number of gardens Number of
Species with species specimens
PSELAPHIDAE
Euplectus karsteni (Reichenbach) 1 2
Trichonyx sulcicollis (Reichenbach) 1 1
SCARABAEIDAE
Oxyomus sylvestris (Scopoli) it 5)
ELATERIDAE
Melanotus villosus Geoffroy l 1
Athous campyloides Newman 1 Os
THROSCIDAE
Trixagus carinifrons (de Bonvouloir) l 2
NITIDULIDAE l 3
Carpophilus marginellus Motschulsky 2 2
Glischrochilus hortensis (Fourcroy) | l
RHIZOPHAGIDAE
Rhizophagus parallelocollis Gyllenhal 3 16
R. perforatus Erichson 2 183
CRYTOPHAGIDAE
Atomaria testacea (Marsham) e) 3
A. pulchra Erichson l 1
BOTHRIDERIDAE
Anommatus diecki Reitter q 38
A. duodecimstriatus (Miiller) 9 285
ENDOMYCHIDAE
Mycetaea hirta (Marsham) 1 1
LATRIDIIDAE
Aridius nodifer (Westwood) D 10
Cortinicara gibbosa (Herbst) i 1
COLYDIIDAE
Langelandia anophthalma Aubé + 162
CHRYSOMELIDAE
Phyllotreta nigripes (Fabricius) it 4
CURCULIONIDAE
Otiorhynchus singularis (Linnaeus) 1 1
Barypeithes araneiformis (Schrank) 3 Sil
B. pellucidus (Boheman) 8 85
Raymondionymus marqueti (Aub.) 10 193

SUBTERRANEAN BEETLES 17

Anommatus diecki. This species is known to lack eyes and examination of a number of
examples showed that it also lacked wings and has fused elytra. Until recently, this
species was known only from Cheshire where the first recognised British specimens
were found in 1984 (Eccles & Bowestead, 1986). Subsequently, as noted by Booth
& Owen (1997), a few specimens taken prior to its discovery in Cheshire were
discovered among material in The Natural History Museum, London and specimens
have been found recently in gardens in Kent and East Sussex.

Anommatus duodecimstriatus. This was one of the commonest beetles trapped with
285 examples recorded from nine gardens. Another eye-less species, it also lacks
wings and has fused elytra. In Britain, it has been found in various localities in the
southern half of England, frequently in the shrivelled skins of seed potatoes
remaining in the soil after producing the pctato plant. It has also been found in
decomposing vegetable debris (Allen, 1954), under bark and at tree roots. It
occurs regularly in the remains of seed potatoes in a garden allotment situated near
some of the gardens studied. ;

Langelandia anophthalma. There were 162 examples recorded from four gardens
but it has yet to be obtained by trapping in woodlands. It is yet another species
lacking eyes and wings and with fused elytra. This species was first found in
Britain in the remains of seed potatoes at St Peters in Kent (Wood, 1886). Wood
recorded that the seed potatoes came from Guernsey and discussed the possibility
that the beetle might have been imported. At the time it was noted in Europe to be
found principally in gardens under pieces of wood or wooden objects such as
barrels lying on the ground. As in the case of the last species, it has been recorded
mainly from the remains of seed potatoes but it has also been found in association
with old roots. There are published records for sites in southern England stretching
from Kent to Cornwall (e.g. Wood, 1886; Allen, 1937; Allen, 1954; Booth, 1977;
Denton, 1997). Nearly all of these records have been for essentially synanthropic
situations. It is perhaps relevant that many specimens of the beetle were found on
the under-surface of large logs lying on the ground in the author’s garden in the 18
months immediately preceding the first use in the garden of underground traps.

Barypeithes araneiformis and B. pellucidus. These two polyphagous, ground-
dwelling weevils were trapped in relatively large numbers. They have eyes but are
without wings and have fused elytra. Their occurrence in underground traps
indicate that they burrow below the surface possibly for laying eggs in roots.

Raymondionymus marqueti. This is another species which was trapped in some
numbers in gardens but not in woodlands. The species is known to lack eyes
(Osella, 1977). Examination of a number of specimens trapped in the Epsom area
showed that they also lacked wings and have fused elytra. It appears to be an
introduced species which was first noted at Kew Gardens, Richmond (Williams,
1968) and later at Bromley, Kent (Thompson, 1995). An account of its presence in
north-west Surrey has already been published (Owen, 1997a).

18 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

Type Number Trapping Total Number Average
number of effort number of of beetles of species
of soil gardens (trap-weeks) beetles per trap-week per garden
Chalk

Fine sand

Loam

Clay

Table 2: Influence of soil type on numbers of beetles and numbers of species trapped in gardens.

Comments on the trapping procedure

In general, the trapping procedure used in thus study has proved simple and reliable,
both in the author’s hands and in the hands of colleagues. Two traps suffered
interference from animals, being torn out of the ground and chewed. This happened
once in the author’s garden when he forgot to replace a stone covering the mouth of
the trap which allowed it to be dug up, presumably by a fox as it would not have
been accessible to a dog. On the second occasion, the trap dug up was in a wood
accessible to dogs and foxes. It had been covered with a stone but, presumably, this
was not sufficiently heavy.

Although no trouble has been experienced in lifting up traps and re-siting them,
two minor modifications make the trap stronger. Firstly, the mouth of the trap can be
strengthened by setting a short (lcm) section of rigid pipe into the upper end of the
netting cylinder, fixing this in place with a rim of “Blue Tac” adhesive (Bostik Ltd,
Leicester) and winding PVC self-adhesive tape round the outside. Secondly, by
means of a curved needle, a length of fine, plastic covered wire can be threaded
vertically through both layers of netting where they overlap to help maintain its
cylindrical shape. “Netlon” greenhouse shading (Netlon Ltd., Blackburn) has proved
a satisfactory alternative to nylon mesh but traps longer than 20cm made with
‘“Netlon” mesh require a short (1cm) section of rigid pipe set inside half-way down,
and fixed as for the strengthened rim, to maintain the netting in a cylindrical shape.

Acknowledgements

I must thank the following for allowing me access to their gardens to set traps and
for help in their management: Mrs N. Bowman, Dr H. Cleeve, Sir John Dacie, Mr G.
du Heaume, Dr A. Fleck, Mr W. Lawrence, Mrs J. and Master T. Lee, Mr T. Owen,
Dr J. Walsh, Dr I.White and Dr H. Wilcox. Lastly, I must thank my wife for her help
in constructing the traps and in servicing them on many occasions

References
Allen, A.A., 1937. A new locality for Langelandia anophthalma Aubé. Entomologist’s Rec. J.
Var. 49: 60
— , 1953. The Coleoptera of a suburban garden — parts 5 — Clavicornia (Part 1) Entomologist’ s
Rec. J. Var. 65: 225 - 231.

SUBTERRANEAN BEETLES 19

— , 1954. Langelandia anophthalma Aubé, (Col., Colydiidae) in South London. Entomologist’ s
mon. Mag. 90: 42

—, 1991. Alevonota aurantiaca Fauv. (Col.: Staphylinidae) recaptured at Mickleham, Surrey; with
short notes on two of its congeners. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 103: 100-101.

—, 1998. The coleoptera of a suburban garden: a supplement. Entomologist’s Record J. Var. 110:
119-130; 153-160.

Blatch, W.G. & Horner, A.C., 1892. A description of a new species of Rhizophagus.
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Booth, R.G., 1977. Langelandia anophthalma Aubé, (Col., Colydiidae) in the West Country.
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 113: 112

Booth, R.G. & Owen J.A., 1997. Anommatus diecki Reitter (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) in South-
east England. Entomologist’ s Gaz. 49: 71-74.

Champion, G.C., 1909. Homalota (Acrotona) parens Muls. & Rey: a British Insect.
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 45: 5.

Dajoz, R., 1977. Faune de I’Europe et du bassin Mediterranean 8: Coléoptéres, Colydiidae et
Anommatidae Paléarctiques 280 pp. Masson.

Denton, J.S., 1997. Langelandia anophthalma Aubé (Colydiidae) in Middlesex. Coleopterist 5: 88

Eccles, T. M. and Bowestead, S., 1987. Anommatus diecki Reitter (Coleoptera: Cerylonidae) new
to Britain. Entomologist’ s Gaz. 38: 225-227.

Henderson, J.L., 1945. The beetles of a suburban London garden in Surrey. Entomologist’s mon.
Mag. 81: 63-66.

—, 1946. More beetles of a London suburban garden in Surrey. Entomologist’ s mon. Mag. 82: 38 - 39.

Horion, A., 1960. Faunistik der Mitteleuropdischen Kafer 7: 346pp Bodensee

Hyman, P.S. and Parsons, M.S., 1992 (pt. 1), 1994 (pt. 2). A review of the scarce and threatened
Coleoptera of Great Britain. UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough

Osella, G., 1977. Revisione della sotofamiglia Raymondionyminae (Coleoptera. Curculionidae).
Memorie del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Verona (Ila series), Sezione Science della Vita
No.1.

Owen, J.A., 1993. Use of a flight-interception trap in studying the beetle fauna of a Surrey wood
over a three year period. Entomologist 112:141-160

—, 1995. A pitfall trap for repetitive sampling of hypogean arthropod faunas. Entomologist’s Rec.
J. Var. 107: 225-229.

— , 1997a. Observations on Raymondionymus marqueti (Aubé) (Col., Curculionidae) in North
Surrey. Entomologist 116: 122-129.

— , 1997b. Some uncommon beetles from Headley Warren, Surrey. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.
109: 301-307.

Owen, J.A., Allen, A.J.W., Booth, R.G. & Luff, M.L., 1997. Beetles from a large grass-compost
heap studied over three years at a site in Surrey, Great Britain. Entomologist’s Gaz. 48: 111-124.

Peacock, E.R., 1977. Hndbk. Ident. Brit. Ins. vol V. Part 5(a) Coleoptera Rhizophagidae. Royal
Entomological Society, London.

Taylor, L.R., 1978. Bates, Williams, Hutchinson — a variety of diversities. In Mound. L.A. &
Waloff, N. (Eds), Diversity of Insect Faunas. Oxford.

Thompson, R.T., 1995. Raymondionymidae (Col., Curculionoidea) confirmed as British.
Entomologist’ s mon. Mag. 131: 61-64.

Williams, C.B., 1964. Patterns in the Balance of Nature and related Problems in quantitative
Ecology. London.

Williams, S.A., 1968. Raymondionymus marqueti (Aubé) typical form in Surrey. Entomologist’ s
mon. Mag. 104: 112.

Wood, T., 1886. Langelandia anophthalma, Aubé at St. Peter’s, Kent; a species of Coleoptera
new to Britain. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 23: 93.

20 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

Localities for Phyllonorycter muelleriella (Zeller) (Lep.: Gracillariidae

On 16 November 1997 I visited some woods at Whitecroft in the Forest of Dean,
Gloucestershire. On the way home, I stopped off at Cirencester Park, situated on the
north side of the A419 road to the west of Cirencester, also in Gloucestershire. At
both localities I collected samples of Phyllonorycter mines in fallen oak leaves and
in foliage still on trees in the hope of finding Phyllonorycter distentella (Zeller).
These mines were kept in an unheated outhouse until mid-January 1998 when they
were brought indoors for forced emergence.

From this material I reared many P. quercifoliella (Zeller), a few P. harrisella (L.)
and examples of P. lautella (Zeller) and P. heegeriella (Zeller), though no
distentella. However, the emergence of numbers of the local and very distinctive P.
muelleriella from both sites between 21 and 28 February provided some
compensation for this.

P. muelleriella is a species I have not met with before, it being confined to the
ancient oak woodlands of the Welsh border counties, northern England and
Perthshire in Scotland. Emmet discussed this species’ distribution (Ent. Rec. 86: 206
- 208) and described its mine. It appears that it was known chiefly from
Gloucestershire. This was subsequently confirmed by him (Ent. Rec. 87: 240 - 245)
whilst Ffennel (Ent. Rec. 87: 245 - 247) described rearing it from Herefordshire. Its
total absence from the large tracts of apparently suitable ancient oak woodland in
south-eastern England that I have sampled in the past is striking and somewhat
puzzling.— I. Sims, 2 The Delph, Lower Earley, Reading, Berkshire RG6 3AN.

Tachystola acroxantha (Meyr.) (Lep.: Oecophoridae) — an established colony in
North Hampshire

Further to our report of the first record of Tachystola acroxantha in North
Hampshire in 1997 (Ent. Rec. 110: 83), we are pleased to report the appearance of
this moth in 1998. Single moths have been trapped on 4 May and on five occasions
in September, with the first record being 20 September. This would seem to indicate
that the moth is double brooded and has an established colony in Fleet (OS grid
reference SU 797539).

The single record only, in May, is puzzling as the actinic trap has been run on
many nights throughout the year. But it may be that T. acroxantha has appeared and
not been recorded, as they are very active moths which show a reluctance to enter
the trap, preferring to rest upon the vanes for up to an hour before flying away. It
may be that this behaviour leads to under-recording of T. acroxantha as the trap
needs to be frequently checked, otherwise the moths are missed.

The moths recorded in September fly in early evening — from around 8pm, with
the latest being seen after 10pm and staying until 11pm. A voucher specimen taken
in 1997 has been placed in Reading museum.— RoB EDMUNDS, 32 Woodcote Green,
Calthorpe Park, Fleet, Hampshire GU13 8EY & RON ParriTtT, 29 Manor Road,
Farnborough, Hampshire GU 14 7EX.

CHIASMIA CLATHRATA IN ESSEX oH

UNUSUAL ABUNDANCE OF CHIASMIA CLATHRATA (L.)
(LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) IN ESSEX IN 1997

B. GOODEY
298 Ipswich Road, Colchester, Essex CO4 4ET.

ON 25 AUGUST I received a phone call via Essex Wildlife Trust from a resident of
Little Clacton, Essex, whose house was being invaded by a type of butterfly or moth,
attracted by lights and coming in to the kitchen through open windows. It became
apparent from her description that the species in question was the geometrid moth
Chiasmia clathrata (L.) the Latticed Heath.

Within a few days recorders operating along the coast of north-east Essex
began to contact me, reporting high numbers of adults in their garden light traps
and some suspecting these to be the product of a substantial migration. This idea
was supported by rumours of large numbers of Small Tortoiseshell butterflies
coming in off the sea at Norfolk at the same time (see Tunmore, 1998a), though
neither Skinner (1984) or Skou (1986) regards C. clathrata as being a migratory
species.

Fortunately this part of Essex has a number of conscientious lepidopterists who
habitually keep records of their nightly catches and this includes details of common
species. These traps are situated at Dovercourt, Kirby-le-Soken, Frinton-on-Sea (the
only actinic lamp), and St Osyth. To help create an overall picture, their records
were added to those received from other traps nearby which included two at Jaywick
and two across the border in Suffolk from the Landguard Bird Observatory and
Felixstowe as well as daytime sightings from as far away as Cold Norton on the
Dengie peninsula, spanning a distance along the coast of approximately 55
kilometres. This appears to be the key area, though there are few recorders living to
the north and south of here. Those contacted outside this limit did not notice
anything unusual during the flight period.

There are thought to be usually two generations of C. clathrata each year in
Essex. The first is typically represented by very few adults, widely spaced out during
the flight period from April to June (although so sparse are the records that the exact
timing is unclear). This was reflected in 1997: just three adults were reported at the
Dovercourt and St Osyth traps from April and May, and none at all in June.

First generation adults are known to oviposit on lucerne, Medicago sativa sativa
L., a crop which is grown commercially on the Dengie peninsula, and sporadically
over the rest of the area as a supplement in crop rotation (Tarpey and Heath, 1990).
The resulting second generation adults are usually common and are recorded from
July until late September. In July 1997 the traps at Landguard, Dovercourt, Kirby,
Frinton and St Osyth recorded 7, 18, 9, 0 and 137 respectively with two faint peaks,
one in the middle and one near the end of the month; and for August up to the 21st
they noted 2, 9, 6, O and 9. From the 21st, however, numbers rapidly rose as Fig. |
shows.

There are two obvious peaks, centred around 23 and 31 August. There were many
additional trap reports in August from other sites in the area, observations done on a

22 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

more casual basis. These include Colne Point Nature Reserve, which reported 700 on
22nd, 400 at Stour Wood Nature Reserve on 23rd, a Colchester trap further inland
yielded 200 on the same night (compared with 9 on 26 July), and two traps at
Jaywick reported catches of 2,500 and 800 adults on the night of 25 August.

There were also four important daytime observations. On 21 August, Graham
Smith estimated 8,000-10,000 adults on a single lucerne field near Burnham-on-
Crouch, with thousands nearby on other fields. Don Down had a similar experience
on 23 August on lucerne fields near Latchingdon and South Woodham Ferrers. At
Cold Norton he swept lucerne for larvae, which were very numerous and in different
stages of development, and these were subsequently reared successfully, none
suffering from parasitism or disease.

Sifting through reports received from 27 sites elsewhere in Essex it is clear that
those living away from the north-east coast and the Dengie peninsula saw more
usual numbers or none at all, thus defining the area affected, and were largely
unaware of events further east. The eventual fate of the swarm is unclear and adults
may simply have stayed put or been blown out to sea. There are two reports from
outside the area, however, which may hint at some movement. The first is from Bury
St Edmunds (30 kilometres to the north-west) where an observer caught single adults
on 26 and 31 August, the first he has seen in eight years of trapping (M. Tunmore,
pers. comm.). The second, from Peter Davey, records an unusual eleven adults
between 26 August and 2 September from various localities in Dorset. No unusual
numbers have been reported from Kent (E.G. Philp, pers. comm.).

Weather conditions

Chris Gibson kept (unpublished) weather notes for Dovercourt and relates that the
first three weeks of August were hot and dry. Indeed, the last rain had been in mid-
July and the last significant rain was at the end of June. It was humid from 21 to 24
August, with south/south-westerly winds, and rather overcast. Chris’s minimum
night temperatures in this period ranged from 19° to 21°C (21° was the highest night
minimum he has recorded in four years at Dovercourt). There was significant rain on
both 21 and 24 August. 25 to 31 August was more unsettled and cooler with winds
between south-east and south-west. This period was generally windier, and
minimum temperatures lower, typically 14° to 16°C. There was rain on the 29th. It
was cooler still from 1 to 5 September, with nightly minimums down to 10°C and
rather windy.

In Dorset, Peter Davey reports wind direction as being southerly on 26 and 27
August, westerly on 30 August and south-westerly on 1 and 2 September.

Conclusion
If truly indigenous, as the report of larvae suggests, this C. clathrata swarm would
have originated from the Dengie peninsula, with its vast amounts of lucerne, and
then probably moved northwards. Numbers of adults recorded at the two most
southern traps at St Osyth and Jaywick would seem to hint at this, and even the Bury
St Edmunds observation may tie in.

CHIASMIA CLATHRATA IN ESSEX 23

=
1400
1400

1720
1500

Table 1. Number of adults caught each night from five locations. Bold text indicates peaks. No
counts are represented by a dash.

There are signs, based on records received for other species in Essex, of some
migratory movement into the country between the 8 and I1 August but nothing
significant towards the latter part of the month. At first there appears to be little
evidence of migration and good reason to suspect that all late summer adults were
locally bred. However, there are no reports of adults being particularly common
early in the season that would help to explain the vast numbers encountered during
late August, especially if only two generations were involved. Allowing four to five
weeks between generations, it is perhaps possible that three broods could have been
produced, making use of the good summer and plentiful food supplies and
promoting a rapid population built up. This is probably unrealistic but it would help
to explain the mid-July numbers.

The possibility that the swarm was partially or entirely composed of primary
migrants, from the Low Countries for example, cannot be dismissed, especially in
light of the Dorset specimens which Peter Davey believes originated from outside of
Britain and may have arrived with a swarm of Small Tortoiseshell noted at Durlston
on 26 August (and there remains the huge Small Tortoiseshell influx at Norfolk
during late August and early September). No significant numbers of this butterfly
were reported from Essex, however.

24 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 DSAAI99

Talking to local entomologists has revealed the possibility of a cycle for C.
clathrata, which may span two or three years, although this is based on rather flimsy
evidence at present and further field work will certainly be needed to confirm this.
Outbreaks that have some substance include 1994, when Don Down recalled an
abundance of larvae in lucerne fields on the Dengie peninsula, and there are records
from Reg Arthur at St Osyth of unusual numbers of adults during August and
September 1992, although nowhere near as high as in 1997 (the best being 123 on
25th August 1992). Interestingly, Dorset recorded ten adults in 1992, mostly in
September, compared to a more usual two per year (P. Davey, pers. comm.). Such a
cycle, if it exists, may simply be linked to the quantity of lucerne being grown here
or abroad, or alternatively the late development of the host plant because of adverse
weather conditions such as drought delaying the cutting operation and giving larvae
more time to develop.

CAMBS.

SUFFOLK

©
‘by
6)
ap

Fig 1: Map of Essex showing principal locations mentioned in the text:

1. Landguard Bird Observatory 6. St Osyth

2. Dovercourt 7. Colchester

3. Kirby-le-Soken 8. Cold Norton

4. Frinton-on-Sea 9. Dengie peninsula

5. Jaywick

CHIASMIA CLATHRATA IN ESSEX 25

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the following for supplying data. The main traps used in Fig. |
are in parentheses. R.W. Arthur (St Osyth trap), P. Bergdahl (Kirby trap), B.
Churcher, J. Clifton, P. Davey, D.G. Down, A.M. Emmet, J.B. Fisher, Dr. C. Gibson
(Dovercourt trap), J.G. Green, M.J. Green, M.P. Jackson, B. Lock (Frinton trap), R.
Marsh, J. Nichols, N. Odin (Landguard Bird Observatory), H. Owen, B. Pateman, M.
Peck, E.G. Philp, A. Pritchard, I.C. Rose, G. Slater, G. Smith, P. Smith, M. Tarrant,
M. Tunmore, D. Warner, A. Watchman, J. Wilde, S. D. Wood, and J. Young. The
map was generated by using DMap by Dr A. Morton.

References
Skinner, B., 1984. Colour identification guide to the moths of the British Isles. Harmondsworth.
Skou, P., 1986. The geometroid moths of North Europe. Copenhagen.
Tarpey, T. and Heath, J.J., 1990. Wild Flowers of north east Essex. Colchester.
Tunmore, M., 1998a. The 1997 small tortoiseshell Ag/ais urticae (L.) influx. Atropos 4: 6.

Stolen Books

I have been sent information on stolen books as follows from the Booksellers
Association. The books were stolen from a private address in Harpenden,
Hertfordshire on the night of 5 November 1998 while the owners were away (some
antiques were also selectively stolen).

Albin, Ebenezer — A natural history of spiders & other curious insects. 4to
Old leather, hand-coloured plates. Fine copy 1736.

Stoll, Chester — Title uncertain. (but almost certainly Representation des
Spectres, des Mantes, des Sauterelles, des Grillons, des Criquets et des
Blattes) 2 vols in one in French & Dutch — on Bugs. Hand coloured plates
Ato contemp half calf. Fine copy 1780 1788.

Readers who are offered these books or who may otherwise come across them are
asked to contact PC Munday of Harpenden Police on 01382 768769.— BRIAN
GARDINER, 2 Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AL.

Dead Alcon blue Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) eggs in
the Benasque Valley, Spanish Central Pyrenees — the truth!

During a butterflying expedition to Spain in April 1998 in the company of Dr
Bernard Watts and Professor Ted Benton, I was fortunate to be introduced to Dr
Miguel Munguira of the Department of Biology at the Universidad Autonoma de
Madrid. Miguel has worked on Maculinea van Ecke 1915 butterflies in Spain and
was able to answer some of my questions about M. alcon ({D.& S.]) and M. rebeli,
which he considers to be two “good” species and not two subspecies of alcon.

26 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

It appears that the M. rebeli eggs that I found in the Benasque Valley during
September 1996 (Ent. Rec. 109: 245-250) were probably neither infertile nor killed by
wet weather, and that the larvae had probably hatched quite successfully. Unlike other
Maculinea butterflies, M. rebeli larvae do not exit from the top of their egg, but leave
by eating out through its base and then through the Gentiana cruciata L. leaf to which
the egg is attached (Thomas ef a/., 1991. Basal hatching by Maculinea butterfly eggs:
a consequence of advanced myrmecophily? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 44: 175-184.). I recall
seeing holes in the base of the “dead” rebeli eggs that I examined, but thought they
were damage caused by my tearing of the egg cases from their host leaf.

Miguel suggested also that, although very different in appearance, both the
‘“alcon” populations I found in the Pyrenees (Ent. Rec. 108: 301-304) were M. rebeli.
He has mapped the Spanish distributions of M. alcon (generally a lowland species)
and M. rebeli (generally a mountain species) in Munguira et al. (1991. Use of UTM
maps to detect endangered lycaenid species in the Iberian Peninsula. Nota
Lepidopterologica Suppl. No. 2: 45-55).

In the Benasque Valley, the complex M.rebeli-G.cruciata-Myrmica ant
association (Hochberg et al. 1992. A modelling study of the population dynamics of
a large blue butterfly, Maculinea rebeli, a parasite of red ants nests. J. Anim. Ecol.
61: 397-409.) probably depends on the flower-rich meadows that have been formed
by centuries of traditional grazing, mowing and manuring that are all part of a
transhumance system. It has already been noted that chemical and mechanical
intensification of grassland management has reduced floral and faunal diversity in
some of the meadows in this valley (Ent. Rec. 109: 245-250). During a visit to the
valley in August 1998, I noticed another threat to plants and insects: many of the
smaller, steeper meadows have been abandoned and successional scrub is now
encroaching and replacing the grassland. Since 1994, some areas of the Benasque
Valley have been designated a natural park (Parque de Posets-Maladata), which is
attempting to conserve valley wildlife and traditional farming practices. Sadly the
park does not include areas below 1500 m, where many of the threatened traditional
hay meadows are to be found. ANDREW WAKEHAM-DAwsON, Mill Laine Farm,
Offham, Lewes, East Sussex BN7 3QB.

Larvae of Coleophora artemisicolella Bruand (Lep.: Coleophoridae) preparing
to enter a second winter

On 25 October 1998 I sorted old larval cases of Coleophora artemisicolella from
mugwort Artemisia vulgaris seed heads collected the previous autumn (Sims, 1998.
Ent. Rec. 110:142) for parasitised and emerged material. During this exercise I found
two cases containing living larvae and many that were neither parasitised nor
hatched. Consequently, some of these may also contain living larvae. I have put
these outdoors to overwinter and will be interested to see if any adults emerge in
Summer 1999. There are numerous reports that members of this group of the
Lepidoptera can pass two winters in the larval stage but I do not recall
artemisicolella being among these.— IAN Sims, 2 The Delph, Lower Earley, Reading,
Berkshire RG6 3AN.

PHASIINAE OF KENT og |

THE PHASIINAE (DIP.: TACHINIDAE) OF KENT WITH A CONFIRMED
HOST FOR HEMYDA VITTATA (MEIGEN, 1824)

LAURENCE CLEMONS
14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

ROBERT BELSHAW’S Royal Entomological Society Handbook on tachinid flies
(Belshaw, 1993) provided a much needed concise treatment of the British
Tachinidae, particularly as regards the known distribution and hosts of the species.
The subfamily Phasiinae contains just twenty-one known British species and, where
the life history is known, they are all parasitoids of heteropteran bugs. Thirteen
species have so far been recorded from the Watsonian vice-counties of Kent — i.e. 16
(West Kent) and 15 (East Kent) — and here I provide details of all that are known to
me.

Where no recorder has been acknowledged the records are my own. Grid
references which appear in brackets are my own approximations and were not given
by the original collector. Tetrad (2 x 2 km square) letters follow the DINTY system.
The status given by each species is based on Falk (1991). The scientific names of
flowering plants mentioned are based on Clapham,Tutin and Warburg (1962) whilst
the nomenclature of bugs follows Kloet and Hincks (1964).

Cinochira atra Zetterstedt, 1845
This small black fly was listed by Yerbury (1908) under the name Melanophora
atra from Bearsted (TQ75/TQ85). Later, during the Blean Woods (TR16) survey
in 1964, further specimens were obtained by D.M. Ackland between 7 and 11
September. Chandler (1976) referred to one taken in a house at Bromley (TQ46)
on 18 August 1966. The latter has recently informed me that he also took the
species at Pett’s Wood, Chislehurst (TQ46) on 23 September 1974.

26 September 1983 Claypits Wood, Dunkirk TRO759 swept over leaf litter in
woodland on clay; 24 June 1989 Hurst Wood TQ9348; 30 July 1992 Motney Hill,
Rainham TQ825677 swept in Phragmites swamp; 28 August 1994 Mereworth
Woods TQ663553; 26 May 1997 Foal Hurst Wood TQ6544 swept from coarse
vegetation in dense scrub; 11 June 1997 Covert Wood TR182494 along damp
shady ride; 12 July 1997 Yalding Fen TQ683499 swept from vegetation growing
beneath willows Salix spp.

The larvae of Cinochira atra seem to be dependant on lygaeid bugs. Eyles (1962)
found it to be an occasional parasite of Scolopostethus thomsoni Reuter, 1874, S.
decoratus (Hahn, 1833), Drymus sylvaticus (Fabricius, 1775) and D. brunneus
(Sahlberg, 1848). These bugs inhabit a variety of situations. S. thomsoni_ is readily
found by sweeping nettles, $. decoratus by grubbing around heather and the Drymus
species by sieving litter and pitfall trapping. Whilst Belshaw (1993) cited Chandler’s
impressions that the fly is characteristic of low vegetation in woodlands, my records
from Motney Hill and Yalding fen add marshland (coastal and inland respectively).
Cinochira atra was not awarded a status by Falk (1991) although Dr A.C. Pont
(pers.comm.) believes that it should currently be regarded as notable.

28 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 Zot 1999

Cylindromyia interrupta (Meigen, 1824)
First recorded from the county in 1896 by A.J. Chitty on the basis of a male taken
at Doddington (TQ95) (Smith and Bates, 1956), it was some fifty years before the
next specimen was taken by H.W. Andrews on 30 June 1945 at Eynsford
(TQ5365). Uffen (1961) stated “... was numerous amongst mixed vegetation
between regenerating aspens at Ham Street, Kent 14.vi.1958” (TRO033).

28 May 1988 Shorne Woods Country Park TQ684702 1 male taken by
sweeping a Juncus dominated damp flush; 3 August 1996 Birchett Wood,
Orlestone Forest TQ987359 1 female taken by general sweeping along an open
ride; 1 June 1997 Mereworth Woods TQ644556 1 male obtained by sweeping low
vegetation in a woodland clearing.

Andrewes (1966) recorded Cylindromyia interrupta from a sallow and birch
copse at Barnridge, Wilstshire on 11 June 1964 and 3 July 1965 whilst Edwards
(1956) recorded it in the more open parts of Bottom Wood, Hertfordshire on 9
August 1955. My records support the view that the fly is to be found in woodland
clearings. Dr A.C. Pont (pers.comm.) has assessed the current status of the species
to be notable and says that it is a species of rough grassland and open scrub.

Belshaw (1993) cited palaearctic rearing records from the pentatomid bug
Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758) for the related C. brassicaria (Fabricius,
1775) and this may well apply to C. interrupta since this bug was abundant in
each of the three sites where I found the fly. Southwood and Leston (1959) state
that the bug “occurs commonly in the flowery margins of woodlands” and this
habitat also matches my records for the fly.

Cylindromyia interrupta is another species not assigned a status by Falk (1991)
and which Dr Pont has classified as notable.

Gymnosoma nitens Meigen, 1824 (RDB1)
Gymnosoma nitens was added to the British list by Clark (1958) on the basis of a
female taken at Happy Valley, Boxhill, Surrey on 8 July 1956. Belshaw (1993)
repeated this as the only recorded site for this species. Plant, in Plant and Smith
(1996) referred to the capture of a single specimen on 2 July 1995 at Richborough
Power Station near Sandwich (TR3362) in East Kent.

Some ten years prior to this on 20 July 1985 I encountered large numbers of the
species at Lydden Hill near Dover TR252462. Ten specimens (four females and
six males) were retained from swarms swept mainly from Hoary Ragwort Senecio
erucifolius L. at about 19.30 hours. There had been substantial rain earlier in the
afternoon (cf. Plant’s statement “The fly was swept at around mid-day in a light
drizzle...) although at the time the vegetation had dried out. The site at Lydden
Hill is a chalk cutting beside the A2 which has been heavily seeded by the county
highways department. A further female was discovered at Trosley Country Park
TQ6461 at about 12.30 on 20 July 1996. The specimen was seen, and captured,
feeding from a central floret of Hogweed Heracleum sphondylium L. in dappled
shade and the weather was hot and sunny. Lydden Hill and Trosley Country Park
both fit with Plant and Smith’s observations that the fly is to be found in
predominantly calcareous regions.

PHASIINAE OF KENT 29

Clark (1958) cited the following heteropteran hosts for Gymnosoma nitens:
Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus, 1758), Eurygaster testudinaria (Geoffroy, 1785),
Sciocoris cursitans (Fabricius, 1794), Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricius, 1794),
Stollia (= Eysarcoris) fabricii (Kirkaldy, 1904) and perhaps Spathocera
dahlmanni (Schilling, 1829). Belshaw (1993), however, listed only Sciocoris
cursitans and the non-British Sciocoris helferi (Fabricius) as hosts.

Gymnosoma rotundatum (Linnaeus, 1758) (RDB3)
There is a single specimen of Gymnosoma rotundatum in the Dale collection at the
Hope Department, Oxford without date from Swanscombe (TQ57). This seems to
be a species of dry areas on downland and heathland and hence could be found
elsewhere in the county, especially if “Palomena spp” are hosts as stated by
Belshaw (1993).

Hemyda vittata (Meigen, 1824) (RDB3)
Added to the British list on the basis of a male found resting on a wild strawberry
flower at the edge of a clearing in Whippendell Wood, Watford, Herts on 12 May
1956 by S.D. Barfoot (Barfoot, 1957). He cited F.I. Van Emden’s information that
the species had been reared several times on the continent from the pentatomid
bug Arma custos Hahn and this fact was repeated by Smith (1989) and Belshaw
(1993). The latter also questioned Troilus luridus as a host.

On 26 May 1987 I swept a single female of Hemyda vittata from young Silver
Birch Betula pendula Roth trees around one of the pits in Ham Street Woods NNR
TROO33 and this remained my only record until recently. Whilst generally
recording insects at Covert Wood near Canterbury TR182494 on 11 June 1997 a
specimen of the pentatomid bug Troilus luridus (Fabricius, 1775) was swept. As
this is not an insect which I frequently see it was retained alive in an individual
tube until it could be processed and added to the reference collection. On 13 June
the bug was found to have died and a chestnut-brown puparium measuring about
5.5mm long was noted attached to the bottom of the tube. This was retained and
on 28 June a male Hemyda vittata emerged. The larval mouthparts were recovered
from the cap of the puparium and part of these is illustrated in figure 1. The
posterior spiracles are depicted in figure 2.

Litophasia hyalipennis (Fallén, 1815) (Extinct).
Still only known in Kent from | male taken on 9 August 1987 along a track at
Solomon’s Farm, near Kingsnorth TQ7874 and 1 female taken on 9 August 1991
in a chalk quarry at Northfleet TQ630742 (Clemons, 1992). Dr J.W. Ismay has
since found it in South Essex and DrA.C.Pont (pers.comm.) has downgraded it to
RDB2 status.

Lophosia fasciata Meigen, 1824 (Notable).
Wainwright (1940) recorded specimens from Ham Street (TRO033) and Soakham
Down (TRO0349) and these are preserved in the collections of the Natural History

30 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 ZI AMOS

Museum, London with the dates 5 August 1938 and 6 August 1938 respectively.
A further specimen was taken by K.C.Side at Ellenden Wood TRI6B on 6 May
1974. Allen (1987 and 1992) recorded rearing the species on 2 July 1986 from a
specimen of the hawthorn shieldbug Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale L. taken at
Oxleas Wood SSSI (TQ4475) on 13 June 1986.

To date my sole encounter with this species rests on a female found dead in a
spider’s web along a chalk track beside Park Wood, Chilham TR042524 on 25
July 1982.

Phania funesta (Meigen, 1824)

This seems to be by far the the most widespread of the local Phasiinae although
Day (1948) regarded it as rare and, of two recorded sites, had apparently seen
details only of J.W. Yerbury’s specimens from Gravesend (TQ67) taken in 1907
and 1908. The pioneer British dipterist G.H. Verrall stated (1912) “Weberia
thoracica is not very uncommon, but I have seen only one specimen of W.
curvicauda which was taken by Col. Yerbury at Gravesend on June 27th, 1908”.
There are further specimens of Yerbury’s in the Natural History Museum, London
from Gravesend dated 2 August 1907. H.W.Andrews recorded it widely in vice-
county 16 between 1912 and 1939 thus: 18 May 1912 Thames Marshes (TQ5675);
1 August 1931 Thames Marshes (TQ5675); 11 June 1932 Dartford (TQ57); 22
May 19343 Thames Marshes (TQ5675); 11 July 1935 Crayford (TQ57); 5 August
1935 Eynsford (TQ5365) 14 May 1938 Wrotham (TQ6159) and 15 July 1939
Allhallows (TQ8378). C.J. Wainwright encountered it at Oare (TRO062) on 3
August 1937. Fonseca (1951) recorded it from Sholden near Deal (TR3552) on 5
August 1950 and stated “In the Sholden district, also, a small patch of common
chamomile (Anthemis nobilis L.) was attracting large numbers of the curious little
Tachinid Weberia pseudofunesta Villeu. Males predominated but several females
were found amongst the catch, the first I had seen of this sex.” The collections in
the Natural History Museum, London contain two specimens labelled “Sholden E.
Kent 5.viil.1950” and “Sholden E. Kent 6.viii. 1950” in Fonseca’s handwriting
plus a further 22 bequeathed in 1988 with the printed data “Sholden Kent. E. 5-
11.vii.50”. There is also a specimen with the printed label “14.viii.50 St.
Margaret Kent. E.E.A. Fonseca’. A series of specimens from Hythe (TR13) in the
G. Waller coliection at Maidstone Museum and Art Galleries bears the dates 13
June 1976 and | June, 13 June, 16 June, 16 July, 2 August, 9 August, 11 August
and 18 August 1977. In the card index at Maidstone Museum and Art Galleries
there is a single record pertaining to K.C. Side from Cliffe Marshes TQ77J on 19
July 1974.

11 July 1982 Murston TQ922646; 17 July 1982 Murston TQ9164; 17 June
1983 Stonelees TR338623; 27 July 1983 Cliffsend, Ramsgate TR3564; 2 June
1984 Murston TQ922646; 6 August 1984 Canterbury Golf Course TR174593; 26
July 1987 Kingsnorth TQ817724; 1 August 1987 Stoke TQ838754; 9 August
1987 Solomon’s Farm, near Kingsnorth TQ7874; 17 August 1987 Kingsnorth
TQ796722; 19 August 1987 Kingsnorth TQ8272; 21 May 1988 Sladden Wood

PHASIINAE OF KENT 31

TR258428; 24 June 1989 Lenham Heath sandpit TQ9149; 9 August 1991
Northfleet TQ630742; 4 June 1993 Hale Street ponds TQ6749; 26 June 1993 Old
Park, Canterbury TR168589; 6 August 1993 Bingley’s Island, Canterbury
TR142576; 29 May 1995 Fordwich TR187603; 7 July 1996 Church Marshes,
Milton TQ9165; 12 July 1997 Yalding Fen TQ683499; 16 August 1997 Crossness
Nature Reserve TQ4980.

Belshaw (1993) gave little information regarding the biology of Phania
funesta other than that there is a European record from the cydnid bug Legnotus
limbosus (Geoffroy, 1785). Southwood and Leston (1959) stated that Legnotus
limbosus feeds on goosegrass, lady’s bedstraw and other bedstraws and that “it
occurs on flowery banks, in dry grassy places and in the top soil of dry earth
banks, apparently preferring a fine sand.”. The bug is of widespread distribution
in Kent, although I have personally taken it only in the driest of localities. Whilst
the majority of my localities are dry grassland the occurrence of Phania funesta
in damp sites such as at Hale Street Ponds and Yalding Fen could signify that it
develops in other bugs.

Phasia thoracica Meigen, 1924 (RDB3)

Wainwright (1928) mentioned that the species was taken in Mains Wood,
Herefordshire by J.H. Wood and at Guestling, Sussex by E.N. Bloomfield and
these records were repeated by Van Emden (1954). Belshaw (1993) added
Abbots Wood, Hants and Blean, Kent (TR10). I have been unable to trace
details of the latter record although Dr A.C. Pont has informed me that it was
taken from the National Nature Reserve in 1966. Despite the statement by
Verrall (1912) mentioned in reference to Phania funesta Phania thoracica is not
at all common nationally and thus his opinion on its abundance was most likely
based on a misidentification.

Phasia hemiptera (Fabricius, 1794)
Belshaw (1993) referred to at least 50 records having been accumulated during the
preparation of his Handbook although these must in part be due to the impressive
appearance of the male which renders it noticeable to general naturalists. Certainly
the collections of the Natural History Museum in London contain a long series of
this fly, but from relatively few localities.

Curtis (1823-1840) stated that it was “taken I believe near Darent in Kent” and
since then there have been few sightings in the county. In the Natural History
Museum, London there are four males collected by R.B.Benson from Ham Street
Woods (TRO033) between 3 and 6 July 1946, whilst in the G.Waller collection
housed in Maidstone Museum and Art Galleries there is a single male with the
label “River near Dover 30 July 1946 on umbelliferae” (TR2843). The card file
index at the latter institution contains a single record submitted by Mr A.V.
Measday and dated 25 May 1986 from Tunbridge Wells TQ53U. More recently at
the annual exhibition of the Kent Field Club on 9 November 1996 MrJ.S. Badmin
Showed a male taken in his garden at Downwell, Selling (TR085539) on

32 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

22 August 1996. There is anecdotal evidence from Mr M. Brown that it has
occurred at Hoads Wood near Ashford (TQ9542).

21 July 1995 Downwell, Selling TRO85539 1 female on flowers of Bupleurum
fruticosum L.; 20 July 1997 Iden Croft Herbs, Staplehurst TQ792424 1 male
feeding on flowers of Mentha sp.; 2 August 1997 Dering Wood, Pluckley
TQ89954450 | male flying amongst low bramble foliage.

From the paucity of local records Phasia hemiptera is largely to be found in or
around clearings in ancient wooded districts.

Phasia obesa (Fabricius, 1798)

Another species which is not at all abundant in Kent. H.W. Andrews recorded it
from Farningham (TQ5467) on 27 August 1927 whilst Allen ((1963) referred to
its sporadic occurrence in his garden at Blackheath Park (TQ4075). Mr P.J.
Chandler (pers. comm.) encountered it in an arable field at Oakley Farm, Bromley
(TQ44166) and in a larch plantation at Scrogginhall Wood, Bromley (TQ413673)
on 16 September 1967 and 11 September 1971 respectively. In the card index at
Maidstone Museum and Art Galleries there are just two other records both from
the fieldwork of K.C.Side: 7 July 1974 New Hythe TQ75E and 23 August 1974
nr. Meopham TQ66H.

21 August 1994 Vinters Park LNR TQ7756 a few males and females swept from
the flowers of Matricaria sp.; 28 August 1994 Roadside Wood TQ647552 numerous
specimens of both sexes swept from ling Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. in open, sandy
heathland.; 1 June 1997 Mereworth Woods TQ644556 1 male; 19 August 1997
Ditton Court Quarry TQ7517 several males observed feeding on the flowers of tansy
Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. and garden golden rod Solidago canadensis L.

Allen (1963) recorded Phasia obesa as a parasite of the pentatomid bug
Neotiglossa pusilla (Gmelin, 1789) whilst Belshaw (1993) listed a range of other
hemipteran hosts, some of which are doubtful. The local records suggest that the
fly is characteristic of dry grassland.

Phasia pusilla Meigen, 1824

This small, black fly was recorded from Gravesend (TQ67) by Yerbury (1908) and
subsequently from other localities in the west of the county by H.W. Andrews i.e.
13 July 1920 Eltham (TQ4374); 9 August 1922 Dartford (TQ57); 11 June 1927
Bexley (TQ4774); 27 August 1927 Farningham (TQ5467); 28 July 1930
Farningham (TQ5467) and 11 August 1934, 27 June 1943 and 30 June 1945
Eynsford (TQ5365). Allen (1963) stated that it occurred sporadically in his garden
at Blackheath Park (TQ4075). In the collections of the Natural History Museum in
London there is a single specimen taken at Eastling Wood (TR3047) by E.A.
Fonseca on 3 August 1951. Mr P.J. Chandler (pers. comm.) encountered it in an
arable field at Oakley Farm, Bromley (TQ44166) on 16 September 1967. Further
records obtained from the Maidstone Museum card index are | August 1976
Shorne TQ67V K.C. Side; 3 September 1990 Wrotham Water TQ6260 P.J.Hodge
and 4 August 1992 Canon Heath TQ6957 E.G. Philp.

PHASIINAE OF KENT 33

27 June 1983 Murston TQ914644 dry derelict grassland; 10 August 1983
Murston TQ922653; 9 August 1992 Angley Wood TQ7636 along sandy woodland
ride; 12 September 1992 Crayford marshes TQ5378 coastal grassland; 3 July 1993
Eccles Pit TQ7261 dry chalk pit; 1 June 1994 Mereworth Woods TQ663553 grassy
ride; 19 June 1994 Lullingstone Park TQ5164 dry chalk grassland; 21 August 1994
Vinters Park LNR TQ7756 open parkland; 28 August 1994 Mereworth Woods
TQ663553; 28 August 1994 Roadside Wood TQ647552 sandy heathland; 9 June
1996 Birchett Wood TQ987359 open ride in wood; 7 July 1996 Church Marshes,
Milton TQ9165 dry coastal grassland; 14 July 1996 Angley Wood TQ7636 along
sandy woodland ride; 14 May 1997 Denge Wood TR106528 dry chalk grassland;
19 May 1997 Hargate Forest TQ5737 open ride in dry woodland; 19 May 1997
Hargate Forest TQ5736 open ride in dry woodland; 1 June 1997 Mereworth Woods
TQ644556 clearing in chestnut coppice; 15 June 1997 Ditton Court Quarry
TQ7157 dry grassland in disused ragstone quarry; 2 September 1997 Birchett
Wood TQ987359 on flowers of golden rod Solidago virgaurea L.

Phasia pusilla is recorded as a parasite of the bugs Cydnus (Cydnidae) and
Chilacis (Lygaeide) by Van Emden (1954) and Stygnocoris fuligineus (Geoffroy,
1785) and S.pedestris (Fallén, 1807) (Lygaeidae) by Eyles (1962). The fly is
locally a species of dry grassland and dry woodland.

Subclytia rotundiventris (Fallén, 1820) (RDB3)
I obtained a single male of this species by sweeping bracken Pteridium aquilinum
(L.) Kuhn beneath silver birch Betula pendula Roth during a Kent Field Club
excursion on 5 July 1997 to Hothfield Common LNR near Ashford TQ97054575.
The usual British hosts are the acanthosomatid bugs Elasmostethus interstinctus
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Allen, 1966) and Elasmucha grisea (Linnaeus, 1758) both of
which are widespread and often abundant on birch.

. Acknowledgements
In the preparation of this paper I would like to extend my thanks to the following
gentlemen:

Mr A.A. Allen for providing copies of notes, papers and details of his experiences
with these flies from his home region of north-west Kent, Dr E. Jarzembowsky for
permission to extract data from the collections and record card index housed at
Maidstone Museum and Art Galleries, Mr K.G.V. Smith for providing copies of some
of his notes and to Mr N. Wyatt for allowing access to the collections of the Natural
History Museum, London. Dr P.J. Chandler kindly read through a draft of this paper
and drew my attention to the data in Wainwright’s works. Dr A.C. Pont generously
provided an extract from his unpublished review of the rarer calyptrate diptera.

References
Allen, A.A., 1963. Alophora obesa F. (Dipt., Tachinidae) bred from Neottiglossa pusilla Gmel.
(Hem., Pentatomidae). Entomologist’ s Monthly Magazine 99: 35.
— , 1966. Subclytia rotundiventris Fall. (Dipt., Tachinidae): a new host and county record.
Entomologist’ s Monthly Magazine 102: 198.

210999

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111

34

part of cephalopharyngeal skeleton from puparium.

Hemyda vittata

Figure 1

les of puparium.

posterior spirac

.

Hemyda vittata

Figure 2

PHASIINAE OF KENT 35

— , 1987. Lophosia fasciata Mg. (Dipt.: Tachinidae) in the London suburbs and an apparently new
host record. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 99: 83.

—, 1992 Some notable diptera from Oxleas Wood SSSI, Shooters Hill, N.W. Kent. Entomologist’ s
Rec. J. Var. 104: 265-302.

Andrewes, C.H. 1966. Uncommon Phasiinae and other Flies in a Wilstshire Wood (Diptera:
Tachinidae). Entomologist 99: 195.

Barfoot, S.D., 1957. Phania vittata Meig., a Tachinid fly new to Britain. Entomologist’ s Monthly
Magazine 93: 85. Plate V.

Belshaw, R., 1993. Tachinid Flies Diptera Tachinidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British
Insects Vol. 10, Part 4a(i).

Chandler, P.J. 1976. Notes on Some Uncommon Calypterate Flies (Diptera) Observed during
Recent Years. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 88: 14-19

Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg., E.F. 1962. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge
University Press.

Clark, D.J. Gymnosoma (Stylogymnomyia) nitens Meig, (Diptera, Tachinidae) new to Britain.
Entomologist 91: 100.

Clemons, L., 1992. Litophasia hyalipennis (Fallén) (Diptera: Tachinidae) in North Kent.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 104: 210-202.

Curtis, J., 1823-1840. British Entomology. London.

Day, C.D., 1948 British Tachinid Flies. Arbroath.

d’Assis-Fonseca, E.C.M., 1951. Diptera collected in 1950. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 63: 55-59.

Edwards, J. 1956 An additional record of Ocyptera interrupta Mg. (Dipt., Tachinidae).
Entomologist’ s Monthly Magazine 92: 283.

Eyles, A.C. 1962. Some notes on natural enemies of Lygaeidae. Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine 98: 226-227.

Falk, S., 1991. A review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain. Research and survey
in nature conservation No. 39: JNCC.

Kloet, G.S. and Hincks, W.D., 1964. A Check List of British Insects Small Orders and Hemiptera.
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol. XI, part 1.

Plant, C.W. and Smith, D., 1996. Gymnosoma nitens (Tachinidae, Phasiinae): second, third and
fourth British records. Dipterists Digest. 3 (second series): 47-48.

Smith, K.G.V. and Bates, J.K., 1956. Some records of Ocyptera interrupta Mg. (Dipt.,
Tachinidae) Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 92: 22.

Smith, K.G.V., 1989. An introduction to the immature stages of British flies. Handbooks for the
Identification of British Insects Vol. 10, Part 14.

Southwood, T.R.E. and Leston, D., 1959. Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles. The Wayside
and Woodland Series: Warne.

Uffen, R.W.J., 1961. Miscellaneous notes on Diptera. Part 1: Tachinidae and parasitic
Calliphoridae. Entomologist’ s Gazette 12: 46-49.

Van Emden, F.I., 1954. Tachinidae and Calliphoridae.Handbooks for the Identification of British
Insects Vol. X. part 4a.

Verrall, G.H., 1912 Another hundred new British species of Diptera. Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine 48:192.

Wainwright, C.J., 1928. The British Tachinidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of
London 76: 139-254.

— , 1940. The British Tachinidae (Diptera). Second Supplement. Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London 90: 411-488.

Yerbury, J.W., 1908 in The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of Kent in Six
Volumes. Volume 1 p.212.

36 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25 AMN999

Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Dip: Tephritidae): first known British capture
at large

On the night of 20 June 1998, a fly occurred here at m.v. light which was quite
unknown to me; even its family was far from obvious, and I strongly suspected that
it must be an alien. From a rough description Mr P.J. Chandler suggested a species
of Bactrocera and sent a figure of B. cucurbitae, a common pest-species of hot
countries breeding in cucurbitaceous fruits (cucumbers, melons, etc.). Obviously
such a species could easily be introduced into Britain with produce, but there appears
thus far to be no record. The fly was subsequently identified beyond doubt by Mr
I.M. White, the Tephritid specialist, as the above species. A few decided differences
between the specimen and the figure mentioned (as regards the pale thoracic
markings and certain other points) were explained by difference of sex and the
variability so often shown by an abundant species. B. cucurbitae will doubtless be
found here again in the open before very long; it may already have occurred in
warehouse conditions. I am most grateful to the two persons named for their kind
help.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Leiodes picea (Panzer) (Col.: Leiodidae) and other leiodids from Upper Strathspey

L. picea is one of the less common members of the genus, known in Britain only
from Scotland and northern England with few recent published records. It may be of
interest that I have come across the species in upper Strathspey on four occasions in
the last few years as follows:-

Abernethy Forest, VC 96 Easterness, OS grid reference NH9618 — 1 ex.,
x.86 in flight interception trap, edge of pine wood;

River Nethy, VC 95 Elgin, NH9922 — 1 ex. 2.vii.91 & 1 ex. 27.1x.91, in sand
on bank of river;

Dorback Burn, VC 95 Elgin, NJO717 — 1 ex. 25.vii.98, under stone on sand
on bank of river.

Other members of the genus also have turned up at the River Nethy site,
sometimes in numbers. Thus, pitfall traps set during a two-week period ending
l.vili.92 caught 248 Leiodes specimens comprising 194 examples of obesa, 15
examples of ferruginea and 39 examples of rufipennis. In addition, there were 24
examples of Liocyrtusa minuta. The trapped beetles had probably developed in
subterranean fungi growing at the spot for, on a visit to the site on 2.vii.91 with my
good friend Richard Lyszkowski, several fruiting bodies of a Glomus species were
found beneath the surface of the sand. Some of these fruiting bodies held beetle
larvae and, from one, an adult Lidcyrtusa minuta emerged about two weeks later.
The association of a leiodid larva with this type of fungus had previously been
noted by my friend who reared an example of L. rufipennis from a Glomus fruiting
body found in sand at the edge of a small river higher up Strathspey (Lyszkowski,
Ent. Record 107: 39, 1995). — J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey
KT17 3PU.

HIMALAYAN MUSHROOM PEST 39)

NEW RECORD OF MUSHROOM PEST AT 5500 FEET ALTITUDE IN
KUMAON HILLS OF CENTRAL HIMALAYA

MOHAMMAD ARIF AND NARENDRA KUMAR
Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory, Pithoragarh (UP), India-262 501.

MUSHROOM JS an alternate source of good quality protein (20-35% dry weight
basis) which is higher than in vegetables and fruits. It contains two essential amino
acids, lysine and tryptofan, which are deficient in cereals, vitamin C and vitamins of
B complex group (thiamine, riboflavin and niacin), Potassium, Phosphorus, Sodium
and Iron. Furthermore it is low calorie food with very little fat. Besides, it has
medicinal values. Out of 2000 species of edible mushrooms about 80 species have
been grown experimentally and 20 species are cultivated commercially. Three
varieties viz., white button, oyster and paddy straw, are cultivated in India in
commercial scale (Chadha and Sharma, 1995). Button mushroom (Agaricus
bisporus) and oyster (Pleurotus sajor caju) are two important widely and
commercially grown in hilly areas of Uttar Pradesh.

Mushrooms are infested by 14 insect and three non-insect pests both in temperate
and tropical conditions in India. These are six dipteran flies viz., Sciarid flies
Bradysia paupera Toum on white button mushroom in Himachal Pradesh (Shandilya
et al, 1975), Bradysia tritici Coq on white button mushroom in Punjab (Sandhu and
Brar, 1980) and Lycoriella auripila Winn on oyster mushroom in West Bengal
(Chakravarty et al, 1987); Phorid flies — unidentified phorid flies on white button
mushroom in Himachal Pradesh (Shandilya et al, 1975), Megaseliya agarica Litner
(= Megaselia sandhui Disney) on button mushroom in Punjab (Disney, 1981) and
Megaselia sp. to oyster mushroom in Tamil Nadu (Krishnamoorthy et al, 1991);
Cecid fly larvae of Heteropezina cathistes on oyster mushroom in Haryana (Johal et
al, 1992); four collembolan insects viz., Lepidocyrtus sp. and Xenylla sp. on beds of
button mushroom in Delhi (Bahl et al, 1981), Lepidocyrtus sp. to button and oyster
mushrooms in Himachal Pradesh (Thapa and Seth, 1983), L. cyaneus Talb at
Udaipur-Rajasthan (Bhandari and Singh, 1983) and Seira iricolor Yoshii and
Asharaf on oyster mushroom and tropical mushrooms (Gill and Sandhu, 1994); three
Coleopteran insects viz., Staphylinus sp. on oyster mushroom in Kerala (Asari et al,
1991), Cyllodes whiteii sp.n., on oyster mushroom in Chandigarh (Johal et al, 1992)
and Hexarthrius davisoni Waterh on oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus) at 9000 feet
altitude in Garhwal hills of Central Himalaya (Arif et al, 1991); one unidentified
lepidopteran insect in Himachal Pradesh (Thapa, 1977; Thapa and Seth, 1982),
Bakerdinia sp. on white button mushroom in Punjab (Gill et al, 1988), Tyrophagous
putrescentinae Schrank in West Bengal (Anon, 1974), in Delhi and Himachal
Pradesh (Bahl et al, 1981 and Thapa and Seth, 1982). Larvae of Sciara sp. orientalis
Blum (Sciaridae) were observed damaging mycelium and stalk of button mushroom
(Agaricus bisporus) grown in wooden cases and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor
caju) grown in polythene bags and larvae of Staphylinid beetles on mycelium and
gills of button mushroom in Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory, Pithoragarh
situated at 5500 feet in Kumaon hills of Central Himalaya. Larvae of sciarid flies

38 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.i.1999

were cryptic amongst the mycelium and thus it was not easy to isolate them unless
they moved under the microscope. The damage is noticed after the appearance of
adult flies, which are poor fliers. Flies are dull black in colour with 1.5-2.0mm size.
The damage by staphylinid beetles was noticed after hole formation in gills and
appearance of adult beetles.

The heavy infestation of Sciarid flies to button and oyster mushroom reduces the
size and gives an unattractive brownish colour to the mushroom body. Adult flies
usually live under loose soil and side walls of wooden cases whereas during watering
the flies can be seen apparently on mushroom body. This seems to be the first record of
Sciara sp. orientalis on mushroom at 5500 feet in Kumaon hills of Central Himalaya.

Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Dr S.I. Farooqui, Senior Entomologist, Division of
Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Dehli for identification of
insects.

References

Anonymous, 1974. Outbreaks and new records. Plant Prot. Bull., FAO, 22: 48-51.

Arif, M., Shah, P. and Joshi, M.C., 1991. Hexarthrius davisoni Waterh, a new record of
mushroom pest at high altitude, Mad-Agric. J. 78: 73-74.

Asari, P.A.R., Kumari, T.N. and Balakrishnan, B., 1991. Staphylinid beetle, a new pest on oyster
mushroom. In Nair, M.C. (Ed.) Indian Mushrooms. Kerala Agricultural University,
Vellanikkara. pp. 238-39.

Bahl, N., Ghai, S. and Prasad, D., 1981. Pest problems of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus).
3rd Intl. symp. Plant Pathol. New Dehli. pp. 209 (abstr.).

Bhandari, A. and Singh, R.D., 1983. Effect of some insecticides on springtail population and on
the mycellal growth and sporophore yield of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer, Indian J.
Mushrooms 9: 36-39.

Chadha, K.L. and Sharma, S.R., 1995. Advances in Horticulture, Publishing House, New Dehli,
pp. 649.

Chakravarty, D.K., Sarkar, B.B., Datta, S. and Chatterjee, M.L., 1987. Bionomics and control of
Sciarid fly, Lycoriella auripilla Winn. in subtropical mushroom, Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.)
Sing. Indian Mushroom Sci. 2: 146-50.

Disney, R.H.L., 1981. Megaselia sandhui sp.n. (Diptera: Phoridae), a pest of cultivated
mushrooms in India. Bull. Entomol. Res. 71: 509-12.

Gill, R.S. and Sandhu, G.S., 1994. Description and pest status of Seira iricolor Yosil & Ashraf
(Collembola: Entomobryidae) on mushrooms in Punjab. J. /nsect Sci. (In press)

Johal, K.K., Kaushal, S.C. and Mann, J.S., 1992. A new species of Cyllodes (Coleoptera:
Cucujoidea: Nitidulidae) infesting Pleurotus sajor-caju in India. Mushroom Res. 1: 95-98.

Krishnamoorthy, A.S., Marimuthi, T., Sivaprakasam, K. and Jeyarajan, R., 1991. Occurrence and
damage caused by phorid fly on oyster mushroom. In Nair, M.C. (Ed.) Indian Mushrooms.
Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara. pp. 240-41.

Shandilya, T.R., Seth, P.K. and Munjol, R.L., 1975. Combating insect pests of mushroom
Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. Indian J. Mushrooms 1: 15-15.

Sandhu, G.S. and Brar, D.S., 1980. Biology of Sciarid fly, Bradysia tritii (Coq.) (Diptera:
Sciaridae) infesting mushroom. /ndian J. Mushrooms 6: 53-63.

Thapa, C.D., 1977. New record of noctuid moth as a pest of mushroom Agaricus bisporus —
preliminary studies on its biology. Indian J. Mushrooms, 3: 13-14.

Thapa, C.D. and Seth, P.K., 1982. Mushroom mites and their control. Indian J. Mushrooms, 8: 45-52.

— , 1983. Springtails (Lepidocyrtus spp.). The tiny pests of mushrooms and their control. Indian J.
Mushrooms, 9: 40-43.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 39

Noteworthy Scottish Lepidoptera in 1998

During the course of contracted survey work on the Ministry of Defence’s
Kirkcudbright Training Area in south-west Scotland, m.v. traps were operated on a
monthly basis at a number of locations across the site from May to September 1998.
In spite of the constant wet and cold weather that seemed to follow me around
during that particular year, a list of 189 species was obtained. Several of these appear
to be worthy of placing on record; all were encountered adjacent to ancient broad-
leaved woodland next to the sea at Abbey Burn Foot, at OS grid reference NX 7444.
I take this opportunity to remind readers of the existence and considerable value of
the Scottish Insect Records Index (SIRI) at the National Museums of Scotland in
Edinburgh (see Shaw, 1987. Ent. Rec. 99: 37-38). This powerful research tool lists
all literature references for Scottish insects, currently to the end of 1995 and should
always be consulted when discussing scarce or potentially new Scottish species. My
interesting moths were as follows:

Tebenna micalis (Mann) (Choreutidae)
Formerly confused with T. bjerkandrella, which is not British, this is normally an
extremely rare immigrant from Iberia. Three examples were netted from amongst
several dozens flying in early morning sunshine on the south-facing coastline on
21 June 1998; they represent the first records of this species for Scotland.

Tethea ocularis (L.) ssp. octogesimea (Hb.) (Thyatiridae) — Figure of Eighty

A single example came to light on 10 July 1998. Interrogation of SIRI indicates
that there appear to be only two previous records of this species in Scotland. Mr
G.V. Bull recorded larvae (as Palimpsestis ocularis), as well as larvae of the
easily confused Tethea or (D.&S.), at Rannoch (Perthshire) between 21 and 31
July 1936 (Proc. South London ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1936/37: 34 & 35). This seems
a rather unlikely locality (although Tethea or (D.&S.) is locally frequent in that
general region). The location of any bred adults from these larvae is not known.
More recently, Mark Shaw of the National Museums of Scotland found a larva at
Rowardennan during 1989 and an adult moth was apparently reared from this. No
doubt Mark’s disgust at rearing a nice adult moth rather than one of his favourite
parasitoids is the reason why the present whereabouts of the specimen are
unknown! Mark has, accordingly, suggested, with apologies, that his record
should be regarded as unconfirmed. 7. ocularis has never been captured in the
Rothamsted light trap at Rowardennan (Adrian Riley, pers. comm.).

Euphyia biangulata (Haw.) (Geometridae) — Cloaked Carpet
A single, freshly emerged specimen arrived in the light trap on 5 July1998. I had
initially assumed that this was a new species for Scotland, perhaps originating
from the resident population in the northern part of the Isle of Man, some 50
kilometres to the south-west. However, after I had rather too hastily exhibited it as
such at the Annual Exhibition of the British Entomological and Natural History
Society, Keith Bland very kindly pointed out to me that there were two earlier
Scottish records referred to in SIRI given (both as Cidaria picata) in Trans.

4O ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

Dumfries & Galloway Nat. Hist. Soc. 1862-3: 61 (for VC 73 — Kirkcudbrightshire)
and 1918-9: 164 (for VC 74 — Wigtownshire). I have not yet been able to locate a
copy of the 1918-9 volume to elaborate on the Wigtownshire record, but that for
Kirkcudbrightshire reads “Terregles; very rare”. Terregles is just west of
Dumfries, OS grid reference NX 9277, about 40 kilometres north-east of Abbey
Burn Foot. My 1998 record thus appears to be only the third record of the species
for Scotland, the only recent one and, perhaps, the only reliable one.

Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille (Geometridae) — Sloe Pug
A single male arrived at the light on 20 June 1998. It identity was confirmed by
examination of its genitalia. There are no literature records of this species in SIRI
to the end of 1995 and so the moth is assumed to be new for Scotland.

Agrotis puta (Hb.) ssp. puta (Hb.) (Noctuidae) — Shuttle-shaped Dart

Two or three examples representing both males and females were attracted to the
m.v. light on 20 June 1998 and are evidently the first confirmed records for this
species in Scotland. Not realising the significance of this record at the time (the
moth reaches the hundreds during a good year in my Hertfordshire garden!) I did
not retain any voucher specimens. There appears to be only a single previous
Scottish record of this species, the validity of which is open to debate. This relates
to a record at Kirkconnel Moss (now Kirkconnel Flow National Nature Reserve),
Dumfries-shire given by William Lenonn (sic) in Trans. Dumfries & Galloway
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1862 - 63: 53-63 (the record is on page 57). This same record is
referred to by Herbert Jenner Fust junior in Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1868: 437 &
475 as “record doubtful — south-west lowlands subprovince”. The record in
Barrett (1896. Lepidoptera of the British Isles 3: 301) also refers to this
Kirkconnel record. Kirkconnel is about 34 kilometres north-east of my Abbey
Burn Foot site.

Hydraecia petasitis Doubleday (Noctuidae) — Butterbur
A few moths were attracted to m.v. on 15 August 1998, the trap having been
deliberately placed in the centre of a very large expanse of the larval foodplant in
order to discover if this species was present. The moth is very sparsely recorded in
southern Scotland, but in my view this may be rather more a function of under-
recording than it is a reflection of reality. Nevertheless, this appears to be a new
record for VC73 — Kirkcudbrightshire.

It seems rather surprising that so many interesting moths could be generated
from such a short overall list of species, particularly as all the nights selected
(from afar) for the survey work were cold and rainy. Clearly there are likely to be
more discoveries to be made in this hopelessly under-recorded region and anyone
passing through on their way to catch the Irish ferry from Stranraer might do far
worse than leave a day early and spend a night with the moth-trap in
Kirkcudbrightshire.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 41

I am most grateful indeed to Jim McCleary, Lepidoptera Recorder for the
Dumfries and Galloway region, for his invaluable comments on my list of species
recorded and in particular for pointing out to me the potential significance of the
Agrotis puta and Tethea ocularis records. Thanks also to Keith Bland for kindly
pointing out the error of my ways concerning Euphyia biangulata and for supplying
me with the literature references for that species in Scotland. Mark Shaw provided
considerable assistance in checking the Scottish Insect Records Index for previous
records of all the species discussed and for obtaining the appropriate literature
references for me. I am also grateful to David Carter at the Natural History Museum,
London, for locating one of the required literature references COLIN W. PLANT, 14
West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.

New species of Lepidoptera for the Isle of Wight

On 16 May 1998 Brian Warne caught an example of Hadena comta (D.&S.) at his light
trap at Binstead. This species at present has extended its range westwards to
Gloucestershire and northwards to Lincolnshire and is new to the Isle of Wight.
Whether this species originated in this country as a result of migration or importation is
a question which remains unresolved. On 26 August of the same year David Biggs
found a larva of Mompha sturnipennella (Tr.) (= nodicolella) (Fuchs.) in a galled seed
pod of Epilobium angustifolium at Bouldnor; this emerged on 11 September. This
species is new to both Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. On | September I took an
example of the rare migrant Thaumetopoea processionea (L.) at Freshwater — new to
both Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. A second example was recorded on 6 September.

I am grateful to Barry Goater for the identification by dissection of the following
two species which were taken at Freshwater and are both new Vice-County records.
Eupithecia satyrata (Hb.) was recorded on 5 June 1968 and two Oligia versicolor
(Borkh.) were taken, one each on | and 6 June 1997. I have two specimens which
are probably this species dated 14 and 15 June 1962 in my collection, both taken at
Freshwater. S.A. KNILL-JONES, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight
PO40 9AL.

Who needs a trap when a hamster will do — or — Pyralids ate my pasta

Do you ever wonder how uncommon moths are trapped, without resorting to
spending hundreds of pounds on a Robinson or Skinner trap. At last the secret can be
revealed. Simply get your children a hamster and then buy its food loose from your
friendly pet supermarket. Place in a warm cupboard and then wait for your children
to ask you what those strange littlke moths are which appear to have infested their
bedroom. By this time, because you won’t have fought your way across their
bedroom floor for some time, the “little moths” will have made home in other parts
of the house. The kitchen would seem to be a good place — it’s warm and there’s a
good supply of food. How about that flat pasta you bought the last time you were in
France, or the brown rice in the same cupboard? This infestation by the Indian Meal
Moth Plodia interpunctella (Hb.) lasted from midsummer 1997 to midsummer 1998
— in spite of throwing away all the stored pasta, rice and hamster food. The rest of

42 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 259.1999

the family were singularly unimpressed by the fact that this moth was uncommon
and they ought to be pleased to have such a close acquaintance with it. All now went
quiet on the domestic pyralid front until in September my wife decided to cook an
apple crumble and opened the porridge oats, which had been tightly sealed with a tie
tag (we’d learned our lesson after the meal moth, keep your dried food tightly
wrapped — or so we thought). Shortly afterwards I found an interesting pyralid on the
living room ceiling. This time it was the Mediterranean Flour Moth Ephestia
kuehniella (Zell.). Closer examination of the oats revealed three dead flour moths
inside. I’ve never seen my son so closely inspect a packet of porridge oats when we
purchased a replacement — his powers of observation are becoming finely honed.
We’ve now re-examined the dried foods in the cupboards and await the next pyralid
with interest! I am very grateful to Ron Parfitt for helping me with the identification
of these moths. - RoB EDMUNDS, 32 Woodcote Green, Calthorpe Park, Fleet,
Hampshire GU13 8EY.

Hazards of butterfly collecting — You don’t want to see my mudflies, Ghana
August 1996

“Naw .... you don’t want to see my mudflies!”, he said in a Texan drawl. He was one
of fourteen American participants on a butterfly tour organised to Ghana in 1996 by
Expedition Travel. | was the scientific tour leader. Years ago I had promised the
Ghana Wildlife Department to pilot ecotourism in Ghana. I had given the promise to
establish my street credibility, which was by now just fine, but the commitment
caught up with me — “and we have promises to keep”. “I do want to see your
mudflies”, I said. Seeing material caught by other people is a useful way of
maximising information, and his mudfly might be my sensational record.

We were in Kakum National Park, a wonderful forest in Ghana, that has become
a beacon for nature conservation in West Africa. When I began my West Africa
butterfly project in 1993, no-one could have directed you to the park. Last year it
had more than 40,000 paying visitors. Thanks to a number of donors, coordinated
by USAID through Conservation International it has been possible to construct a
fine reception centre and a truly wonderful canopy walkway. We were sitting in the
Jungle Restaurant — one of the few places in Africa where you can come after a
hard walk in the forest and have an ice-cold beer: “So let’s look at those mudflies”’.
And... yes... they were indeed largely mudflies. BUT . . . the very last envelope
contained a tiny Polyommatine Lycaenid. Nothing remotely like it had ever been
recorded from West Africa, but it was clearly a member of the genus Eicochrysops,
and very similar to some Ethiopian and Kenyan semi-montane species. A wet
lowland rainforest like Kakum is the last place where such an Eicochrysops was to
be expected, but stranger things happen. A new species? Could well be!

He was sure he had caught it along the grassy verges of the road, just here. I called
in the whole team, showed them the butterfly, the only one in the area with a deep
blue upperside and a white underside with fine black markings. They spent two
hours sweeping the area. No more were caught. Anyhow, the single male was
perfect, supple, and the genitalia could be studied at leisure back in London. For now

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 43

it remained only to get good photographs of the critter, the culprit, and the scientist,
who by now was enthusiastically sure the mudfly was new to science (getting
something new to science does perk up the entire crew).

A couple of weeks later I was back in London. The abdomen of the mudfly was
popped into KOH before I unpacked (I actually hardly ever manage to unpack
between trips in any meaningful sense), ready for the microscope that same
afternoon. The Eicochrysops come in many forms, but never mind how different, the
structures of the male genitalia are more or less identical. Under the microscope was
revealed something very different indeed — something that resembled no other
African Lycaenid. It would have to be a new genus as well?

My brain began to dig into its deeper recesses. Had I not seen something similar
once. Yes I had. Back in 1970 I had dissected some Yugoslav (as it was then)
Everes. This genus is also in the United States, and a quick check showed the same
characteristic genitalia. The mudfly must accidentally have been brought to Ghana in
the bottom of a glassine envelope from some long forgotten collecting trip in the
States. It had been lying with so many larger butterflies that it had relaxed to the
point where there was no reason it should have not been collected that day.

Here was no malice aforethought, and the issue was cleared up before it had been
made public. No damage was done, though a new species would have been nice. But
there is a moral to the story. Take care! These things can and will happen!! I
managed to intercept this mudfly at source, after the initial period of excitement. But,
I might well have placed it in a Museum somewhere with the Kakum label, and
thirty years from now it might have been rediscovered on these lines: ‘“The
discovery in Africa of an Everes, an otherwise Holarctic genus, is of supreme
interest. The fact that it carries a Larsen 1996 label from Kakum gives us complete
confidence in its origin; Larsen was very careful in labelling, did not give his labels
away, and never collected in the relevant parts of the United States”.

One of the most interesting parallels to what (might have) happened in Kakum
was the description by Evans (1937) of the skipper species Aurina dida Evans, 1937,
a new genus and a new species from Cote d’Ivoire. It is actually a known
Neotropical butterfly that got the Céte d’Ivoire labels by some mistake! And Evans
reviewed the African skippers before the Neotropical TORBEN B. LARSEN, 368
Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

The Small Marbled Eublemma parva (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Lancashire in
1998

The Upper Thames Branch of Butterfly Conservation held a field week, in early July
1998, in the Silverdale area of Lancashire. Two overnight m.v. sessions were
operated at Gait Barrows National Nature Reserve courtesy of the English Nature
warden Rob Petley-Jones. In all we ran four traps, two owned by Rob, one by David
Redhead, and my own. On 10 July one of Rob’s traps produced what appeared to
him as a new micro for the reserve, but I immediately realised that it was one of the
scarcer small macros and quickly identified it as a specimen of the Small Marbled
Eublemma_ parva. The specimen was taken to Stephen Palmer of Preston, who has

A4 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.i1.1999

set it for the museum at Fleetwood. I understand that he also has recorded a
specimen at Preston.

A Large Emerald Geometra papilionaria was also in my trap, but had been
damaged and attacked by Wood Ants Formica rufa. It was bright orange — just like
an Orange Moth Angeronia prunaria. | believe that injections of formic acid may
have altered the emerald pigment. The remains have now gone the traditional brown
as one would expect from light exposure.— A.M. GEORGE, Bayhams, Radnage
Common Road, Radnage, Buckinghamshire.

Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) new to Hampshire

One evening, during a spell of warm, humid weather in early May 1997, I netted a
pale moth in my garden (OS grid reference SU 878552). It appeared to be an
Argyresthia and the size and forewing markings corresponded well with the
illustration of A. trifasciata in Emmet (1996. The Moths and butterflies of Great
Britain and Ireland 3). Unfortunately, the moth managed to escape when I was
attempting to transfer it to a larger container for closer examination. I saw no further
similar examples until 20 May 1998 when one appeared in my garden moth trap.
This, I was able to set, with considerable difficulty as I was unwell at the time. After
close examination I concluded that it must be A. trifasciata and this has since been
confirmed by Dr John Langmaid, to whom my thanks are due.

The foodplant here is almost certainly Cupressocyparis leylandii; there is a large
stand of well-grown bushes in neighbours’ gardens within a few yards of the spot
where the first example was seen. Mr Barry Goater, the moth Recorder for
Hampshire, could not recall any earlier records of this species in the county.— R.W.
PARFITT, 29 Manor Road, Farnborough, Hampshire GU14 7EX.

Notes on the Comma Polygonia c-album (L.) and Peacock Inachis io (L.)
butterflies in the south-east London area

In his account of the Comma, our Editor (Plant, 1987. The Butterflies of the London
Area: 116) writes: “It would appear that the steady eastwards spread reached London
around the early 1930s”. It happens that I can push back this estimate by at least a
few years: the butterfly was definitely already present in the south-east suburbs by
1926, and almost certainly breeding. I have a very clear memory of seeing (to my
surprise) several specimens on michaelmas daisies in the garden of my prep-school
at Blackheath in the early autumn term — late September or early-October of that
year. I had taken my first, a worn example of the hutchinsoni form, in a nettle-
fringed alley at Bognor, West Sussex, in August 1924, when it must still have been
scarcely known from that county. The plurality of the Blackheath butterflies suggests
that the species could well have arrived in the district a few years earlier than when
first seen by me.

Turning now to the Peacock, Plant (op. cit.: 114) notes it as “essentially absent
from the highly urbanised south bank of the River Thames in ... Greenwich”, so a
few words on its present status in my district of the Greenwich Borough may be in
order. In fact I can report it to be general, hereabouts, though far from common; a

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 45

few singletons are noted each year and it can be quite numerous on a warm spring
day in and about the woods on Shooters Hill (Oxleas Wood, etc) wherever stinging
nettles fringe the paths. The last one I saw here was in a curious situation. It was
flying in a subway at a busy road junction on 29 August 1998. My entry probably
disturbed it, possibly while prospecting the place for over-wintering, and it soon
flew out into the street and was lost to view. Or, because the subway contained no
nooks and crannies, the butterfly may have judged it unsuitable for hibernation. The
date seems very early indeed for a retirement into winter quarters, but does the
Peacock habitually, in these parts, disappear peculiarly early in the year, being
seldom seen after about mid-August.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton,
London SE7 8QG.

Two highly notable vanessid butterflies (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in north-east
Surrey

On 27 August 1998 Mr K.C. Lewis, while collecting beetles in the Wild Garden at
Kew Gardens, netted off a thistle a most remarkable specimen of the Peacock
Inachis io (L.), the forewing eye-spot being replaced by three dark-coloured
(blackish?) horizontal, parallel bars, the uppermost one the thickest and apparently
the strongest and darkest. The hindwing eye-spot was smaller than usual but
otherwise appeared normal. Unfortunately, the captor had with him no means of
conveying the insect home in good order, being equipped only for collecting beetles,
and it was therefore released. This butterfly species is almost notorious for its
constancy of markings, any pronounced aberration being very seldom noticed in
Britain at all events. I regret being prevented by the circumstances of the case from
giving a more precise description and must leave it to the lepidopterists to assess, if
possible, the status of this singular form and to determine whether other examples
are on record.

On an earlier occasion, on 13 July 1996, Mr Lewis was lucky enough to obtain
a good view of a Camberwell Beauty Nymphalis antiopa (L.) settled on the
Thames footpath between Kew and Richmond. He believes there were several
records that year, which may well be the case though I can not personally confirm
the fact.
— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 9QG.

Reader Survey Questionnaire

Thank you to all those who completed the Reader Survey Questionnaire that was
sent out with the November 1998 issue of this journal. Just over 28% of readers have
returned a completed form at 1 January 1999. May I urge those 72% of readers who
have not already done so to return their completed form as soon as possible. To save
postage, you can include it with your subscription renewal posted to the Treasurer if
you wish. We will be unable to analyse the answers in a meaningful manner unless
we get a return of at least 50%. — EDITOR

46 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

BOOK REVIEWS

Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Wirttembergs Band 7, Nachtfalter (moths) V. by Axel Steiner
and Gunter Ebert. 582 pages, 483 colour photographs, 329 diagrams and drawings, 170
distribution maps. 17 x 24 cms hardbound, ISBN 3 8001 3500 0. Series edited by Giinter Ebert.
Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Postfach (PO Box) 70 05 61, 7057 Stuttgart, Germany., 1998. German
text. Price DM98.

Entirely devoted to the Noctuidae, this volume completes the survey of this family of moths
begun in volume 5 of this magnificent and comprehensive series of books on the Lepidoptera
of the south-western German state of Baden-Wiirttemberg, which lies between France,
Switzerland and Bavaria. As with the previously published volumes dealt with in my earlier
reviews in this journal (104: 87; 107: 203-204; 110: 146-147) every species is superbly
illustrated in at least the imago and larval forms, having been selected from large numbers of
colour transparencies submitted by local entomologists. Wherever possible they are of living
insects and have been photographed within the state’s own borders. Many colour photographs
of their typical habitats have also been included where appropriate. A high proportion of the
species in this part of Germany also occur in the British Isles, either as residents or
asimmigrants, both common and rare. The volume concludes with a valuable bibliography of
33 pages covering volumes 5 to this present one.

As usual, the text is detailed and highly informative on the distribution (including computer
spot maps), phenology and ecology of each species, including accurate lists of larval
foodplants actually known to be utilised in Baden-Wiirttemberg. Much of this information is of
great value to all European lepidopterists, whether they live in or visit Baden-Wiirttemberg or
not. Therefore, I can thoroughly recommend this volume and its predecessors to the readers of
the Record. At DM98 (about £34.50 at the time of writing) it is excellent value for money and
can be ordered direct from the publisher. John F. Burton

A checklist of Irish aquatic insects by P. Ashe, J.P. O’Connor and D.A. Murray.
Occasional Publication number 3 of The Irish Biogeographical Society. 80 pages, A5 (folded
and stapled), in wrapper. ISBN 0 9511514 2 8. £6.00 inclusive of post and packaging from Dr
D. Murray, Dept Zoology, University College, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.

As an island off the coast of another island off the coast of Europe, Ireland has a relatively poor
fauna — although it is not that poor, with around 16,000 species of insect included. What
Ireland does have, however, is considerable number of freshwater habitats, and as a result, the
aquatic insects are proportionately greater in number. This new checklist covers the
Collembola, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera,
Megaloptera, Hymenoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera and is a complete listing of
all 1499 aquatic members of these groups so far known to occur in Ireland.

This is the first time such a complete checklist has been produced; it is long overdue and the
authors are to be heartily congratulated, particularly since they themselves funded the
publication! The 1499 species they list compare with 2342 in Great Britain and 2368 for the
British Isles; the mathematically minded will have already worked out that this leaves 26 species
present in Ireland that are absent from Great Britain. Each section opens with a short
introductory paragraph summarising the number of species involved in that group and compares
it with the British fauna. Where relevant, brief notes are provided on rare species and key works
and it is possible, therefore, to refer to the most up-to-date works on a particular group.

The lists are not synonymic; authorities are given for binomials, with correct use of
parentheses, but without dates. However, this is unlikely to be an obstacle to comprehension

BOOK REVIEWS AT

since a list of sources is referenced at the end of each section. The booklet will likely prove
invaluable to anyone interested in biogeography, biodiversity, limnology or entomology.
Colin W. Plant

The Birder’s Bug Book by Gilbert Waldbauer. 290 pages, 38 colour photographs. 233 x 170
mm, hardbound. ISBN 0 674 07461 0. £17.50. Harvard University Press, 1998.

The interaction between birds and insects is complex and of great interest, and any publication
which popularises that interest is likely to help bridge the gap which is sometimes evident
between birders and entomologists. This book contains much of general interest in this broad
subject area and presents it in a ready-friendly, informal manner. Although I do not myself like
the semi-autobiographical style of the American author I can see that it is likely to endear the
book to a generally interested public readership.

Ten chapters cover Bugs and birds through the ages, The only flying invertebrates, Bugs that
birds eat, The bugs fight back, Bugs that eat birds, The birds fight back, Bugs that eat people
(what has this to do with birds?), People fight back, A brief guide to the insects and Disappearing
diversity. This is not a text book by any means; rather it is an informative and mildly entertaining
work and its appeal is more likely to be to the entomologist’s offspring than the entomologist him
or herself. However, it does contain a serious message, particularly in the final chapter, and
getting this message across to people in general seems like a jolly good idea to me. There is little
here that the average Ent. Rec. reader would not already be aware of (one would hope) but it is a
useful chapter to throw at friends, colleagues, children, politicians, spouses and any other non-
specialists that you might encounter on your travels. It would make an interesting birthday
present for someone with an existing interest in natural history who wishes to learn more.
Hopefully, reading it might encourage in them a greater interest in entomology.

Colin W. Plant

Checkered Beetles (Buntkafer): illustrated guide to the Cleridae of the Western
Palaearctic by Roland Gerstmeier. Bilingual (German/English), 257 pp., 372 drawings and
distribution maps, 128 coloured photographs on 8 plates, hardbound. ISBN 3-8236-1175-5.
DM93.00 + VAT. Margraf Verlag, Wiekerscheim, Germany.

This book comprises an account of the Western Palaearctic representatives of two closely
related beetle families — the Cleridae (122 species in the region) and Thanocleridae (one
species in the region). Keys are provided to families, subfamilies and species and high-quality
coloured photographs are provided for the majority of species. In addition, there are numerous
black and white drawings of critical anatomical features. The distribution of species within the
region is covered in the text and distribution maps are provided for the most of the species.
There is also a brief account of the biology of the group.

I have tried the keys on some of the species occurring here and, in general, found them
satisfactory though some learning about the book’s layout was required initially. Thus, starting
with “Key to families” I came almost immediately upon the unfamiliar term “phallobasic
apodeme”. It would have been helpful if I could have learnt there and then that there was a
drawing explaining this and other anatomical terms hidden in the inside of the back cover.
Then, having concluded from the key to families that the specimen I was examining belonged
to the family Cleridae, I found myself referred directly to descriptions of the species in this
family when it would have been much more helpful to be referred first to the key to subfamilies
and thence to the keys to genera in each subfamily. While these cannot be regarded as serious
faults, they do tend to mar the reader’s first impressions. A more serious deficiency is the lack
of a checklist of the species covered and of established and new synonyms.

48 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1.1999

Admittedly only 14 out of the 123 species dealt with can be regarded as British in any sense
of the word. Nevertheless, with more and more British entomologists venturing abroad, there is
clearly a growing need for information on the insects to be encountered overseas. This is
illustrated by the nature of reviews which have been published recently in the Entomologist’ s
Record — in the 12 months to October 1998, one third of the 18 publications reviewed dealt
primarily with overseas entomology. Even for the stay-at-home British entomologists there is
need for information on the most likely species to appear in Britain as new introductions. This
book on checkered beetles will serve both needs.

John A. Owen

Provisional Atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland, Part 2 edited by
Robin Edwards. 140 pp., 55 distribution maps. A5, paperback, ISBN 1 870393 42 2.
Biological Records Centre, 1998. £6 by post from ITE Publication Sales, Merlewood Research
Station, Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria LA11 6JU.

This is the second part of the provisional atlas, which includes maps numbered from 57 to 111
(maps | to 56 were included in Part 1 which is reviewed on page 48 of this volume). I draw the
attention of readers to that review as there is little additional information to impart in a review
of an essentially similar work involving a different suite of species in the same group.

It is evident that a number of errors have crept into the text of the present work at various
points; I found three quite serious ones and there may be more. On page 116 it is stated that
Falk (1991) lists Osmia aurulenta under threat category Notable B yet this species is absent
from my own copy of Falk apart from passing mention of it as a host of Stelis
punctulatissima on pages 262 and 263. Similarly, my copy of Falk only makes passing
reference to Hoplitis claviventris on pages 37 and 260 whilst it is stated on page 122 of the
Atlas that Falk also lists this species as Notable B. Finally, it is claimed that Falk classed
Stelis ornatula in category Notable A whereas in reality he re-affirmed the earlier opinion of
Shirt (1987) that it belongs within category 3 of the Red Data Book. According to my copy
of the RECORDER computer software, Hoplitis claviventris is “Common”, Osmia aurulenta
is “Local” and Stelis ornatula is in Red Data Book category 3. I can only assume that the
errors have arisen from the notion that species may be freely moved between categories
according to whim. Counting the dots on the maps now presented shows clearly that the
three species mentioned ought to be in the categories in which it is alleged that Falk placed
them. The reality of the situation is that he did not — and as a formal status each must stand
until formally altered. It may now sound as if I am labouring the point, but as one involved
every working day in the use of invertebrates in Environmental Assessment I can assure the
editor that it is acutely embarrassing to have a barrister at a Public Inquiry dispute the formal
status of recorded species at a site because his client has read a more recent, but unofficial,
publication!

Bees and wasps have become increasingly popular amongst entomologists in the last few
years and will probably become even more so since, as essentially thermophilic species, they
are likely to prove valuable indicators of the effects of global warming. This work, when all
parts are published, will provide ecologists with a very important baseline of information
against which changes can be monitored. Get your copy now before they sell out!

References

Falk, S., 1991. A review of the scarce and threatened bees, wasps and ants of Great Britain (part 1). Research
& Survey in Nature Conservation, number 35. NCC.

Shirt, D. B. (ed.), 1987. British Red Data Books: 2. Insects. NCC.
Colin W. Plant

Continued from back cover
Notes on the Comma Polygonia c-album (L.) and the Peacock Inachis io (L.) butterflies

imche south-east London-area: A. A. Allen... ccuc edible oe edocs cee ee ew bes +4
Two highly notable vanessid butterflies (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in north-east Surrey. A. A.
SITE 5. ag BSL RENO ari EO eae An PPE 45

EMCMEDOOKSWDTIGM GOLGINE!: <a:s tsk eo ens ns meh Gl a eh tie Pe aTe eGo al we Ma ee alee 25
erica S Vey, OUCSHONNAIMC LE GULOI® wan oie cassie eo cde HH eae eye tege inyise seis 45

Book Reviews
Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Wiirttembergs, Band 7, Nachtfaalter V by Axel Steiner &

CHTTDU Sie BI OYSS oe ei ee ag eee cee Pao) rarer Ce eee ere eee 46
A checklist of Irish aquatic insects by P. Ashe, J. P. O’Connor & D. A. Murray ....... 46
Wine Diraeasipue. book by Gilbert Waldbauer 4.22. 24-6 -.6242 2 4-25 - ee Mes ee es 47
Checkered beetles (Buntkdfer): illustrated guide to the Cleridae of the Western

Palacancie by Noland (Gerstmeler vce mat. s aa ne eesenie AO Waicge ea es edie oats 47
Provisional atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland by Robin Edwards 48

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine

Caters for articles on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods, specialising in the
British fauna and groups other than Lepidoptera. Published March, July and November
(4 months per issue) — Annual subscription £30 ($65).

Entomologist’s Gazette

An illustrated quarterly, devoted to Palaearctic entomology. It contains articles and notes on
the biology, ecology, distribution, taxonomy and systematics of all orders of insects, with a
bias towards Lepidoptera. Caters for both the professional and amateur entomologist.
Published January, April, July and October. — Annual subscription £27 ($60).

Butterflies on British and Irish Offshore Islands

by R.L.H. Dennis and T.G. Shreeve
This new book provides an up-to-date synthesis of butterfly records for 219 of Britain’s and
Ireland’s offshore islands, 144 pages complete with bibliography, checklist of species,
figures and tables. Two appendices list rare immigrants and provide advice for making
observations on the butterflies of islands. — Price £16. Postage and packing £1 per copy.
Payments by cheque or Giro Transfer to account no. 467 6912.

For further details GEM PUBLISHING COMPANY
please write to: Brightwood, Brightwell,
Wallingford, Oxon OX10 0QD

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents

The. macrolepidoptera of Banffshire. Roy Leverton. -. >. ©. 2.2.42. 2. a
The current status and prospects in England of the Large Heath butterfly Coenonympha
tullia Muller (Lep:: Satyridae). Harry Po Eales 5... 22.2 eae eee
Suburban gardens in south-west London as homes for subterranean beetles. J. A. Owen .
An unusual abundance of Chiasmia clathrata (L.) (Lep.: Geometridae) in Essex in 1997.
BioGOOd OY Pu ele a a ges a do By ca te ee
The Phasiinae (Dip.: Tachinidae) of Kent with a confirmed host for Hemyda vittata
(Meigen, 1824), Laurence Clemons «425245. 0 = 05-922 eee
New record of mushroom pest at 5500 feet altitude in Kumaon Hills of central India.
Mohammad Arif & Narendra’Kumar 2000222 54-4 5. 0s 42 eee

Notes and observations

More. Early Greys. Raymond AvSofily ..5.222- 32-220 92-544 ee eee eee
Six-belted Clearwing Bembecia ichneumoniformis (D.&S.) (= scopigera auct.) (Lep.:
Sesuidae) in south-east LondonsA A: Allen... 3... 3 ee eee
Philereme vetulata (D.& S.) (Lep.: Geometridae) new to Co. Clare. Alan Jenkins .....
Further spread of the Feathered Ranunculus Polymixis lichenea (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae).
Graham Ay Collins osc scaon agers odes ole OO aso Wi ad ate, See ee
Euryporus picipes (Paykull) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in Roxburghshire. J.A. Owen ......
Localities for Phyllonorycter muelleriella (Zeller) (Lep.: Gracillariidae). 7. Sims ......
Tachystola acroxantha (Meyr.) (Lep.: Oecophoridae) - an established colony in North
Hampshire. Rob'Edmunds'& Kon’ Parfitt ...:.5.0......45- ee
Dead Alcon Blue Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) eggs in the
Benasque valley, Spanish Central Pyrenees - the truth ! Andrew-Wakeham Dawson .
Larvae of Coleophora artemisicolella Bruand (Lep.: Coleophoridae) preparing to enter a
second winter. lag’Sims™ - 16... 6.6 occa ce ot ck no wee ee
Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Dip.: Tephritidae): first known British capture at
langexAWA Allene sc eisse ec Made lots un noe eo he wae alee, aR fs!
Leiodes picea (Panzer) (Col.: Leiodidae) and other leiodids from Upper Strathspey. J. A.
OWE ries) Ean oe ke doe aes EB Oe oe Vins ables 6
Noteworthy Scottish=Lepidoptera in 1998: Colin W. Plant 2... ... 112020 eee ee
New species of Lepidoptera for the Isle of Wight. S. A. Knill-Jones ...............+.-.
Who needs a trap when a hamster will do - or - pyralids ate my pasta. Rob Edmunds ...
Hazards of butterfly collecting — you don’t want to see my mudflies, Ghana August
1996. Torben Bu. Larsen i026 28 5 taaks «eowieue Sale ese sa oe
The Small Marbled Eublemma parva (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Lancashire in 1998.
A. MiGeorge: 268s oh as a ahs ee a BE Cee oe eee
Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) new to Hampshire. R. W. Parfitt .

Continued on inside back cover

SPECIAL NOTICE.
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Vol. 111 ; Part 2

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD

AND
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by
C.W. PLANT, B.sc., F.R.ES.

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, F.R.E.S.

March/April 1999

ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.

Editor
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N. L. Birkett, J.P., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S. J.A. Owen, MLD., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

J.D. Bradley, Ph.D., F.R-E.S. C.J. Luckens, M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.O.G.

J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S. B. Skinner

P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R.ES. P.A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.LBiol., F.R.E.S.

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This journal publishes original papers and notes from both amateurs and professionals. It is not necessary for contributors
to be subscribers. The emphasis of the journal is on British and European Lepidoptera but papers on other aspects of British
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NIGHTLY FLIGHT PATTERNS 49

OBSERVATIONS OF NIGHTLY FLIGHT PATTERNS IN SOME COMMON
SPECIES OF MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA)

G. CARRICK
Holt Hall Residential and Field Study Centre, Kelling Road, Holt, Norfolk NR25 7DU.

Introduction

DURING THE EARLY years of this century studies of nightly flight patterns in
insects were concerned with pest species and their control. Techniques involved
complicated equipment or staying up throughout the night to observe the target
species. Williams (1939) did the first detailed work in looking at the nightly flight
patterns of insects with his trap at Rothamsted. This allowed a variety of insects
from different orders to be studied at the same time. The recent development of a
relatively small and portable moth light-trap that allows the night to be divided up
into six periods, and its higher catch compared to a standard Robinson moth trap
(Carrick & Overall 1997), has permitted studies on the segregation of species
according to preferred flight times. This paper outlines a season’s results from this
trap, which show the main flight strategies adopted by different moth species.

Methods

The Carrick-Overall trap was set regularly between June and September 1994 at
Holt Hall Residential and Field Study Centre, near Holt in north Norfolk. The trap
was programmed to start at sunset and to sample the night in six equal periods
until sunrise. This means that period length varied between 65 and 115 minutes,
depending on the length of the night. The trap was emptied daily and the species
and number of individuals of each species recorded in each section of the trap. The
numbers for each species were totalled for each period of the night throughout
their flight seasons. Species with overall totals of <30 were not considered unless
they exhibited a very distinct pattern of flight throughout the night. Where
numbers permitted, a goodness of fit chi-square test was applied to determine
whether there was a significant preference for flight in a particular time period.
The scientific names and classification used follow Bradley (1998). All times are
given in British Summer Time (BST), which is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT),
plus one hour.

Results
The data for all the species with sufficient data for analysis are given in Table 1.

For a number of species there was a preference for flight in one or two time
periods (Table 1). For some species there was insufficient data for chi-square
analysis. However, these species have been included because they show trends that
conform with others that do show significance. It is possible to identify four flight
strategies; moths showing a preference for period 4 (ie between approximately 1.00
am and 2.00 am BST), early fliers peaking in numbers in periods 1, 2 or 3, late fliers
being moths that do not fly in the early part of the night or peak in periods 5 or 6 and
moths showing an even distribution throughout the night. This latter group is

50 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.111.1999

categorised on the basis that the moth species do not show statistical significance in
their distribution throughout the night.

The similarities of the flight patterns within these categories are best seen
graphically. The first four species are plotted from each flight strategy given in Table
1 as representative of each of the flight strategies (figures 1 - 4). Numbers of moths m

Time Period
Species Significance F Strategy

Idaea aversata p<0.001 Period 4
Biston betularia : ! 2 Hi ! p<0.001 Period 4
Alcis repandata p<0.001 Period 4
Pheosia tremula 3 6 iste! p<0.001 Period 4
Agrotis segetum p<0.01 Period 4
Agrotis exclamationis : p<0.001 Period 4
Noctua pronuba p<0.001 Period 4
Noctua janthe : p<0.001 Period 4
Discestra trifolii ' 9 ' p<0.01 Period 4
Laconbia oleracea ! ! ! p<0.001 Period 4
Melanchra persicariae : ; p<0.001 Period 4
Mythimna comma NED Period 4
Charanyca trigrammica : p<0.001 Period 4
Pseudoips prasinana

britannica NED Period 4
Calliteara pudibunda : NED Early

Cerapteryx graminis ; p<0.001 Early
Mythimna ferrago i ped NED Early
Mythimna impura 4: NED Early
Cosmia trapezina : 8 NS Early
Autographa jota ; p<0.001 Early
Autographa gamma p<0.001 Early

NED Late
p<0.001 Late
p<0.001 Late
p<0.05 Late
p<0.05 Late
NS Even
Noctua comes NS Even
Xestia c-nigrum NS Even
Mamestra brassicae N.S Even
Mythimna pallens NS Even
Cosmia trapezina NS Even
Mesapamea secalis NS Even

Laothoe populi
Phalera bucephala
Eilema lurideola —
Spilosoma luteum
Ochropleura plecta
Agrotis puta puta

—
Bre PAN FPWNN

Table 1. Flight periodicity in selected species arranged according to flight strategy.
(Total No. of moths caught per time period).

NIGHTLY FLIGHT PATTERNS =) |

are converted to percentages for each of the figures so that species can be compared
on the same scale. The species are listed in the table taxonomically according to
Skinner (1984).

Some closely related species show remarkable similar flight patterns eg. Mythimna
ferrago, M. impura, Autographa jota and A. gamma. These are shown in Figs. 5 and
6 respectively.

Discussion

Of the four flight strategies identified, that showing a peak in period 4 was the most
common. The flight patterns are very similar for species in this Category. These
species were at a very low frequency at the beginning and end of the night. Species
that fly early in the night peaked in Period 2 or 3, eg. Calliteara pudibunda,
Mythimna ferrago and M. impura (Table 1). By contrast Cerapteryx graminis was
most frequent in Period | and then gradually decreased in frequency as the night
progressed.

Species that fly late in the night may be absent in the first two periods, appearing
after midnight in Period 3. This was the case for Laothoe populi and Phalera
bucephala, neither of which was seen before midnight (Table 1). There are species
that fly at low frequencies early in the night and increase in numbers with time,
showing a gradual increase to peak in Period 6 e.g. Eilema lurideola and Spilosoma
lutea.

Graphs are very similar for species that are evenly distributed through the night
with most species showing a dip during period 2 and a maximum in either period 4
or 5. Despite the lack of significance when tested against a null hypothesis of no
difference between periods there is a definite trend and most could be described as
period 4 or late night flyers. It is possible that the frequencies seen in Period 1
represent moths in the immediate locality of the trap when the lamp is illuminated
and that they are caught quite quickly, and that it then takes some time for them to
undertake dispersal flight and thus encounter the trap.

Some species show two peaks of activity eg. C. pudibunda, Idaea aversata and
M. comma (Table 1). Persson (1971) found that females of Noctuid species were
active before midnight with a weaker peak later in the night and Ames & Cooter
(1991) found that in Helicoverpa amigera young unmated females flew further and
for longer than mated older females. Sappington & Showers (1992) supported such
patterns with Agrotis ipsilon where mated females flew about three hours later than
unmated ones and for approximately two hours less flying time. Therefore, it would
seem that in some species there are individuals, particularly females, entering and
leaving the flying population at different times of the night. In species with unmated
females flying early and mated females flying later it is possible that this would give
two peaks of flight activity if the unmated females settled. Similarly in species where
individuals join the flying population as the night progresses, it is easy to see how
peak flight activity can occur in period 4.

Few studies of this nature have been carried out for comparison. Williams (1939)
conducted his classic study at Rothamsted using a timed trap which divided the night

52 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25 aii. 11999

Time Period

© Idaea aversata © Biston betularia + Alcis repandata ® Pheosia tremula

Fig. 1. Species with a preference for Flight in Period 4

Time Period

© Calliteara pudibunda 9 Cerapteryx graminis * Mythimna ferrago ® Mythimna impura

Fig. 2. Species flying early in the night

NIGHTLY FLIGHT PATTERNS Db)

Time Period

* Laothoe populi © Phalera bucephala * Eilema lurideola ® Spilosoma luteum

Fig. 3. Species flying late in the night

Time Period

¢ Agrotis puta puta 5 Noctua comes * Xestia c-nigrum ® Mamestra brassicae

Fig. 4. Species evenly distributed throughout the night

54 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 2531111999

into eight periods. He considered his results mainly in families and few of the
species he highlighted have sufficient data for analysis here. However the results for
Eilema lurideola, Agrotis exclamationis and Mythimna pallens are in agreement with

Time Period

© Mythimna ferrago 0 Mythimna impura

Fig. 5. Flight patterns of Mythimna ferrago and M. impura

Time Period

* Autographa jota 0 Autographa gamma

Fig. 6. Flight patterns of Autographa jota and A. gamma

NIGHTLY FLIGHT PATTERNS 55

his study. By contrast he found that Xestia c-nigrum peaked in the first half of the
night, whereas in this study it was found to be relatively evenly distributed
throughout the night.

The two Spilosoma species show patterns which confirm Williams (1939) with S.
lubricipeda peaking earlier in the night than S. /uteum.

It may be concluded that there is a general pattern of flight activity, with many
species showing the greatest activity between 01.00hrs. and 02.00hrs. It was
observed that as they came into their flight season, the early specimens of many
species were caught in period 4 and it was only after numbers built up in the
population that they appeared in other time periods.

Other flight strategies exist with species flying earlier or later in the night. Some
of these species are quite conspicuous (eg. Euproctis similis) and it may be to their
advantage to be most active outside the period of greatest activity as this may also be
the time of greatest predator activity eg. bats. For other closely related species the
pattern of flight activity may be determined by inheritance eg. Autographa jota and
A. gamma (Fig. 6). The two species of Mythimna also show similar flight patterns
(Fig. 5). It may be concluded that differences in flight patterns played no part in the
divergence of these species.

The results from the timed trap only show flight activity in moths at times when
they are phototropic. It is possible that moths may fly at other times when they do
not respond to light; such activity cannot be sampled using a light-trap. This
limitation of light-trapping was outlined by Williams (1939).

It is possible that some of the catches made in the early time periods for moths that
peak in flight activity later in the night, may be due to moths that had gone to cover
close to the trap on the previous night, having been attracted to the trap late in the
night and then had flight suppressed by the onset of dawn before being caught. This
could give the impression of an artificially long nightly flight period for some species.

It is well known that weather conditions can have a considerable influence on
moth activity (Williams 1940) as can phases of the moon (Nawinsky & Ekk 1988,
McGeachie 1989). No allowance has been made for meteorological conditions or
phases of the moon over the time in which trapping occurred. This may account for
the spread of some species through the night, with different conditions leading to
different nightly flight patterns on a night to night basis. However the concern here is
with the general nightly flight patterns of species over a flying season. It is accepted
that this may vary from season to season (Williams 1939).

Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Terry Overall and the Technical Support Team, Applied Sciences
at Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge Campus for their work in developing
the Carrick-Overall trap and in ironing out the initial teething problems. Thanks also
to Dr June New of A.P.U. and Dr Brian Davis for their help, support and advice in
carrying out this work and for commenting on the text of this paper. The
development of the Carrick-Overall trap was made possible through a research
bursary from B.E.S.T. Faculty, A.P.U.

56 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

References

Ames, N.J. & Cooter, R.J., 1991. Effects of change and mated status on flight potential of
Helicoverpa amigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Physiological Entomology 16: 131-144.

Bradley, J.D., 1998. A Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Isles. Bradley &
Bradley.

Carrick, G. & Overall, T., 1997. A Light Trap to sample Lepidoptera during different time periods
throughout the night. Entomologist 116: 1-10.

McGeachie, W.J., 1989. The effects of moonlight illuminance, temperature and windspeed on
light trap catches of moths. Bulletin of Entomological Research 79: 185192.

Nawinsky, L. & Ekk, I., 1988. The swarming outset of Macrolepidoptera observed by light trap as
correlated with the moon phases. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hungarica 23: 157-166.

Persson, B., 1971. Influence of light on flight activity of noctuids (Lep.) in South Sweden.
Entomologia Scandinavia 2: 215-232.

Sappington, T.W. & Showers, W.B., 1992. Reproductive maturity, mating status and long
duration flight behaviour of Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the conceptual misuse
of the oogenesis flight syndrome by entomologists. Environmental Entomology 21: 677-688.

Williams, C.B., 1939. The Times of Activity of Certain Nocturnal Insects, Chiefly Lepidoptera, as
Indicated by a Light-trap. Trans. Royal Entomological Soc., London 83: 523-555.

— , 1940. An analysis of four years captures of insects in a light trap. Part Il. Trans. Royal
Entomological Soc., London 90: 227-306.

Corticeus unicolor Pill. & Mitt. (Col.: Tenebrionidae) new to Warwickshire

I was interested to read A.A. Allen’s comment on the relative status of Corticeus
fraxini (Kug.) and C. unicolor in the recent Ent. Rec. 110: 168 just a few months
after I had taken a specimen of this RDB 3 species in a private woodland in
Warwickshire to which I have had access from the owners for nearly ten years. It
was one of three found on 9.v.1998 on sap beneath the bark of an oak Quercus
branch which had been left lying on the ground amongst a pile of other branches
during winter felling operations in the wood within the previous two to three years.
As the wood contains a sizeable area which is notified as a Site of Special Scientific
Interest (SSSI), it is the policy to leave some recently cut and also decaying wood on
the ground. The discovery of this species new to the county was just in time to be
included in A Provisional Atlas of the Cleroidea & Heteromera Beetles of
Warwickshire by Steve Lane, Keeper of Natural History at the Herbert Art Gallery
and Museum, Coventry where the specimen, determined by Steve Lane, has been
retained in the entomology collections. In Hyman & Parsons (1992, A review of the
status of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain, 1: 413), as Allen
quotes, it is accorded “rare” status “with only four county-divisions for the post-
1970 period.” It would be interesting to hear whether the species has been found
elsewhere since Hyman & Parsons was published. I would like to thank Steve Lane
for his unfailing support with identifications and both he and A.A. Allen for
encouraging me to publish this note.— B.R. MITCHELL, 127 Watling Street, Grendon,
Near Atherstone, Warwickshire CV9 2PH.

DARK GREEN FRITILLARY ON FLODDAY D7

NOTES ON THE DARK GREEN FRITILLARY ARGYNNIS AGLAJA L.
(LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE) FROM THE ISLAND OF FLODDAY,
OUTER HEBRIDES

RUPERT BARRINGTON

101 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol.

IN WESTERN Scotland and the Hebridean Islands, Argynnis aglaja is represented
by ssp. scotica Watkins, a distinct and dramatic race (Plate B). It is rather variable
but may be generalised as being larger than the English form, with an increase in
size of black markings, and often considerable dark suffusion over the ground
colour, particularly on the forewings of the female butterfly.

To my knowledge the ecology of scotica has not been studied, so the reason why
so striking a race has evolved is not known. However it seems possible that larger
size may be a response to the windy environment in which it lives, where increase in
flight power would lend a distinct advantage to a butterfly that tends to range over
open areas in search of mate or foodplant. Many butterflies from northern latitudes,
or high altitudes, are represented by darker forms. This has been shown to be a
response to the difficulty of gathering sufficient heat to raise the thoracic muscles to
flight temperature. Increased dark scaling, particularly on the basal third of the
wings, performs a significant heat-gathering function and the heat ts efficiently
transferred to the body (Douglas 1986). It is likely that this mechanism explains the
dark colour of scotica.

It is remarkable then that Heslop Harrison (1950) records a distinct colony of the
species on the small island of Flodday, south of Vatersay (towards the southern end
of the Outer Hebrides), which is smaller and “differs in colour from other Hebridean
specimens’. Ford (1947) describes it as a “very small, pale form”. Unfortunately no
measurements are given nor any specimens figured. As may be seen from the
accompanying photograph, Flodday lies close to several islands in the area, the
nearest being Vatersay, just 1.25 kilometres away. All these other islands carry
scotica. The occurrence of a separate form on such a small island is of great interest
for what it might tell us about the evolution of subspecies.

Field work

On a trip to the Outer Hebrides in July 1997, I was especially keen to get out to
Flodday to see this race for myself. No commercial boats go to the smaller islands,
So it was necessary to charter a boat from Castlebay in Barra at considerable cost.
The weather on 20 July was generally sunny and warm, with only a slight wind and
the journey took about an hour over relievingly calm water. I have a love of islands,
especially uninhabited ones, and invariably feel a certain romantic thrill in being
carried in a small boat away from civilisation. The spectacular journey did not
disappoint, taking us past the high cliffs of Vatersay and Sandray. Sea birds were
nesting on every convenient ledge, including such northern breeding specialists as
the Black Guillemot, Great Skua and the pretty brindled form of the Guillemot,
which appears to have put on white eyeliner and made a slip at the end of the job.

58 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.iii.1999

Flodday is one of the most difficult of the small islands to land on in anything
other than calm weather. Wind, tide and its entirely rocky coast must isolate it for
much of the year. It was a surprise to find a small flock of sheep on the island.
They must be summer grazers as the flat top of this small, rocky outcrop would
be totally inhospitable after the end of the short northern summer. The island is
about one kilometre long and is split into two halves since the natural arch shown
to connect them on my new OS map no longer exists. Time was limited and I was
only able to look at the northern half. Even on a relatively calm day the wind was
still gusting over the island and most of it looked simply too exposed to harbour
butterflies. However in a sheltered gully four freshly emerged male aglaja were
found, all typical scotica. No females were seen. Apart from two male
Polyommatus icarus careering over the windy top of the island no other
butterflies were seen outside this gully which contained small numbers of icarus
and Maniola jurtina L. ssp. splendida White. It would seem that Heslop
Harrison’s curious race of aglaja no longer exists, having been replaced by
typical scotica.

Evolution of the race
It is part of the fascination of evolutionary biology that the disappearance of any
kind of animal is as interesting as its original existence. It may be of value to
consider how this race came to be and why it should now be replaced by the typical
form.

It is significant that aglaja varies throughout its range in the Hebrides. For
instance the butterflies seen on Barra were poorly developed scotica, while those that
I have seen in collections from its neighbour South Uist are more dramatic. Extreme
forms occur on Pabbay, South Rona and Rhum (which also holds a population of
more typical insects). Perhaps local populations have adapted to very local
conditions on different islands and the differences in their markings illustrate
physiological differences.

The occurrence of a very small, pale race (in other words quite the opposite of the
norm for the area), is of particular interest. Unfortunately Heslop Harrison does not
actually say that the entire population on Flodday was of this form, although his
words imply it.

There are probably two ways in which the population might have become so
different. Heslop Harrison (1950) attributed it to the “Sewall Wright effect”, which
Ford (1975) calls, more accurately, Random Genetic Drift. In brief, the principle is
that one allele, or expression, of a gene may spread rapidly through a very small
population by chance, not because it has any adaptive advantage. This could happen
because, by chance, a parent carrying the allele leaves more offspring (carrying the
allele) than other butterflies (not carrying the allele) in the population. With more
potential parents in the next generation now carrying this allele it could rapidly
spread through the small population if chance favoured it. If this allele (or more
probably a group of multifactorial alleles) were coding for small, pale butterflies
then it could explain the Flodday race of aglaja.

DARK GREEN FRITILLARY ON FLODDAY 59

However, Ford (1975) says such a situation is rare and usually short-lived,
because it is unusual for a gene(s) to be of such minimal selective value that they can
override the process of natural selection for any length of time. In other words, it is
more likely that, for a time at least, a change in local conditions meant that mutant
gene(s) coding for small, pale insects (and probably some hidden physiological
advantage) had some selective advantage over the normal scotica form, and so this
race temporarily evolved, just as other populations in the different islands have
evolved more, or less, extreme expressions of scotica.

Plate A. Islands of the Outer Hebrides, looking south from Barra.

Legend for Plate A.
. Barra

. Vatersay

. Flodday

. Sandray

. Pabbay

. Mingulay

NID NN PWN =

. Berneray

This does not necessarily count out the option of Random Genetic Drift
accounting for Heslop Harrison’s observations, as the race may have been short-
lived. Unfortunately it is not possible to discover by which mechanism this race
came about.

60 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25,111. 1999

Plate B. Dark Green Fritillary Argynnis aglaja L. ssp. scotica Watkins (Lep.: Nymphalidae).
1.3, Flodday, July 1997
2.3, Pabbay, July 1997
1.2, Pabbay, July 1997
All photographs are reproduced at natural size.

DARK GREEN FRITILLARY ON FLODDAY 61

As to why the colony is now typical scotica, two possibilities exist both, probably,
equally likely. One is that the population went extinct at some point and the island
was repopulated by scotica from a nearby island. Given the small size of the island,
and probable small size of the population, a few poor years could eliminate the
population.

The second option is that selection pressures changed. Perhaps the climate was
different for a few years or perhaps the introduction of grazing (or its temporary
relief) changed the selection pressures on the insect, thereby rendering small, pale
insects, with their particular physiology, at a disadvantage over typical scotica.
Selection could then have returned the population to scotica. The process might have
occurred in isolation or been aided by scotica immigrants from nearby islands.

The speed at which natural selection can return a divergent population to the
normal form was beautifully demonstrated in the Scarlet Tiger Moth Callimorpha
dominula L. by H.B.D. Kettlewell (Ford 1975). Over ten years Kettlewell selectively
bred a captive population of dominula for extensive and coalesced white forewing
spots and reduced black hindwing markings. These colour changes were genetically
multifactorial. In 1948 he released this aberrant strain in the grounds of Tring
Museum, Hertfordshire, where it bred naturally on planted food. By 1951 the
population was already returning towards the typical form and by 1953 this process
was almost complete. In just a few years natural selection had changed the mutant
wing pattern (and doubtless mutant physiology) into almost normal wing pattern,
which under wild conditions (and therefore different selection pressures from those
of the laboratory) was at an advantage over the aberrant form.

References
Douglas, M.M., 1986. The Lives of Butterflies. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
Ford, E.B., 1945. Butterflies. Collins, London.
— , 1975. Ecological Genetics. Chapman and Hall, London.

Heslop, Harrison J.W., 1950. Observations on the Ranges, habitats and variation of the
Rhopalocera of the Outer Hebrides. Entomologists Mon. Mag. 86: 65.

The British Tephritidae (Diptera) recording scheme — a request for data.

The British Tephritidae recording scheme was begun in 1983 and to date just under
10,000 records have been incorporated. A provisional atlas was published in 1997
and work is currently under way on an update. Given that there are only some 80
resident British species, most are very attractively patterned and that all are closely
associated with flowering plants, they are an ideal group for study. I therefore invite
all readers of this journal who would like to participate in the project to contact me.
An identification service is provided for those who have, or think they may have,
specimens of the family amongst their anonymous ranks of captures.— LAURENCE
CLEMONS, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

62 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

New Year butterfly sightings, 1999

On New Year’s Day, 1999 Mr Ken Sharpe of Plough Drive, Colchester, Essex
reported to me that a Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta (L.) had been fluttering around
blooms of Niburnum fragrans in his garden on a day when the temperature reached
9°C. The specimen was in perfect condition and was watched for up to 30 minutes
before flying off.

On 4 January, my wife Linda saw a Peacock butterfly /nachis io (L.) in our garden
at West Bergholt, near Colchester on another day when there was sunshine and
10°C. After some exploratory flights round the borders it flew in the direction of
evergreen shrubs, being twirled along by a very strong south-westerly wind.

To complete a trio of New Year sightings, this time of a more unusual early
species, a Painted lady Cynthia cardui was seen by A.J. (Bob) and Stephen Dewick
at Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex, on 6 January. Dougal Urquhart, senior ranger at the
Essex County Council Cudmore Grove Country Park, East Mersea in coastal Essex,
also reported to me a Painted Lady which was flying behind the sea wall in the park
in sunshine after some warm and blustery south-westerly winds. The specimen was
in bright and perfect condition and was assumed to be a recently arrived immigrant.—
JOE FIRMIN, 55 Chapel Road, West Bergholt, Colchester, Essex CO6 3HZ.

Atomaria scutellaris Motschulsky (Col.: Cryptophagidae) at Porthcawl,
Glamorgan

On a sunny afternoon during a weekend visit to Porthcawl on 1.111.1997 a walk along
the sea front brought me to an open area of mown grass between the road and the
shore known as “The Green’. Near its edge, where it drops some two or three metres
to a rocky shoreline, were several flat stones. Turning these over revealed a number
of beetles. One of these was a species of Atomaria which was unfamiliar to me.
Later dissection showed it to be a male whose aedeagus appeared most similar to
that of A. scutellaris Motschulsky figured by Sjéberg (1947, Entom. Tidskr., 68: fig.
45). Reference to Johnson (1993, Provisional Atlas of Cryptophagidae —
Atomariinae (Coleoptera) of Britain and Ireland, 1.T.E., Huntingdon, map 47)
showed this species to have a distribution confined to two separate areas; a south-
western group encompassing the Channel Islands, Scilly Isles and the extreme tip of
Cornwall; and a southern group along the Sussex coast but also extending inland to
Surrey. I sent the specimen to Colin Johnson who confirmed my provisional
determination and commented that he was unaware of any other records from further
north up the south-west peninsula. This would, therefore, appear to be the first record
of Atomaria scutellaris from Wales.

The most numerous species of beetle taken with A. scutellata was the histerid
Kissiter minimus (Aubé). Other more cosmopolitan Coleoptera present were Amara
aenea (Deg.), Harpalus affinis (Schr.). Tachyporus hypnorum (F.), T. pusullus Gr.,
Oxypoda brachyptera (Steph.), and larval Lagria hirta (L.).— R. COLIN WELCH, The
Mathom House, Hemington, nr. Oundle, Peterborough PE8 5QJ.

DISTRIBUTION OF EUNICA CUVIERII 63

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF EUNICA (FORMERLY IN LIBYTHINA)
CUVIERII (GODART) (LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE) INCLUDING A NEW
RECORD OF THE SPECIES FROM MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL

RALF H. ANKEN

Ludwigstr. 14, 73249 Wernau, Germany, and Zoological Institute, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30,
70593 Stuttgart, Germany

Introduction

THE NEOTROPICAL nymphalid butterfly Eunica cuvierii (Godart) (1819: p. 171),
which had formerly been placed under Libythina Felder (1861: p. 49; by monotypy)
rather than under Eunica Hiibner (1819: p. 61) (see Jenkins 1990, for review), has
hitherto attracted only few attention by lepidopterologists as is the case with some
other Eunica species, although most members of the group are brightly coloured and
some of them enjoy a tremendous amount of subspecific and infrasubspecific names
(125 names described; Jenkins 1990). This is due to the fact, that most Eunica taxa
are rather seldomly encountered, with EF. cuvierii representing possible one of the
rarest species in the group, which comprises at present 45 species and 24 subspecies
(as recognised by Jenkins 1990). The present study intends to shed some light on the
distribution of FE. cuvierit.

General remarks on Eunica species

The members of the genus occur at various localities in the Americas, ranging from
southern areas of the USA to Southern Brazil and Argentina (e.g. DeVries 1987,
D’Abrera 1987, Jenkins 1990). The distribution ranges of most of the individual
taxa, however, seem to be rather strictly confined, particularly regarding the Antilles.
Possibly, Eunica in fact may represent several genera (Brown and Heineman 1972),
but the material collected so far seems to be too few to allow any general
conclusions on the topic at this time.

Eunica species in Costa Rica

Regarding Eunica species and their natural history, Costa Rica is by far best
understood. According to DeVries (1987), the Costa Rican taxa of the genus (see
Jenkins 1990 for taxonomy; not all of the taxa mentioned by DeVries 1987 are to be
recognised) are usually found as solitary individual male specimens and are
generally rare, with most of the females being unknown. The feeding habitats, the
foodplants and the early stages of most Costa Rican species are lastly unknown as
well, although DeVries (1987) spent years in the field and visited most of the
important butterfly collections in the worid to comprise his publication. The
particular locality of a taxon in Costa Rica may moreover be effected by the results
of a mass migration (see DeVries 1987 and Jenkins 1990 for a more comprehensive
account). Some taxa of Eunica, especially E. monima (Cramer) (1782: plate 387)
(DeVries 1987 calls the taxon “E. monima modesta”; E. modesta (Bates) (1864:
p. 113), however, is according to Jenkins 1990 a junior synonym), are apt to this

64 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

phenomenon, which may explain a year to year abundance in local Costa Rican areas
(personal communication of P. DeVries to B. D’Abrera as published in D’ Abrera
1987: p. 540). However, the distances covered are negligible: Costa Rican E.
monima, which is best understood regarding migration, covers merely some one
hundred kilometres from the Guanacaste region to the Atlantic slopes (DeVries
1987).

Any information covering Eunica in a comparatively thorough manner regarding
species in Southern America remains hitherto unavailable due to the immense size of
the subcontinent which did so far not allow a comprehensive evaluation of Eunican
taxa regarding bionomics. At least some data have been published:

Eunica species in Southern America

As is the case in Costa Rica, Southern American Eunica species are very fast flying,
difficult to capture (even when using a trait), and very local. The extreme rarity of
most Eunica species in general may be due to their tendency to stay within the forest
at the canopy level (DeVries 1987, Jenkins 1990). They only seldomly descend to
the ground, but Eunica species at times decide to feed on water seepage along a
riverbank, landslip or puddle in the early morning, which basically warrants the only
opportunity to capture a specimen.

Eunica cuvierii in Southern America

Eunica cuvierii is believed to be rare not because of staying in the deep rain forest
and thus being difficult to capture, but for reasons of low abundance in general:
According to Brown and Mielke (1967; cited from Jenkins 1990: p. 22), the species
occurs “‘only in typical cerrado, flying among the stunted trees 1m above the ground.
Does not enter forests”. Jenkins (1990: p. 22) adds: “It appears to be a savannah
species that usually does not occur in heavy forest.”

Jenkins (1990) provided the most recent taxonomic re-evaluation of Eunica
species hitherto published, and he included an account of the natural history and of
the distribution range of most of the taxa in Southern America as was possible due to
the limited amount of data available. Concerning E. cuvierii, Jenkins (1990)
managed to examine 107 male and 18 female specimens in the course of visiting
some 30 collections worldwide. Obviously, Jenkins (1990; consult page 22 of his
paper) did not encounter the species himself although he had carried out various
collecting trips to comprise his publication.

In the work of Seitz (1907: p. 484), the species was regarded as something of a
rarity and that it when it occurred was “mostly single and in many places of the
range rare”. Some eighty years later, D’Abrera (1987) wrote, that he did not know
this species other than from museum material, as it was the case concerning Jenkins’
efforts (1990).

Regarding the distribution, the species has been believed to be restricted to the
Amazonas lowlands by D’Abrera (1987; comp. Fig. 1). Jenkins (1990), however,
found in the course of his extensive and scientifically extremely elaborate study

DISTRIBUTION OF EUNICA CUVIERII 65

museum specimens, which had been collected in Bolivia, in the Brazilian Mato
Grosso, in the Brazilian Goids area and, most remarkably, in south-eastern Brazilian
regions (Fig. 1; the figure was redrawn using Jenkins’ data and a recent geographical
guide of Brazil from Kopata 1993).

Manaus
4

Salvador

ea

’ A
Paraguay ,

Sao Paulo

\
Rio de Janeiro

Fig. 1: This simplified map of a part of Southern America provides an account on the localities,
where specimens of Eunica cuvierii have hitherto been collected (based on Jenkins, 1990). Bar
scale: 200km. North is to the top of the figure. A statement like “(Moura?)” indicates that the
specific locality is unknown and that the respective dot in the map was placed at the site of a
town.

1: Tefé, 1 male (m); 2: Rio Negro (Moura?), 6 m, 1 female (f); 3: Juruti, 6 m, 4 f; 4: Obidos, 3
m; 5: Santarém, 23 m, 3 f; 6: Rio Tapajos (Fordlandia?), 3 m, 2 f; 7: Primeira Cruz, 1 m; 8: Porto
Velho, 7 m; 9: La Paz, 1 m, 2 f; 10: Mapiri, 1 m; 11: Cuiaba, 9 m; 12: Chapada, 5 m; 13: several
sites in Goids state, which are located close to each other, comprising 27 m, 4 f; 14: several sites
in Distrito Federal state, which are located close to each other, comprising 7 m, 2 f; 15: Tres
Rios, 1 m; 16: Poté, 2 m (present study; Minas Gerais, Brasil, 10.x11.1996 - 15.i1.1997, elevation
500m); 17: Parque Rio Doce (Colatina ?), 2 m. Jenkins (1990) listed additionally three males
from Bolivia with “...no specific locality”. Possible major areas of distribution: 1-8: Amazonas;
9, 10: Bolivian Cordillera Real; 11-14: “Campos”; 15-17: south-eastern Brazil. The dots 8-17
cover a possible belt of distribution, ranging from La Paz via the Bolivian Yungas and the
“Campos” to south-eastern regions of Brazil.

66 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

I do not understand why D’Abrera (1987) stated “Amazonas” as the range of
distribution, although he worked on the collection of the British Museum of Natural
History, which holds specimens from other regions (see Jenkins 1990). In this
respect, I fully agree with Jenkins (1990: 2), that D’Abrera (1987) provided no
serious bionomic approach but (merely) beautiful pictures, which may lead to
confusion. However, D’Abrera only intended to “...provide a foundation for others”,
and his books are worthwhile to be consulted for a rapid taxonomic overview.
Regarding Eunica, Jenkins (1990) corrected D’Abrera’s work (1987)
comprehensively (comp. page 2 in Jenkins’ study and the list in his appendix A).

An evaluation of the guide of Kopata (1993) revealed, that by far most of the
specimens hitherto known to science were collected either in the Amazon basin or in
the “Campos” of central Brazil, comprising savannah-like stunted forest areas in the
Mato Grosso and in the Goias (including the Distrito Federal State around the capital

Plate C.

Fig. 1: A male specimen of Eunica cuvierii (Godart) from Poté, Minas Gerais, Brasil (10.xi1.1996
— 15.1.1997, elevation 500m), Upperside. Fore wing length from base to apex: 28mm. Hubert
Thony leg. The animal is deposited in my private collection. Note the prominent, libythaeid-like
snout (i.e. long palpi), which made Felder (1861) to place the species among his newly erected
nymphalid genus Libythina (not anymore available; Jenkins, 1990). Most similar regarding wing
markings is E. tatila bellaria Fruhstorfer (1908: pp. 47-48; see Jenkins, 1990, for citation). From
this taxon and from all other recognized Eunica species and subspecies, FE. cuvierii can
immediately be discerned by the longer palpi (“snout”) and the swallowtail-like elongation of the
hindwing tornus.

Fig. 2: As Fig. 1, Underside.

DISTRIBUTIION OF EUNICA CUVIERII 67

city Brasilia). Obviously, there is a distinct population flying in the Amazonas region
and another population seems to inhabit the central Brazilian “Campos” (some 60
and 50 specimens, respectively, known; comp. Fig. 1). Unfortunately, there is no
information available on the species bionomics in the Amazon basin. Therefore, it
remains possible if not likely, that E. cuvierii in the Amazonas lowlands is a forest
dwelling species, whereas it is a savannah-form in central Brazil (Brown and Mielke
1967). The following list (commented) accounts on the very few Bolivian and south-
eastern Brazilian specimens hitherto known:

Bolivia: Three males; specific locality unknown. Two males and one female from
the area of La Paz. One male from Mapiri (Mapiri is located some 150km north of
La Paz at a low elevation in the Cordillera Real mountains). The few data available
on the species in Bolivia generally suggest that it occurs around La Paz in
mountainous regions, possibly however at comparatively low elevations (Jenkins
1990 presumes that the taxon inhabits levels from around 100m to 1100m,
unfortunately without citing any reference). Since Mapiri is situated at the slopes of
the Cordillera, i.e. comprising foothills entering the Bolivian Yungas and, in
extension, comprising to the Brazilian Mato Grosso (comp. Forster 1956/58, for
geographical information), Jenkins’ (1990) assumption, according to which E.
cuvierli might represent a savannah-species, is supported.

South-eastern Brazil: One male from Tres Rios, close to Rio de Janeiro (Rio de
Janeiro State). Two males from Minas Gerais State. Jenkins (1990) cites “Parque Rio
Doce Jun.”. I do not know this place. The Rio Doce rises at the eastern slopes of the
Serra da Mantiqueira mountains in Minais Gerais State, located some 200km
northwest of Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro State), runs some 300km towards the
north-east and changes its direction towards East some 200km off the Atlantic
Ocean, where it ends. It is possible — if not likely — that the site of capture of the
Minas Gerais specimens has to be located somewhere around Colatina in Espirito
Santo State. .

The distances between the former areas to the Amazonas area and to the Campos
are rather impressing (comp. Fig. 1). Moreover, the ecological-climatical factors are
largely different (Rio de Janeiro state exhibits mountainous rain forest; the sites in
Bolivia may, however, belong to the savannah-like Yungas). Based on all available
data, it is suggested that E. cuvierii comprises four different populations in Southern
America (Amazonas, Campos, and the areas in Bolivia and south-eastern Brazil).

Any new record of this rare species, particularly from places other than the
Amazonas and Campos regions, may add new clues and insights regarding its
general distribution and therefore its phylogenetic-taxonomic and ecological-
bionomic relationships.

Eunica cuvierii from Poté, Minas Gerais

Most recently, the author of the present note received a parcel containing mainly
small Pierid and Satyrid taxa for determination, which were captured between
10.xi1.1996 and 15.1.1997 at an elevation of 500m by Hubert Thony at Poté in the

68 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.111.1999

state of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 1). Two of the butterflies comprised in this parcel
turned out to be males of E. cuvierii (Plate C). Both individuals were in best shape
without any signs of being worn. Thus, the possibility that these specimens were
members of a migration as it may at times occur in other taxa of the genus, may be
excluded. Therefore, it is suggested that the species has a strong point of distribution
in south-eastern Brazil.

Future work on this taxon should be undertaken in order to clarify, if there are
hitherto unknown refuges between the four main areas of distribution suggested
above, thus comprising a belt of distribution from La Paz to Rio de Janeiro, or, if the
four areas of distribution as suggested above are in fact isolated from each other.

Acknowledgments
I am indebted to Hubert Thony, presently living at Poté, who was friendly enough to
undertake the effort in providing some butterflies from the vicinity of his home in his
adopted country Brazil, although he is mainly concerned with Brazilian Noctuid

moths.
References

Bates, H., 1864. New species of butterflies from Guatemala and Panama collected by Osbert
Salvin and F. du Cane Godman. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 1: 113-116.

Brown, F. and Heineman, B., 1972: Jamaica and its Butterflies. London (Classey).

Brown, K. and Mielke, O., 1967. Lepidoptera of the Central Brazil Plateau. 1. Preliminary list of
Rhopalocera; Introduction, Nymphalidae, Libythaeidae. J. Lep. Soc. 21: 77-106, 21:145-168.
Cramer, P., 1782: Uitlandsche Kapellen, Voorkomende in de Drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en
America, by een Verzameld en Bescreeven, vol. 4. Amsterdam/Utrecht (Baalde/Wild). [The
more frequently cited French edition of the work is “Papilons Exotiques des Trois Parties du

Monde I Asie, I’ Afrique et l Amerique”,, generally being abbreviated as “Pap. Exot.’’).

D’Abrera, B., 1987: Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part IV: Nymphalidae (part.). Victoria,
Australia (Hill House Publishers).

DeVries, P., 1987: The Butterflies of Costa Rica and Their Natural History. Princeton, New
Jersey (Princeton University Press).

Felder, C.v., 1861. Ein neues Lepidopteron aus der Familie Nymphaliden und seine Stellung im
nattirlichen Systeme, begriindet aus der Synopse der tibrigen Gattungen. Nova Acta Acad.
Caesar. Leop. Carol. 28: 1-50.

Forster, W., 1956/58. Die tiergeographischen Verhiltnisse Boliviens. Proc. Int. Congr. Entomol.
10: 843-846.

Godart, J., 1819: In Latreille, P. and Godart, J.: Encyclopedie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle des
Insectes, Vol. 9. Paris.

Hiibner, J., 1819: Verzeichnis bekannter Schmetterlinge. Augsburg.

Jenkins, D., 1990. Neotropical Nymphalidae 8. Revision of Eunica. Bull. Allyn. Mus. 131: 1-177.

Kobata, H., 1993: Guia Brasil. Editora Abril, Sao Paulo.

Seitz, A., 1907: In Seitz, A. (ed.): Die Grofschmetterlinge der Erde, 1907-1935. Stuttgart
(Kernen). The citation in the running text was taken from the English edition.

HAZARDS OF BUTTERFLY COLLECTING 69

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Schevy, West Africa, 1993-1998

I first saw Schevy in July 1993 — he was not called Schevy then. He was a very old
and rusty Russian LADA NIVA ~— a tiny four-wheel drive Russian army staff-car.
He belonged to Klaus Schmitt, a botanist working with the Ghana Wildlife
Department. We were on a mission to the remote Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve.
Klaus’s wife had come to spend the weekend. The little car had done 300 km from
Accra, the last fifty through a maze of muddy, rutted roads that could almost stop
our Toyota Landcruiser. Klaus was leaving Ghana. My study of West African
butterflies was just beginning. “Why don’t you buy it”, Klaus said, “I’d love it to
continue working with wildlife?”. I had no budget for such an extravagance. Klaus
wanted just $3,000. I thought the Carlsberg Foundation — which has generously
funded much of my travels — might just allow that on next year’s budget (they did,
God bless them).

So in December, Nancy and I were back in Ghana, and went to the garage where
the car was parked. It was there OK, but had a puncture. I could not find a spare
wheel. I got hold of the manual, and lo and behold, the spare wheel lived inside the
engine compartment — an arrangement I have never seen in any other car. So, tyres
changed, we repaired to our hotel, to inspect our new purchase. It had done 65,000
kilometres. There was a lot of rust on the chassis. But Klaus had assured us that it
was fine. We like having a name for our cars. A few years earlier Nancy had met
Edouard Schevardnadze when he was Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union. Chevy
is a well known American car. So Schevy he became.

Schevy also came with a manual so detailed that you could almost have built him
from scrap. More than 500 pages of very poorly translated English. One of the
largest chapters is what to do when temperatures drop below minus 30 centigrade —
not normally an important consideration in Ghana! After much sound advice, the
manual ends: “If the car will still not start, consult your maker’. Amen!

But! Lada Nivas have been in production for more than 25 years. The Soviet
Army could demand the best, and I am sure a lot of Colonels and Generals have
been moved about in the modest comfort of this car. But all bugs had been ironed
out and | hardly ever had a problem.

Here in late 1998, after ten trips to West Africa, Schevy now has 110,000 km on
the clock. We have been several times all over Ghana together, as well as three times
to Céte d’Ivoire. In the back is a tent, a table, two chairs, and the necessary
equipment to camp anywhere. We have gone through roads that would have been
difficult enough for a LandRover. Schevy and I have shared a lot of time in very
remote places, but when all is said and done, Schevy most remembers one morning
in April 1996. The Deputy Warden of the National Park was getting married. The car
that had been booked for the wedding had gone bust: “Please, can we borrow
Schevy?’”, said the delegation .... Yes, of course. So all the camping gear was
hauled out, the rear seats folded back up, and a quick clean-up done. So off goes
Schevy with bride, groom, best man, and chief bridesmaid. As they approach the
church, Here comes the bride churns out from the local orchestra. Shevy really loved
this, and it is also nice to help a friend in need.

70 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.111 1999

On my last trip to Ghana, in August 1998, Schevy had been put in roadworthy
condition by Sule, a splendid driver and mechanic working with Conservation
International, but standing in the open for nearly two years had not improved its
looks. Ever more rust, but not in any vital parts. So we set off for Céte d’Ivoire,
some 500 kilometres to the west. The aim was to see some of the most famous
collecting localities near Abidjan, togther with the British Ambassador, a very
experienced lepidopterist. On the Saturday we visited Yapo and caught the Lurid
Glider Cymothoe lurida; 1 know of only ten specimens of the nominate subspecies,
which is found only in Ghana and Céte d’Ivoire. Sunday took us to Banco, a lovely
rainforest that is actually in Abidjan itself; it used to be full of bad elements and very
dangerous, but has now been completely cleaned up, and the central picnic area was
full of visitors, both black and white. The Ambassador had just caught a lovely new
Thecline of the genus Jolaus which will shortly be described, but we did not find
more. There were many interesting things in the collection and it was well worth the
long drive.

Schevy was also pleased. He confided to me that standing next to the
Ambassador’s gleaming Jaguar in the driveway of the Ambassadorial Residence was
one of the most exciting things that had happened since the wedding. And it was, in
truth, a most incongruous pair. Of one thing I am sure, however. Schevy is the best
single investment in entomological research ever made in Africa!— TORBEN B.
LARSEN, 5 Wilson Compound, 2811 Park Avenue, Pasay City, Metro-Manila, The
Philippines.

Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zell.) (Lep.: Gracillariidae) feeding on
Sorbus aria in Surrey

On 3 August 1997 I visited The Sheepleas at Horsley, Surrey (grid reference TQ
0851) in the company of John Boorman. I was surprised at the large number of
upperside mines on whitebeam Sorbus aria of a Phyllonorycter which, I presumed,
were Phyllonorycter corylifoliella (Hb.). There were a few mines on hawthorn, but
those on whitebeam were far more numerous. In Scotland mines of P. corylifoliella
are commonly found on birch, which is not a normal foodplant in the south, although
it is recorded rarely (eg Plant, 1984. Ent. Rec. 96: 179), and also on hawthorn and
apple, but I have never encountered them on whitebeam. On my next visit to Surrey,
on 13 October, I met the Dutch entomologist Sjaak Koster, who told me that
blackthorn, hawthorn, cultivated plum and apple were recognised as foodplants of
Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zell.) in the Netherlands (Stigter, H. & van
Frankenhuyzen, A., 1991. Ent. Ber., Amst. 51: 129-135), and that he had also bred it
from rowan. I therefore returned to The Sheepleas that day and collected a few
mines on whitebeam, from which a single P. leucographella had emerged before my
return to Aberdeen on 17 October. P. leucographella may well occur on other
foodplants and be more widespread than at present recognised; conversely upperside
Phyllonorycter mines on whitebeam and also on rowan, apple, hawthorn, etc. should
perhaps not be dismissed as P. corylifoliella— ROBERT M. PALMER, Greenburn
Cottage, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9UA.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED 71

THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE ROTHAMSTED ESTATE,
HARPENDEN, HERTFORDSHIRE

ADRIAN M. RILEY

Entomology & Nematology Department, IACR Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire ALS 2JQ.

Introduction

ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTAL Station (ACR Rothamsted) is situated on a
330 hectare estate in Hertfordshire, south-east England, in the Ordnance Survey
10km square TL11. It was founded in 1843 by John Bennet Lawes primarily to study
soil fertility and plant growth. It is well-known for its long-running “classical”
experiments but its work now covers a wide range of agricultural research,
particularly concerning arable crops.

Lepidoptera were first sampled at Rothamsted in 1933 by C.B. Williams. He
found that moths were an ideal group to use in his research into various aspects of
insect ecology, including the effects of weather on insects and their community
structure (Williams, 1939; 1940). They are common, easy to sample, relatively easy
to identify and, as a group, represent a broad range of ecological requirements. His
work later resulted in a clearer understanding of how animal populations are
structured and led to the development of a quantitative measurement of species
diversity based on a parameter, alpha, from the log-series distribution (Fisher, Corbet
& Williams, 1943; Taylor, 1984). Moths have been sampled on the Estate more or
less continuously since 1933 and Williams’ original light-trap site on Barnfield
became the first site of the Rothamsted Insect Survey (RIS) national light-trap
network. This Network was established in 1960 by L.R. Taylor and the resulting data
have been used in over 600 publications on a wide variety of ecological, statistical
and taxonomic research (Taylor, 1986). Samples from the standard RIS light-trap
designed by C.B. Williams (Williams, 1948) are now used widely to assess the effect
of changes in the environment on species diversity, phenology, geographical
distribution and for other fundamental ecological research purposes (Woiwod &
Harrington, 1994).

As a result of C.B. Williams’ studies, the long-term RIS monitoring and related
research at Rothamsted, the Estate has become the most intensively and continuously
sampled area for moths in the UK and the total species list is comparable in size with
that of some entire counties. Several species of national interest have been recorded,
including The Brother Raphia frater, which remains the only British record
(Skinner, 1984), the second British specimen of The Goosefoot Pug Eupithecia
sinuosaria (Townsend & Riley, 1992b) and the Dusky Peacock Macaria signaria
(Townsend, 1993c) of which only a few have ever been recorded in Britain. Land
use on some parts of the Estate has changed considerably over time and this is
reflected in the disappearance of some species and colonisation by others; detailed
statistical analyses of these effects using the long-standing sites are in progress. This
paper provides a catalogue of the species that have been recorded on the Estate over
the last 63 years. It is hoped this inventory will provide an important cornerstone for
future work on the Lepidoptera of Hertfordshire.

Go) ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

A brief description of the Estate

Rothamsted Estate covers approximately 330 hectares and is mainly experimental
arable agricultural land. Apart from the peripheral boundaries, there are only a few
substantial hedgerows. These are predominantly of Hawthorn Crataegus with some
Elder Sambucus nigra, Blackthorn Prunus spinosa, Oak Quercus robor, Holly Ilex
aquifolium and Ash Fraxinus excelsior. A few scattered standard trees remain,
mainly Oak and Ash, though there are avenues of Limes Tilia platyphyllos and T. x
europaea, Black Poplar Populus hybrids and Black Pine Pinus nigra. The Poplar
avenue is particularly important as a food source for Lepidoptera as there are few
other Populus species growing in the Harpenden area.

There are three important woodland sites. Knott Wood is now a small
(approximately 10 hectares) fragment of a formerly larger ancient wood in which
Hazel Corylus avellana was coppiced. Most of the wood was felled during the late
1930s and the land turned over to arable production. The trees which predominate
now are Oak, Ash, Sycamore Acer pseudoplantanus, Beech Fagus sylvatica and
Hazel. The understorey contains several plants that are indicators of ancient
woodland, such as the Yellow Archangel Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Dog’s Mercury
Mercurialis perennis and Bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scriptus, this last forming
extensive carpets. The wood is also notable for the presence of Giant Bellflower
Campanula latifolia which is uncommon in the area. A small area has recently
undergone coppicing in an attempt to improve floral diversity. The second woodland
is Manor Wood and this forms part of the ornamental gardens surrounding
Rothamsted Manor and was, until the felling in the 1930s, continuous with Knott
Wood. It is approximately 7.6 hectares in area and contains many introduced tree
species such as Pine, Norway spruce Picea abies and other conifers. Native species
include Birch Betula pendula and Oak. There are extensive plantings of Yew Taxus
baccata, Rhododendron Rhododendron cultivars and Cherry Laurel Prunus
laurocerasus. The third woodland is Geescroft Wilderness which covers
approximately 0.75 hectares. This area was agricultural land until 1882 when it was
allowed to revert to woodland by natural succession. The dominant trees here are
Oak and Hawthorn with some Field Maple Acer campestre and, in some parts, a _
dense understorey of Holly.

Of the “classical” long-term experimental areas (Fig. 1), the most important
entomologically is Park Grass where hay has been grown continuously under
controlled fertilizer regimes since 1856 and was unimproved grassland for 100
years before that (Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1991). Apart from harvesting
twice a year, this area is relatively undisturbed. The floral diversity is great and
provides a haven for those Lepidoptera associated with meadowland habitats. It is
a site for the nationally scarce plant, the Snake’s Head Fritillary Fritillaria
meleagris.

Through the western end of the Estate runs a disused railway track which is now a
recreational footpath. The diversity of herbaceous plants here is great and includes
many garden “escapes”. Also present are quantities of Sallow Salix, Elm Ulmus,
Field Maple and Bramble Rubus fruticosus.

73

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74 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.i11.1999

There is a small pond in the Manor gardens and the River Ver flows through the
western edge of the Estate. Unfortunately, little is known of the Lepidoptera of these
wet habitats. Until recently the river was often dry but the situation has improved
since the reduction of groundwater extraction some three years ago.

Methods

Types of traps

Since 1933, the main sampling method for Lepidoptera recording on the Estate has
been the standard RIS light-trap although other designs of light- and suction-traps
have been used for particular studies. Some of these, such as the standard Robinson-
pattern mercury-vapour trap, (Robinson & Robinson, 1950), are familiar to
lepidopterists and are commercially available (Waring, 1994). However, others were
designed at Rothamsted for specific on-site studies. The following is a list of all trap
designs used with a description of the equipment where necessary.

RIS The standard (RIS) Rothamsted light-trap as described by
Williams (1948). It comprises a mains-supplied 200 watt
tungsten lamp at 1.5 m above ground level within a glass trap
fixed to a timber base beneath an opaque metal lid. These traps
usually operate every night of the year.

MV _ Standard Robinson 125 watt mercury-vapour light-trap known to
most lepidopterists.

ROUND TRAP Similar to RIS trap, using 200 watt tungsten lamp, but set on a
round, rather than square, base.

RMV_ RIS light-trap with 125 watt mercury-vapour lamp.
MVT Robinson light-trap with 200 watt tungsten lamp.

S18 Small suction-trap comprising a fan 46cm from ground level
which draws insects through a gauze funnel into a collecting jar
at its base.

S9 As S18 but 22.5cm from ground level.

S12 Described by Macaulay, Tatchell and Taylor (1988), this is the
standard RIS “12 metre” suction-trap used for sampling aphids.
It comprises a 3 m-high box containing a powerful fan which
draws air down a pipe with the inlet at 12.2 m above ground-
level. Insects are drawn into a netting funnel inside the box and
into a collecting jar. These usually operate continuously.

S1.5 Suction-trap similar to S12 but smaller with the inlet at 1.5 m
above ground level.

HST Suction-trap with 2 m box similar to $12. Laid horizontally with
inlet cut into the dorsal surface of the box (no pipe) and set at 1.5
m above ground level.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED 75

Positions of sampling sites with trap type and period of sampling.

Figure 2 shows the positions of all the trapping sites. Their names, the type of trap
used, and the period over which they operated, are given below. The numbers on the
left are those used to identify each site in the systematic list. The site number given in
brackets for some of the traps and the site names in bold text are those used to identify
the site on the Rothamsted database. Where the design and purpose of specific
experiments are published, a literature reference is given. Site 49 (Park Grass) operates
as part of the UK Environmental Change Network (Sykes & Lane, 1996).

1. Barnfield (Trap A; Site No. 1). RIS trap. 1933-1937; (Williams, 1935;
1936; 1939; 1940); 1946-’50 (Williams, 1948; 1951b;
Banergee & French, 1952); 1960 to date.

2. Bi Round trap. April 1933.

3: Bii Round trap. On the roof of a building at an approximate height
of 10 m. August & September 1933; August & September 1934.

4. Biii Round trap. September & October 1934.

2 Biv Round trap. Suspended approximately 10 m above the

Barnfield trap. November & December 1934; May to October
1935; May and June 1936.

6 B (Site No. 6). RIS trap. On a laboratory roof. 1946-’50.

7. C (Site No. 7). RIS trap. 1946-1947.

8. D (Site No. 8). RIS trap. 1948-1949.

9. E1-6 A group of six RIS traps. July 1949. (French, 1951).

10. T RIS trap. August 1950 (Williams, 195 1a).

11. Tm RMV trap. August 1950 (Williams, 195 1a).

12. R MV trap. August 1950 (Williams, 1951a).

13. RD MV trap. August 1950.

14. F RMV trap. 1951 (Hosni, 1953).

56. G | RMV trap. 1951 (Hosni, 1953).

16. Manor A RIS trap. May to September 1953 (Williams, French & Hosni,
1955):

17. Manor B RMV trap. As Manor A.

18. Manor C MVT trap. As Manor A.

19. Manor D MV trap. As Manor A.

20. H RMV trap. May to October 1956.

21. Highfield S18 trap in oat crop. June to August 1963.

22. Highfield A S9 trap in oat crop. June to August 1963.

23. Highfield C As Highfield A.

24. Highfield D As Highfield A.

25: Highfield E As Highfield A.

26. GI (Site No. 22). RIS trap. 1965 to date.

27. Allotments (Site No. 34). RIS trap. 1966 to date.

25.i11.1999

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111

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MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED AF

Farm I
Farm II
Tower

GI Suction
GII Suction
GIlI

Five Foot
MVI

MVII
Parklands

Stackyard
Little Knott
Broadbalk
Sawyers

Long Hoos
Farm

Knott Wood I
Knott Wood II
White Horse

White Horse Spinney

Apiary

Park Grass
Manor Wood I
Pastures
Manor Wood II
Geescroft Field
Roadpiece |
Lodge

Great Field
Garden Plots
Ninnings
Manor Wood i
Manor Wood ii
Manor Wood iii
Manor Wood iv
Manor Rota
Manor Rotb
Manor Roba
Manor Robb
Highfield T

(Site No. 902). S12 trap. 1969-1973.

(Site No. 920). S12 trap. 1970-1973.

(Site No. 901). S12 trap. 1970 to date.

(Site No. 504). HST trap. June 1972 to September 1973.
(Site No. 505). As GI Suction.

(Site No. 99). RIS trap. 1972 to date.

(Site No. 951). $1.5 trap. 1975 to date.

MV trap. 1981-1982; 1989-1992 and June 1996.

MV trap. 1989.

(Site No. 601). RIS trap. 1990 to date (Woiwod, Riley &
Townsend, 1990).

(Site No. 602). As Parklands.

(Site No. 603). As Parklands.

(Site No. 604). As Parklands.

(Site No. 605). As Parklands.

(Site No. 606). As Parklands.

(Site No. 607). As Parklands.

(Site No. 608). As Parklands.

(Site No. 609). As Parklands.

(Site No. 610). As Parklands.

(Site No. 611). As Parklands.

(Site No. 612). As Parklands.

(Site No. 613). As Parklands.

(Site No. 614). As Parklands.

(Site No. 615). As Parklands.

(Site No. 616). As Parklands.

(Site No. 617). As Parklands.

(Site No. 618). As Parklands.

(Site No. 619). As Parklands.

(Site No. 620). As Parklands.

(Site No. 621). As Parklands.

(Site No. 622). As Parklands.

(Site No. 506). RIS trap. May 1974 to May 1975.
(Site No. 507). As Manor Wood i.

(Site No. 508). As Manor Wood i.

(Site No. 509). As Manor Wood i.

RIS trap. May to August 1964. (Taylor & French, 1974).
As Manor Rota.

MV trap. Otherwise as Manor Rota.

As Manor Roba.

A group of nine RIS traps. April to September 1967.

78 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

Identifications

All macrolepidoptera have been identified by staff at Rothamsted. The majority of
the species in the genus Eupithecia were not identified routinely until 1985. Since
1960, those groups that cannot be identified by wing markings (some Oligia,
Epirrita, Eupithecia and Acronicta species) were determined by examination of the
genitalia. Since 1960, samples from sites 1, 26, 27, 33 and 37-58 have been kept for
further examination. This has enabled checking where earlier identifications were
considered doubtful. Prior to this and for other sites, it has been difficult to confirm
records of unusual species. However, Williams compiled a reference collection
during the 1930s and 1940s which contains many confirmatory specimens of species
no longer found on the Estate.

Results

The following catalogue represents all the species of macrolepidoptera recorded at
Rothamsted between 1933 and 1996. Lepidoptera have been sampled continuously
on the Estate apart from the periods 1938-1945 and 1951-1959, Lepidoptera were
sampled continuously. For completeness, those diurnal species which have been
observed on the Estate, but not recorded in any of the traps, are included.

The nomenclature follows that of Bradley (1998).

Systematic list

HEPIALIDAE

Hepialus humuli (L.) Ghost Moth. — Regular and common.

H. sylvina (L.) Orange Swift. — Regular and common.

H. hecta (L.) Gold Swift. — Recorded only in Geescroft: single records in 1984, ‘86, ‘88 & ‘89.
H. lupulinus (L.) Common Swift. — Regular and common.

H. fusconebulosa (DeG.) Map-winged Swift. — Regular and common.

COSSIDAE
Zeuzera pyrina (L.) Leopard Moth. — A few since 1935. Greatest total six in trap 26 in 1952.
Last in 1982 in trap 35.

ZY GAENIDAE

Zygaena filipendulae (L.) Six-spot Burnet. — Not caught in traps. Frequent on disused railway
track.

Z. lonicerae (Scher.) Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet. — Trap 29, one in 1973. Frequent on
disused railway track.

SESITDAE
Sesia bembeciformis (Hb.) Lunar Hornet Moth. — Not caught in traps. One female on disused
railway track, |.viii.1980.

LASIOCAMPIDAE

Poecilocampa populi (L.) December Moth. — Regular and common.

Trichiura crataegi (L.) Pale Eggar. — Scattered individuals since 1946.

Malacosoma neustria (L.) The Lackey. - Common in the 1930s and 1940s. Not recorded since
1949.

Lasiocampa quercus (L.) Oak Eggar. — One in 1948 in trap 9. Scattered individuals since 1983.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED 719

Euthrix potatoria (L.) The Drinker. — Regular and common.
Gastropacha quercifolia (L.) The Lappet. — Regular until 1949, since when only one in trap 35,
18.vi.1990.

SATURNIIDAE
Saturnia pavonia (L.) Emperor Moth. — Trap 1, one in 1949; trap 37, one in 1992 and trap 51,
one in 1992.

DREPANIDAE

Falcaria lacertinaria (L.) Scalloped Hook-tip. — Only eight individuals. First 1947, last 1982.

Watsonalla binaria (Hufn.) Oak Hook-tip. — Frequent at the woodland sites.

W. cultraria (Fabr.) Barred Hook-tip. — One in trap 14 in 1951. No others until 1990, several
since (Riley & Townsend, 1991c).

Drepana falcataria (L.) Pebble Hook-tip. — Four in trap 6, 1946-1948; two in trap 7, 1946; one
in trap 1, 1960; one in trap 26 in 1976.

Cilix glaucata (Scop.) Chinese Character. — Regular and common.

THYATIRIDAE

Thyatira batis (L.) Peach Blossom. — Frequent, mainly at woodland sites.

Habrosyne pyritoides (Hufn.) Buff Arches. - Most common at woodland sites.

Tethea ocularis (L.) Figure of Eighty. — Infrequent but widespread.

T. or ({D.&S.]) Poplar Lutestring. — One in trap 1, 4.v.1995.

Ochropacha duplaris (L.) Common Lutestring. — First in 1974 in trap 59, mainly Geescroft
since.

Cymatophorima diluta ({D.&S.]) Oak Lutestring. — Trap 1, one on 26.viii.1933.

Achlya flavicornis (L.) Yellow-horned. — Trap 59, one on 9.111.1993.

Polyploca ridens (Fabr.) Frosted Green. — Three in traps 6 and 8 in 1948; individuals since
1965 only in Geescroft and Manor Wood.

GEOMETRIDAE

Alsophila aescularia ({D.&S.]) March Moth. — Regular and common.

Pseudoterpna pruinata (Hufn.) Grass Emerald. — Frequent in trap 1 to 1949; a few in traps 26,
33 and 27 from 1967 to 1983 but not recorded since.

Geometra papilionaria (L.) Large Emerald. — Frequent in traps 1, 6, 7 and 8 during the 1930s
and 1940s. Now mainly Geescroft; infrequent.

Comibaena bajularia ({D.&S.]) Blotched Emerald. — Frequent in 1930s and 1940s. not
recorded since 1969.

Hemithea aestivaria (Hb.) Common Emerald. — Common at woodland sites.

Chlorissa viridata (L.) Small Grass Emerald. — Trap 1, one on 14.vii.1948; trap 33, one on
13.viii. 1976.

Hemistola chrysoprasaria (Esp.) Small Emerald. — Scattered individuals 1947 to 1986.

Jodis lactearia (L.) Little Emerald. — Frequent at woodland sites.

Cyclophora albipunctata (Hufn.) Birch Mocha. — Trap 6, one in 1948; trap 33 one in 1973 and
one in 1974.

C. punctaria (L.) Maiden’s Blush. — Infrequent, mainly in Geescroft.

C. linearia (Hb.) Clay Triple-lines. — Trap 1, one in 1947; trap 9, one in 1949; trap 27, one in 1983.

Timandra comae (Schmidt) Blood-vein. — Regular and common.

Scopula imitaria (Hb.) Small Blood-vein. — Most common at woodland sites.

S. floslactata (Haw.) Cream Wave. — Scattered individuals since 1976; mainly woodlands.

Idaea ochrata (Scop.) Bright Wave. — Trap 27, one on 19.vii.1983.

80 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.an-1999

I. rusticata (D.&S.) Least Carpet. — First in trap 26 in 1976; recorded frequently since 1994.

I. biselata (Hufn.) Small Fan-footed Wave. — Particularly common at woodland sites.

I. fuscovenosa (Goeze) Dwarf Cream Wave. — Infrequent, mainly in Geescroft.

I. seriata (Schr.) Small Dusty Wave. — Most common at woodland sites.

I. dimidiata (Hufn.) Single-dotted Wave. — Most common at woodland sites.

I. subsericeata (Haw.) Satin Wave. — Infrequent; traps 1, 24 and 53.

I. trigeminata (Haw.) Treble Brown Spot. — Mainly woodland sites. Possibly increasing.

I. emarginata (L.) Small Scallop. — Mainly woodland sites. Frequent.

I. aversata (L.) Riband Wave. — Regular and common.

I. straminata (Borkh.) Plain Wave. — Trap 40, one on 18.vii.1990 (Riley & Townsend, 1991a).

Rhodometra sacraria (L.) The Vestal. — Two in 1947; scattered individuals since 1961.

Orthonama vittata (Borkh.) Oblique Carpet. — Trap 1, one in 1947; trap 6, one in 1948.

O. obstipata (Fabr.) The Gem. — Scattered individuals, most (11) in 1969.

Xanthorhoe designata (Hufn.) Flame Carpet. — Frequent, mainly at woodland sites.

X. spadicearia ({D.&S.]) Red Twin-spot Carpet. — Frequent, especially in woodlands.

X. ferrugata (Cl.) Large Twin-spot Carpet. — Frequent, especially in woodlands.

X. quadrifasiata (Cl.) Large Twin-spot Carpet. — Most common in woodlands.

X. montanata ({D.&S.]) Silver-ground Carpet. - Most common in woodlands. Widespread.

X. fluctuata (L.) Garden Carpet. — Regular and common.

Scotopteryx bipunctaria ({D.&S.]) Chalk Carpet. — Trap 6, one in 1948.

S. chenopodiata (L.) Shaded Broad-bar. — Frequent but more common in 1940s.

S. mucronata (Scop.) Lead Belle. — Frequent in 1940s; declining. Last recorded in 1973.

S. luridata (Hufn.) July Belle. — Frequent in 1930s & 1940s; declining. Last recorded in 1981.

Catarhoe cuculata (Hufn.) Royal Mantle. — Trap 65, one in 1964.

C. rubidata ({D.&S.]) Ruddy Carpet. — Trap 6, one in 1948, two in 1949; trap 14, one in 1951
(Hosni, 1953). (No confirmatory specimens).

Epirrhoe alternata (Mill.) Common Carpet. — Regular and common.

E. rivata (Hb.) Wood Carpet. — Trap 1, one in 1948 and 1949; trap 6, two in 1948; trap 9, one
in 1949; trap 60, one in 1974.

Camptogramma bilineata (L.) Yellow Shell. — Widespread and frequent.

Larentia clavaria (Haw.) The Mallow. — Frequent in 1930s and 1940s; mainly singletons
since; last 1980.

Anticlea badiata ({D.&S.]) Shoulder Stripe. — Fluctuates greatly. Most common in woodlands.
Definite decline at trap | since the 1950’s.

A. derivata ({D.&S.]) The Streamer. — Fluctuates greatly. Most common at woodlands.

Mesoleuca albicillata (L.) Beautiful Carpet. — Infrequent; only at woodlands.

Pelurga comitata (L.) Dark Spinach. — Infrequent; mainly woodlands; declined at trap | since
the 1940s.

Lampropteryx suffumata ({D.&S.]) Water Carpet. — Scattered individuals since 1973.

Cosmorhoe ocellata (L.) Purple Bar. — Frequent, mainly at woodland sites.

Eulithis prunata (L.) The Phoenix. — Frequent, most common in Geescroft.

E. testata (L.) The Chevron. — Fluctuating; generally infrequent.

E. mellinata (Fabr.) The Spinach. — Widespread; a few individuals most years.

E. pyraliata ({D.&S.]) Barred Straw. - Common, particularly in Geescroft.

Ecliptopera silaceata ({D.&S.]) Small Phoenix. — Frequent and widespread.

Chloroclysta miata (L.) Autumn Green Carpet. — Three in the 1930s in trap 1; trap 8, one in
1949; trap 26, one in 1967.

C. citrata (L.) Dark Marbled Carpet. — Infrequent and declining.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED 81

C. truncata (Hufn.) Common Marbled Carpet. — Widespread and common.

Cidaria fulvata (Forst.) Barred Yellow. — Widespread and frequent

Plemyria rubiginata ({D.&S.]) Blue-bordered Carpet. — Infrequent; mainly at woodland sites.

Thera obeliscata (Hb.) Grey Pine Carpet. — Occasional individuals in several traps but most
frequent in Geescroft and Manor Wood.

T. britannica (Turn.) Spruce Carpet. — Widespread but infrequent.; possibly increasing.

T. juniperata (L.) Juniper Carpet. — First recorded in 1975. Numbers appear to be increasing.

Electrophaes corylata (Thunb.) Broken-barred Carpet. — Individuals most years in Geescroft.
Infrequent elsewhere.

Colostygia olivata ({D.&S.]) Beech-green Carpet. — Trap 1, two in 1935.

C. multistrigaria (Haw.) Mottled Grey. — Formerly frequent in trap 1. Not recorded since 1935.
Confirmatory specimens are in the RIS collection.

C. pectinataria (Knoch) Green Carpet. — Most frequent at woodland sites; occasional
elsewhere.

Hydriomena furcata (Thunb.) July Highflyer. — Frequent and widespread; mainly at woodland
sites.

H. impluviata ({D.&S.]) May Highflyer. — Trap 26, one on 2.vi.1982; trap 1, one on 30.vi.1985.

Horisme vitalbata ({D.&S.]) Small Waved Umber. — Uncommon. Scattered individuals from
1947 to 1989.

H. tersata ({D.&S.]) The Fern. — Infrequent. Most regularly caught in Geescroft.

Melanthia procellata ({D.&S.]) Pretty Chalk Carpet. — Regular in Geescroft but fluctuating.
Infrequent elsewhere.

Rheumaptera cervinalis (Scop.) Scarce Tissue. — Regular in Geescroft. Infrequent elsewhere.

Triphosia dubitata (L.) The Tissue. — Usually scattered individuals. Most frequent in Geescroft.

Philereme vetulata ({D.&S.]) Brown Scallop. — Geescroft, seven between 1970 and 1982; trap
1, one in 1983.

P. transversata (Hufn.) Dark Umber. — Most frequent in Geescroft. First recorded in 1970 in
trap 27.

Euphyia unangulata (Haw.) Sharp-angled Carpet. — Frequent at woodland sites; scattered
individuals elsewhere.

Epirrita dilutata ({D.&S.]) November Moth. — Very common at woodland sites.

E. christyi (Allen) Pale November Moth. —- Common in Manor Wood and Knott Wood.
Infrequent elsewhere.

FE. autumnata (Borkh.) Autumnal Moth. — Trap 60, one in 1974; trap 62, one in 1974; trap 1,
one in 1978; trap 51, one in 1991.

Operophtera brumata (L.) Winter Moth. - Common, especially at woodland sites.

O. fagata (Scharf.) Northern Winter Moth. — Infrequent in Geescroft; trap 1 to 1949.

Perizoma affinitata (Steph.) The Rivulet. — First recorded in 1969; subsequently infrequent in
Geescroft and trap 1.

P. alchemillata (L.) Small Rivulet. —-Common in most traps.

P. bifaciata (Haw.) Barred Rivulet. - Uncommon. Scattered individuals in traps 1, 37 and in
Manor Wood.

P. albulata ({D.&S.]) Grass Rivulet. — Trap 26, one in 1966; trap 1, one in 1986.

P. flavofasciata (Thunb.) Sandy Carpet. — Frequent at woodland sites; scattered individuals
elsewhere.

P. didymata (L.) Twin-spot Carpet. — Frequent at woodland sites; individuals elsewhere;
formerly frequent in trap 1.

82 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 PPS VN LS}

Eupithecia tenuiata (Hb.) Slender Pug. — Infrequent; mainly at woodland sites.

E. inturbata (Hb.) Maple Pug. — Fairly common in Geescroft; scattered individuals elsewhere,
particularly Knott Wood.

E. haworthiata Doubl. Haworth’s Pug. — Widespread but infrequent.

E. linariata ({D.&S.]) Toadflax Pug. — Widespread but infrequent.

E. pulchellata Steph. Foxglove Pug. — Most frequent in Geescroft. Irregular elsewhere.

E. exiguata (Hb.) Mottled Pug. - Common at woodland and hedgerow sites.

E.. pygmaeata (Hb.) Marsh Pug. — Only at trap 49; occasional individuals since 1992.

E. venosata (Fabr.) Netted Pug. — Widespread but uncommon. Most frequent in Geescroft.

E. centaureata ({D.&S.]) Lime-speck Pug. — Widespread and frequent.

E. intricata (Zett.) Freyer’s Pug. — Most common in Geescroft and trap 1; infrequent

elsewhere.

satyrata (Hb.) Satyr Pug. — Occasional individuals in traps 1, 26, 48 and 52.

absinthiata (Cl.) Wormwood Pug. — Widespread and frequent.

assimilata Doubl. Currant Pug. — Widespread and frequent.

vulgata (Haw.) Common Pug. — Widespread and common.

tripunctaria H.-S. White-spotted Pug. — Most frequent at woodland sites.

subfuscata (Haw) Grey Pug. — Widespread and common.

icterata (Vill.) Tawny Speckled Pug. — Widespread and frequent. Most common at

woodland sites.

E. succenturiata (L.) Bordered Pug. — Widespread and frequent, especially woodland sites.

E. subumbrata ({D.&S.]) Shaded Pug. Trap 1, four between 1966 and 1987; trap 49, one in
1990; trap 51, one in 1991.

E. simpliciata (Haw.) Plain Pug. — Widespread but infrequent.

E. sinuosaria Evers. Goosefoot Pug. — Trap 45, one in 19-21.vi.1992. Second record for the
British Isles (Townsend & Riley, 1992b). Confirmatory specimen in RIS collection.

E. indigata (Hb.) Ochreous Pug. — Occasional individuals in traps 1, 26, 33 and 50.

E. pimpinellata (Hb.) Pimpinel Pug. — Trap 40, one in 1990; trap 37, one in 1994.

E. nanata (Hb.) Narrow-winged Pug. — Individuals some years in Geescroft; trap 27, one in
1979; trap 1, one in 1983.

E. fraxinata Crewe Ash Pug. — Trap 33, one on 14.vi1.1979 and one on 5.vii.1989; trap 1, one
on, 26.vii.1982.

E. abbreviata Steph. Brindled Pug. - Common at woodland sites.

E.. dodoneata Guen. Oak-tree Pug. — First recorded in 1986; subsequently increased in numbers
and expanded in range, both on the Estate and nationally (Riley, 1991).

E. pusillata ({D.&S.]) Juniper Pug. — Regular in Geescroft, possibly from cultivated Juniperus
in nearby gardens.

E. lariciata (Freyer) Larch Pug. — Occasional in Geescroft; trap 1, one in 1986; trap 9, five in
1949.

E. tantillaria (Boisd.) Dwarf Pug. — Occasional in, or near, Manor Wood.

Chloroclystis v-ata (Haw.) V-Pug. — Widespread but infrequent.

C. chloerata (Mab.) Sloe Pug. — Widespread but uncommon.

C. rectangulata (L.) Green Pug. — Frequent, mainly at woodland sites.

Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Haw.) Double-striped Pug. — Frequent at woodland sites; occasional
elsewhere.

Chesias legatella ({D.&S.]) The Streak. - Uncommon. Evidently frequent in 1930s and 1940s.
Irregular since.

Aplocera plagiata (L.) Treble-bar. — Regular in 1930s and 1940s; scarce to 1978; not recorded
since.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED 83

Euchoeca nebulata (Scop.) Dingy Shell. — Trap 26; one on 1.vi.1968 and one on 29.vii.1986.

Asthena albulata (Hufn.) Small White Wave. — Widespread but infrequent.

Hydrelia flammeolaria (Hufn.) Small Yellow Wave. — Regular in woodlands; occasional
elsewhere.

Lobophora halterata (Hufn.) The Seraphim. — Infrequent; woodlands only.

Pterapherapteryx sexalata (Retz.) Small Seraphim. — Trap 1, one in 1946; trap 27, one in
1976.

Acasis viretata (Hb.) Yellow-barred Brindle. — Regular in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

Abraxas grossulariata (L.) The Magpie. - Common in Geescroft; regular elsewhere.

A. sylvata (Scop.) Clouded Magpie. — Trap 6, one in 1947; trap 9, one in 1949; trap 26, one in
1970.

Lomaspilis marginata (L.) Clouded Border. — Regular in Geescroft; scattered individuals
elsewhere. Declined since 1940’s.

Ligdia adustata ({D.&S.]) Scorched Carpet. — Regular but fluctuating in woodland; infrequent
elsewhere.

Macaria notata (L.) Peacock Moth. — Trap 26, individuals in 1970, 1976 and 1992.

M. signaria (Hb.) Dusky Peacock. — One in trap 45 on 2.v11.1992 (Townsend, 1993c).

M. liturata (Cl.) Tawny-barred Angle. — Occasional widespread individuals.

M. wauaria (L.) V-Moth. — Regular in Geescroft; occasional elsewhere.

Chiasmia clathrata (L.) Latticed Heath. - Common in 1930s and 1940s; declining to 1980;
not recorded since.

Petrophora chlorosata (Scop.) Brown Silver-line. — Occasional individuals; evidently
declined in trap 1.

Plagodis dolabraria (L.) Scorched Wing. — Regular in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

Opisthographis luteolata (L.) Brimstone Moth. — Common in woodlands; widespread and
frequent elsewhere.

Epione repandaria (Hufn.) Bordered Beauty. — Three in Geescroft in 1969, 1971 and 1975;
trap 9, one in 1949.

Apeira syringaria (L.) Lilac Beauty. — Widespread and frequent in woodlands.

E. quercinaria (Hufn.) August Thorn. — Widespread; mainly woodlands.

E. alniaria (L.) Canary-shouldered Thorn. — Regular in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

E. fuscantiaria (Haw.) Dusky Thorn. — Frequent in woodlands; occasional elsewhere;
formerly frequent in trap 1.

E. erosaria ({D.&S.]) September Thorn. — Regular in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

Selenia dentaria (Fabr.) Early Thorn. — Widespread and common, particularly at woodland
and hedgerow sites.

S. lunularia (Hb.) Lunar Thorn. — Scattered individuals; possibly in decline.

S. tetralunaria (Hufn.) Purple Thorn. - Common at woodland sites; occasional elsewhere.

Odontopera bidentata (Cl.) Scalloped Hazel. - Common in woodlands; regular elsewhere.

Crocallis elinguaria (L.) Scalloped Oak. — Common in woodlands; regular elsewhere.

Ourapteryx sambucaria (L.) Swallow-tailed Moth. - Common in woodlands; regular
elsewhere.

Colotois pennaria (L.) Feathered Thorn. - Common in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

Apocheima hispidaria ({D.&S.]) Small Brindled Beauty. — Evidently frequent to 1950.
Subsequent individuals in 1991 at traps 39, 48 and 51 and in 1996 in site 48.

A. pilosaria ({D.&S.]) Pale Brindled Beauty. — Common in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

Lycia hirtaria (Cl.) Brindled Beauty. — Frequent in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

Biston strataria (Hufn.) Oak Beauty. — Regular in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

84 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

B. betularia (L.) Peppered Moth. — Regular in woodlands; occasional elsewhere; apparent
decline in trap | but increasing in Geescroft. Both melanic and typical forms are present, the
latter being the more common. No discernable change in proportions is evident.

Agriopis leucophaearia ({D.&S.]) Spring Usher. — Occasional at woodland sites; formerly
recorded in trap 1.

A. aurantiaria (Hb.) Scarce Umber. — Widespread; common in woodlands.

A. marginaria (Fabr.) Dotted Border. — Widespread; common in woodlands.

Erannis defoliaria (Cl.) Mottled Umber. — Widespread; common in woodlands.

Menophora abruptaria (Thunb.) Waved Umber. — Regular in woodlands; occasional
elsewhere.

Peribatodes rhomboidaria ({D.&S.]) Willow Beauty. — Widespread; common in woodlands.

Deileptenia ribeata (C1.) Satin Beauty. — Fifteen records between 1985 and 1992.

Alcis repandata (L.) Mottled Beauty. - Common in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

Hypomecis roboraria ({D.&S.]) Great Oak Beauty. — Trap 8, two in 1948; traps 14 and 15, one
eachin) 1951.

H. punctinalis (Scop.) Pale Oak Beauty. — Occasional in Geescroft and Knott Wood.

Ectropis bistortata (Goeze) The Engrailed and E. crepuscularia ({D.&S.]) Small Engrailed. —
Not routinely separated but both species occur at woodland sites, sometimes commonly. A
third generation of the normally bivoltine E. bistorta is sometimes recorded. (Riley &
Townsend, 1991d; 1992a).

Parectropis similaria (Hufn.) Brindled White-spot. — Occasional at woodland sites.

Aethalura punctulata ({D.&S.]) Grey Birch. — Occasional at woodland sites.

Bupalus piniaria (L.) Bordered White. — Trap 15, one in 1951; trap 65, one in 1964; trap 37,
one in 1991. (Riley & Townsend, 1992c).

Cabera pusaria (L.) Common White Wave. — Regular in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

C. exanthemata (Scop.) Common Wave. — Regular in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

Lomographa bimaculata (Fabr.) White Pinion-spotted. — Frequent in woodlands; occasional
elsewhere.

L. temerata ({D.&S.]) Clouded Silver. — Frequent at woodland and hedgerow sites; occasional
elsewhere.

Theria primaria (Haw.) Early Moth. — Regular in woodlands; formerly frequent in trap 1.

Campaea margaritata (L.) Light Emerald. - Common in woodlands; occasional elsewhere.

Hylaea fasciaria (L.) Barred Red. — Occasional in Geescroft and Manor Wood; scattered
individuals elsewhere, including Tower Suction-trap 30.

SPHINGIDAE

Sphinx ligustri (L.) Privet Hawk-moth. — Twenty individuals in four traps, 1946 to 1949. Not
recorded since.

Hyloicus pinastri (L.) Pine Hawk-moth. — Trap 14, one in 1951; trap 35, one in 1990 (both
M.V.) (Riley & Townsend, 1991a); trap 57, one in 1996.

Mimas tiliae (L.) Lime Hawk-moth. — Regular in trap 35; occasional in Geescroft; irregular
scattered individuals elsewhere.

Smerinthus ocellata (L.) Eyed Hawk-moth. — Regular in traps 1, 6, 7 & 8 from 1933 to 1949;
subsequently only in trap 35, one in 1996.

Laothoe populi (L.) Poplar Hawk-moth. — Regular widespread individuals.

Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) Hummingbird Hawk-moth. — One full-grown larva near
Barnfield, 1992.

Deilephila elpenor (L.) Elephant Hawk-moth. — Trap 14, six in 1951; regular in MV traps.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED 85

NOTODONTIDAE

Phalera bucephala (L.) Buff-tip. — Occasional widespread individuals.

Cerura vinula (L.) Puss Moth. — Seven individuals in traps 6, 7 and 14 between 1946 and
1951. Not recorded since.

Furcula furcula (Cl.) Sallow Kitten. — Trap 1, individuals in 1948 and 1983; trap 6, one in
1947.

Furcula bifida (Brahm) Poplar Kitten. — Trap 1, two in 1935 and one in 1936; trap 6, one in
1946 and one in 1948.

Stauropus fagi (L.) Lobster Moth. — Five in traps 6 and 7, 1946 to 1949; one at site 9 in 1949.

Notodonta dromedarius (L.) Iron Prominent. — Occasional in Geescroft. More frequent in
1930s and 1940s.

N. ziczac (L.) Pebble Prominent. — Occasional at woodland sites. More frequent prior to 1950.

Pheosia gnoma (Fabr.) Lesser Swallow Prominent. — Occasional at woodlands; scattered
individuals elsewhere.

P. tremula (Cl.) Swallow Prominent. — Occasional in woodlands; frequent in traps 1, 6, 7 & 8
prior to 1960.

Ptilodon capucina (L.) Coxcomb Prominent. — Frequent at woodland and hedgerow sites;
occasional elsewhere.

P. cucullina ({D.&S.]) Maple Prominent. — Regular in woodlands since 1979.

Odontosia carmelita (Esp.) Scarce Prominent. — Trap 50, two in 1992 (Riley & Townsend,
1992a); trap 54, one in 1991.

Pterostoma palpina (C\.) Pale Prominent. — Regular at woodland and hedgerow sites.

Drymonia dodonaea ({D.&S.]) Marbled Brown. — Trap 1, four in 1935; trap 26, one in 1973.

D. ruficornis (Hufn.) Lunar Marbled Brown. — Occasional at woodland sites.

Clostera curtula (L.) Small Chocolate-tip. — Frequent to 1951. Not recorded since.

Diloba caeruleocephala (L.) Figure of Eight. — Infrequent, mainly in woodlands.

LYMANTRIIDAE

Orgyia antiqua (L.) The Vapourer. — Scattered individuals; mainly Geescroft.

Calliteara pudibunda (L.) Pale Tussock. — Regular at woodland and hedgerow sites.

Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) Brown-tail. — Individuals at four sites in 1992 (Townsend, 1993b;
Townsend, 1993c),

E. similis (Fuessl.) Yellow-tail. — Widespread and common at woodland and hedgerow sites.

Leucoma salicis (L.) White Satin Moth. — Eight records prior to 1948; one in 1977 and one in
1992.

Lymantria monacha (L.) Black Arches. — Trap 1, one in 1947; site 9, two in 1949; trap 26, one
in 1989.

ARCTUDAE

Thumatha_senex (Hb.) Round-winged Muslin. — Occasional scattered individuals.

Eilema sororcula (Hufn.) Orange Footman. — Two unconfirmed and doubtful individuals at
traps 14 and 15 in 1951 (Hosni, 1953).

E. griseola (Hb.) Dingy Footman. — Occasional individuals.

E. pygmaeola (Doubl.) Pygmy Footman. — One doubtful and unconfirmed record from trap 1
on 21.vii.1935 (Foster, 1937).

E.. complana (L.) Scarce Footman. — Widespread but infrequent.

E. depressa (Esp.) Buff Footman. — One in trap 52 on 29.vii.1990 (Riley & Townsend, 199 1a).

E. lurideola (Zinck.) Common Footman. — Widespread and frequent. Common at woodland
sites.

86 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 ZAsk 999

Arctia caja (L.) Garden Tiger. — Formerly common in trap 1; subsequently recorded
occasionally at most sites.

Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.) White Ermine. — Widespread and frequent.

S. luteum (Hufn.) Buff Ermine. — Widespread and frequent.

Diaphora mendica (C1.) Muslin Moth. — Widespread and regular.

Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.) Ruby Tiger. — Widespread and regular.

Tyria jacobaeae (L.) The Cinnabar. — Occasional and widespread; formerly frequent in trap 1.

NOLIDAE

Nola cucullatella (L.) Short-cloaked Moth. — Frequent, mainly at the woodland sites.

N. confusalis (H.-S.) Least Black Arches. — Regular at woodland and hedgerow sites since
1987.

NOCTUIDAE

Euxoa tritici (L.) White-line Dart. — Trap 6, one in 1947 and three in 1948.

E. nigricans (L.) Garden Dart. — Occasional individuals at many sites, including the suction-
traps.

Agrotis cinerea ({D.&S.]) Light Feathered Rustic. — Trap 1, one in 1933; trap 6, one in 1950;
trap 26, one in 1982.

A. segetum ({D.&S.]) Turnip Moth. — Widespread and regular.

A. clavis (Hufn.) Heart & Club. — Trap 6, individuals in 1948 and 1949; trap 1, occasional to
LOS:

A. exclamationis (L.) Heart & Dart. — Widespread and common.

A. ipsilon (Hufn.) Dark Sword-grass. — Occasional throughout.

A. puta (Hb.) Shuttle-shaped Dart. — Widespread and regular.

Axylia putris (L.) The Flame. — Widespread and regular.

Ochropleura plecta (L.) Flame-shoulder. — Widespread and frequent.

Rhyacia simulans (Hufn.) Dotted Rustic. — Occasional scattered individuals, 1973 to date;
regular in the suction-traps.

Noctua pronuba (L.) Large Yellow Underwing. — Widespread and common; sometimes
abundant.

N. comes (Hb.) Lesser Yellow Underwing. — Frequent throughout; often common at woodland
sites.

N. orbona (Hufn.) Lunar Yellow Underwing. — Four unconfirmed and very doubtful records in
traps 63 and 65 in 1964.

N. fimbriata (Schred.) Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing. — Regular in woodlands; occasional
elsewhere.

N. janthe Borkh. Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing. — Frequent in woodlands;
occasional elsewhere.

N. interjecta (Hb.) Least Yellow Underwing. — Occasional; mainly in woodlands.

Spaelotis ravida ({D.&S.]) Stout Dart. — Occasional individuals; more regular in suction-traps.

Graphiphora augur (Fabr.) Double Dart. — Frequent throughout, though apparently decreasing.

Lycophotia porphyrea ({D.&S.]) True Lover’s Knot. — Seven in trap 1 in 1948. Only two
records since.

Peridroma saucia (H.b) Pearly Underwing. — Nine records between 1949 and 1990.

Diarsia mendica (Fabr.) Ingrailed Clay. — Frequent throughout; common in woodlands.

D. brunnea ({D.&S.]) Purple Clay. — Common at woodland sites; infrequent elsewhere.

D. rubi (View.) Small Square-spot. - Common throughout.

Xestia c-nigrum (L.) Setaceous Hebrew Character. - Common throughout.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED 87

X. ditrapezium ({D.& S.]) Triple-spotted clay. — Twenty unconfirmed records in 1964. Almost
certainly erroneous.

X. triangulum (Hufn.) Double Square-spot. - Common at woodland sites; less frequent
elsewhere.

X. baja ({D.&S.]) Dotted Clay. — Regular at woodland sites, though never common.

X. rhomboidea (Esp.) Square-spotted Clay. — Four unconfirmed records in 1949. Almost
certainly erroneous.

X. sexstrigata (Haw.) Six-striped Rustic. — Frequent throughout, especially woodlands.

X. xanthographa ({D.&S.]) Square-spot Rustic. —- Common throughout.

Naenia typica (L.) The Gothic. — Scattered individuals most years.

Eurois occulta (L.) Great Brocade. — Trap 26, one in 1977 one in 1983 and two in 1996; trap
33;‘one in 1977.

Anaplectoides prasina ({D.&S.]) Green Arches. — Site 9, one in 1949; trap 33, one in 1974.

Cerastis rubricosa ({D.&S.]) Red Chestnut. — Regular, particularly in woodlands.

Discestra trifolii (Hufn.) The Nutmeg. — Regular throughout; infrequent in woodlands.

Hada plebeja (L.) The Shears. — Formerly frequent in trap 1; presently uncommon.

Polia bombycina (Hufn.) Pale Shining Brown. — Frequent to 1949; not recorded since 1986.

P. nebulosa (Hufn.) Grey Arches. — A few records, mainly from woodland sites, to 1981.

Heliophobus reticulata (Goeze) Bordered Gothic. — Frequent to 1948; not recorded since.

Mamestra brassicae (L.) Cabbage Moth. — Regular throughout.

Melanchra persicariae (L.) Dot Moth. — Regular throughout.

Lacanobia w-latinum (Hufn.) Light Brocade. — Regular in 1940s and 1950s; not recorded since
1960.

L. thalassina (Hufn.) Pale-shouldered Brocade. — Regular throughout.

L. oleracea (L.) Bright-line Brown-eye. — Common throughout.

Ceramica pisi (L.) Broom Moth. — Frequent in 1940s; scattered individuals since.

Hecatera bicolorata (Hufn.) Broad-barred White. — Regular and widespread.

Hadena rivularis (Fabr.) The Campion. — Widespread but infrequent.

H. perplexa ({D.&S.]) Tawny Shears. — Regular to 1949; infrequent since; last recorded in
1980.

H. compta ({D.&S.]) Varied Coronet. — Six records since 1972.

H. confusa (Hufn.) Marbled Coronet. — Scattered individuals to 1984.

HA. bicruris (Hufn.) The Lychnis. — Regular individuals in Geescroft.

Cerapteryx graminis (L.) Antler Moth. — Regular to 1949; infrequent since.

Tholera cespitis ({D.&S.]) Hedge Rustic. — Frequent in 1940s; a few individuals recorded to
1976.

T. decimalis (Poda) Feathered Gothic. - Common in trap | in the 1930s and 1940s; infrequent
since.

Panolis flammea ({D.&S.]) Pine Beauty. — Trap 6, one in 1948; trap 52, one in 1990
(Townsend & Riley, 1991a).

Orthosia cruda ({D.&S.]) Small Quaker. - Common and possibly increasing in woodlands.

O. populeti (Fabr.) Lead-coloured Drab. — Occasional individuals.

O. gracilis ({D.&S.]) Powdered Quaker. — Frequent in woodlands; formerly frequent at
Barnfield.

O. cerasi (Fabr.) Common Quaker. —- Common, especially in woodlands.

O. incerta (Hufn.) Clouded Drab. - Common, especially in woodlands.

O. munda ([D.&S.]) Twin-spotted Quaker. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

O. gothica (L.) Hebrew Character. - Common, especially in woodlands.

88 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.111.1999

Mythimna conigera ({D.&S.]) Brown-line Bright-eye. — Infrequent in woodlands; often
common elsewhere.

M. ferrago (Fabr.) The Clay. - Common throughout.

M. vitellina (Hb.) The Delicate. — Trap 35, one on 26/27.viii.1992.

M. impura (Hb.) Smoky Wainscot. — Numbers fluctuate but usually very common throughout.

M. pallens (L.) Common Wainscot. — Numbers fluctuate but usually very common throughout.

M. comma (L.) Shoulder-striped Wainscot. — Frequent throughout.

Cucullia chamomillae ({D.&S.]) Chamomile Shark. — Traps 6 and 7, individuals in 1946; trap
27, one in 1976.

C. umbratica (L.) The Shark. — Widespread individual records.

Shargacucullia verbasci (L.) The Mullein. — Trap 1, one in 1935; trap 56, one in 1992.

Brachylomia viminalis (Fabr.) Minor Shoulder-knot. — Frequent to 1961; not recorded since.

Brachionycha sphinx (Hufn.) The Sprawler. - Common in woodlands; formerly frequent in
trap 1.

Aporophila lutulenta ({D.&S.]) Deep-brown Dart. — Widespread but infrequent.

A. nigra (Haw.) Black Rustic. — Scarce, mainly Geescroft.

Lithophane semibrunnea (Haw.) Tawny Pinion. — Apart from one in 1947, occasional
individuals since 1972. Most frequent in suction-traps.

L. hepatica (Hufn.) Pale Pinion. — Trap 30, one in 1989.

L. ornitopus (Hufn.) Grey shoulder-knot. — Regular in woodlands; otherwise infrequent. Only
two records prior to 1982.

L. leautieri (Boisd.) Blair’s Shoulder-knot. — Regular in most traps. First recorded in 1990.

Xylene exsoleta (L.) Sword-grass. — Trap 1, one in 1946.

Xylocampa areola (Esp.) Early Grey. — Infrequent; mainly in woodlands.

Allophyes oxyacanthae (L.) Green-brindled Crescent. - Common in woodlands.

Dichonia aprilina (L.) Merveille du jour. — Occasional in woodlands.

Drybotodes eremita (Fabr.) Brindled Green. — Regular in woodlands.

Mniotype adusta (Esp.) Dark Brocade. — Frequent in traps | and 6 in the 1930s and 1940s. No
recent records.

Polymixis flavicincta ({D.& S.]) Large Ranunculus. — Several in traps 1 and 6 in the 1930s and
1940s; traps 26 and 33, individuals in 1983, 1984 and 1989.

Eupsilia transversa (Hufn.) The Satellite. -Common in woodlands; infrequent elsewhere.

Conistra vaccinii (L.) The Chestnut. - Common in woodlands; infrequent elsewhere.

C. ligula (Esp.) Dark Chestnut. — Frequent in woodlands; uncommon elsewhere.

Agrochola circellaris (Hufn.) The Brick. -Common, mainly in woodlands.

A. lota (Cl.) Red-line Quaker. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

A. macilenta (Hb.) Yellow-line Quaker. - Common, mainly in woodlands.

A. helvola (L.) Flounced Chestnut. — Occasional in Geescroft; formerly more widespread but
always scarce.

A. litura (L.) Brown-spot Pinion. - Common, especially in woodlands.

A. lychnidis ({D.&S.]) Beaded Chestnut. - Common, mainly in woodlands.

Atethmia centrago (Haw.) Centre-barred Sallow. — Widespread and regular in woodlands.

Omphaloscelis lunosa (Haw.) Lunar Underwing. — Common, mainly in woodlands.

Xanthia citrago (L.) Orange Sallow. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

X. aurago ({D.&S.]) Barred Sallow. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

X. togata (Esp.) Pink-barred Sallow. — Widespread but infrequent; usually woodlands.

X. icteritia (Hufn.) The Sallow. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

X. gilvago ({D.&S.]) Dusky-lemon Sallow. — Formerly frequent in Geescroft; last recorded in
L978:

MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED 89

Acronicta megacephala ({D.&S.]) Poplar Grey. — Infrequent, scattered individuals.

A. aceris (L.) The Sycamore. — Scarce; six records only.

A. leporina (L.) The Miller. — Infrequent individuals, mainly Geescroft.

A. alni (L.) Alder Moth. — Trap 26, one on 25.v1.1985.

A. tridens ({D.&S.]) Dark Dagger. — Infrequent individuals.

A. psi (L.) Grey Dagger. — Occasional scattered records.

A. rumicis (L.) Knot Grass. — Infrequent but widespread.

Cryphia domestica (Hufn.) Marbled Beauty. — Regular and widespread but in small numbers.

Amphipyra pyramidea (L.) Copper Underwing. — Regular in woodlands.

A. berbera (Rungs) Svensson’s Copper Underwing. — Frequent in woodlands; irregular elsewhere.

A. tragopoginis (Cl.) Mouse Moth. — Most frequent in suction-traps; regular and widespread.

Mormo maura (L.) Old Lady. — Infrequent; mainly in Geescroft.

Dypterygia scabriuscula (L.) Bird’s Wing. — Scattered widespread individuals.

Rusina ferruginea (Esp.) Brown Rustic. - Common, especially in woodlands.

Thalpophila matura (Hufn.) Straw Underwing. — Frequent throughout, though less so in
woodlands.

Euplexia lucipara (L.) Small Angle Shades. - Common, mainly in woodlands.

Phlogophora meticulosa (L.) Angle Shades. — Frequent, especially in woodlands.

Ipimorpha retusa (L.) Double Kidney. — Trap 8, one in 1948; trap 26, one in 1983.

I. subtusa ({D.&S.]) The Olive. — Regular in small numbers in Geescroft. Infrequent elsewhere.

Parastichtis suspecta (Hb.) The Suspected. — Trap 36, one on 20/21.v11.1989.

P. ypsillon ({D.&S.]) Dingy Shears. — Occasional widespread individuals.

Dicycla oo (L.) Heart Moth. — Eleven records, 1933-1952. Not seen since.

Cosmia affinis (L.) Lesser-spotted Pinion. — Regular in woodlands.

C. diffinis (L.) White-spotted Pinion. — Regular prior to 1952; three records since; last 1976.

C. trapezina (L.) The Dun-bar. — Common, particularly in woodlands.

C. pyralina ({D.&S.]) Lunar-spotted Pinion. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

Apamea monoglypha (Hufn.) Dark Arches. —- Common throughout; abundant some years.

. lithoxylaea ({D.&S.]) Light Arches. — Frequent, particularly in woodlands.

. sublustris (Esp.) Reddish Light Arches. — Trap 26, one on 23.vii.1996.

. crenata (Hufn.) Clouded-bordered Brindle. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

. epomidion (Haw.).Clouded Brindle. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

. remissa (Hb.) Dusky Brocade. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

. unanimis (Hb.) Small Clouded Brindle. — Widespread but infrequent.

. anceps ({D.&S.]) Large Nutmeg. — Frequent throughout.

. sordens (Hufn.) Rustic Shoulder-knot. — Frequent throughout.

. scolopacina (Esp.) Slender Brindle. — Occasional individuals.

. ophiogramma (Esp.) Double Lobed. — Occasional individuals.

Oligia strigilis (L.) Marbled Minor. - Common throughout.

O. versicolor (Borkh.) Rufous Minor. — Recorded occasionally between 1974 and 1993.

O. latruncula ({D.&S.]) Tawny Marbled Minor. — Common throughout.

O. fasciuncula (Haw.) Middle-barred Minor. - Common throughout.

Mesoligia furuncula ({D.&S.]) Cloaked Minor. — Frequent; most common at grassland sites.

M. literosa (Haw.) Rosy Minor. — More common in the 1940s; infrequent recently.

Mesapamea secalis (L.) Common Rustic. — Common throughout.

M. didyma (Esp.) Lesser Common Rustic. - Common throughout.

Photedes minima (Haw.) Small Dotted Buff. — Regular throughout.

Chortodes pygmina (Haw.) Small Wainscot. — One unconfirmed record from trap | on
24.ix.1946. The few subsequent records proved to be erroneous.

bBrrttBdBddeD SDS

90 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

Eremobia ochroleuca ({D.&S.]) Dusky Sallow. — Scattered individuals; more frequent prior to
1980s.

Luperina testacea ({D.&S.]) Flounced Rustic. - Common, especially at grassland sites.

Amphipoea lucens (Freyer) Large Ear. — Trap 42, one on 23/24.vi11.1990 (Riley & Townsend,
1991b).

A. fucosa (Freyer) Saltern Ear. — Trap 6, one on 25/26.vii1.1949 (Riley & Townsend, 1991b).

A. oculea (L.) Ear Moth. - Common in trap 49; less so elsewhere.

Hydraecia micacea (Esp.) Rosy Rustic. — Frequent throughout.

Gortyna flavago ({D.&S.]) Frosted Orange. — Infrequent but widespread.

Celaena leucostigma (Hb.) The Crescent. — Trap 37, one on 23/24.vu1.1992 (Townsend,
1993a).

Nonagria typhae (Thunb.) Bulrush Wainscot. — Trap 54, one on 19/20.viii.1991 (Townsend &
Riley, 1992a).

Rhizedra lutosa (Hb.) Large Wainscot. — Individuals in trap 6 in 1946 and 1947, trap 33 in
1979 and 1987 and trap 58 in 1996.

Charanyca trigrammica (Hufn.) Treble Lines. — Widespread and regular.

Hoplodrina alsines (Brahm) The Uncertain. - Common, particularly in woodlands.

H. blanda ({D.&S.]) The Rustic. — Widespread and regular.

H. ambigua ({D.&S.]) Vine’s Rustic. — Widespread but infrequent.

Spodoptera exigua (Hb.) Small Mottled Willow. — Trap 7, one 1947; trap 6, five in 1947; trap
1, two in 1949 and three in 1966.

Caradrina morpheus (Hufn.) Mottled Rustic. - Common throughout.

Paradrina clavipalpis (Scop.) Pale Mottled Willow. — A few scattered individuals.

Chilodes maritimus (Tausch.) Silky Wainscot. — Trap 5, one on 24.vi.1935 (Williams, 1939);
trap 38, one on 10.vili.1991 (Townsend & Riley, 1992a).

Pyrrhia umbra (Hufn.) Bordered Sallow. — Trap 6, individuals in 1946 and 1947; trap 8, one in
1948; trap 27, one in 1971.

Heliothis viriplaca (Hufn.) Marbled Clover. — Trap 6, one in 1946; trap 7, one in 1947.

H. peltigera ({D.&S.]) Bordered Straw. — Trap 15, one in 1951.

Protodeltote pygarga (Hufn.) Marbled White Spot. — Trap 26, one in 1975; trap 33, one in
1989.

Deltote uncula (Cl.) Silver Hook. — Trap 6, one in 1947; trap 1, three in 1947, one in 1948 and
one in 1970.

Bena bicolorana (Fuessly) Scarce Silver-lines. — Seven records between 1947 and 1978.

Pseudoips prasinana (L.) ssp. britannica Warren Green Silver-lines. — Regular in woodlands.

Nycteola revayana (Scop.) Oak Nycteoline. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

Colocasia coryli (L.) Nut-tree Tussock. — Widespread but infrequent.

Raphia frater Grote The Brother. — Trap 6, one on 3.viii.1949. Only record for the British Isles.

Diachrysia chrysitis (L.) Burnished Brass. — Fairly common, especially in woodlands.

Polychrysia moneta (Fabr.) Golden Plusia. — Infrequent, mainly Geescroft.

Plusia festucae (L.) Gold Spot. — Trap 1, one in 1947; trap 6, one in 1947.

Autographa gamma (L.) Silver Y. — Common throughout.

A. pulchrina (Haw.) Beautiful Golden Y. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

A. jota (L.) Plain Golden Y. — Regular, mainly in woodlands.

Abrostola tripartita (Hufn.) The Spectacle. — Frequent, mainly in woodlands.

Catocala nupta (L.) Red Underwing. — Infrequent, mainly woodlands.

Tyta luctuosa ({D.&S.]) The Four-spotted. — Frequent in trap 1, 1933 to 1948; six records from
traps 6, 8 and 14 between 1946 and 1952.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT ROTHAMSTED 9]

Lygephila pastinum (Treit.) The Blackneck. — Trap 14, one in 1951; trap 26, one in 1976.
Scoliopteryx libatrix (L.) The Herald. — Regular in Geescroft; occasional elsewhere.
Laspeyria flexula ({D.&S.]) Beautiful Hook-tip. — Regular, especially woodlands.

Rivula sericealis (Scop.) Straw Dot. — Regular and widespread. Most frequent in woodlands.
Parascotia fuliginaria (L.) Waved Black. — Four records from Geescroft, 1966 to 1986.
Hypena crassalis (Fabr.) Beautiful Snout. — Trap 26, one in 1985.

H. proboscidalis (L.) The Snout. - Common, especially in woodlands.

Zanclognatha tarsipennalis (Treit.) The Fan-foot. - Common, especially in woodlands.
Hermina grisealis ({D.&S.]) Small Fan-foot. — Common, especially in woodlands.

Discussion

This list is a result of 63 years of almost continuous sampling of Lepidoptera on the
Rothamsted Estate. It catalogues probably the most intensive sampling of this Order
ever undertaken in any part of the British Isles, if not the world. A total of 656,444
individuals from RIS traps are recorded on the Insect Survey database and many
more from different designs of trap have been examined.

The total of 452 species compares favourably with many county lists. As such, it
is probably as comprehensive as one could hope to compile for any discrete area.
Previously unrecorded species are now added only very rarely and it is probably safe
to assume that virtually all the resident species are represented here. Perhaps more
importantly, those species that formerly occurred on the Estate, but no longer do so,
are also documented. The reasons for their decline and probable extinction can now
be discussed — an important consideration when dealing with the conservation of
semi-natural habitats in an agricultural landscape.

Since the 1940s, agricultural intensification on the Estate has been significant. It is
therefore perhaps surprising that, in the first half of the trapping period (1933 to
1964), there were fewer (27) species recorded exclusively during that time than
during the years 1965 to 1996 (33 species). However, this is almost certainly the
result of more intensive and widespread sampling in recent years rather than any
improvements in the general habitat. Of those species not recorded since 1964, some
speculative explanations can be made.

Several of the species that have not been recorded recently are associated with
specific trees. For example, C. vinula, F. bifida and C. curtula on Populus and/or
Salix and C. diluta and H. roboraria on Quercus. The reduction or removal of these
trees almost certainly accounts for the loss of the moths. In a more general sense, the
removal of hedgerows containing Crataegus and Prunus, and the removal of an
orchard from near Barnfield has probably contributed to the loss or rarity of M.
neustria and G. quercifolia. Nine species (S. bipunctaria, C. rubidata, C. olivata, C.
multistrigaria, H. reticulata, L. w-latinum, B. viminalis, M. adusta and T. luctuosa)
associated more or less specifically with calcareous grassland, downland and scrub
disappeared during the 1940s and 1950s. Prior to this, Harpenden Common extended
into the Estate, providing the required habitat for these species. The subsequent
expansion of intensive arable agricultural development has almost certainly
accounted for their loss. Several other species associated with downland or

92 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.ii1.1999

permanent grassland have also declined but are still recorded in small numbers.
They probably remain present on Harpenden Common and occasionally wander, or
are blown, onto the Estate. In all, 31 species appear to show a significant decline in
numbers over the sampling period whereas only six (/. trigeminata, E. dodoneata,
T. juniperata, O. cruda, L. ornitopus and L. leautieri) have invaded or increased.
These observations are related to a general decline in the presence and quality of
semi-natural habitats in this area. Four other species (S. ligustri, D. oo, C. diffinis
and X. exsoleta) were lost during the 1940s but each apparently has undergone a
national decline. A more detailed statistical analysis of these trends is in
preparation.

Recognition of the importance of semi-natural habitats for maintaining
biodiversity and protecting sensitive species and assemblages on agricultural land
has increased in recent years. Further, establishment of set-aside and other changes
in farming practices, as well as predicted climate change, will undoubtedly affect
Lepidoptera and other groups. In order to assess the biological and ecological effects
of these changes, long-term monitoring projects, such as the RIS, will continue to
provide vital information.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are extended to Janice Payne, Huw Jones and John Bater for their help in
preparing the species list and to Richard Bromilow, Roy Taylor, Ian Wynne and Jan
Woiwod for their comments on the manuscript.

IACR Rothamsted receives grant-aided support from the Biotechnology and
Biological Sciences Research Council of the United Kingdom.

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‘Two new and surprising records of the ant lion Euroleon nostras
(Geoffroy in Fourcroy) (Neur.: Myrmeleontidae) in southern Engiand

On the morning of 2 September 1998, Gill Hollamby and DW were surprised to
discover an adult ant lion Euroleon nostras near to the m.v. light trap in the garden
of Dungeness Bird Observatory, East Kent. The specimen was photographed before
release and the identification was confirmed, from the resultant images, by CWP.
Four Gays later, CWP received a telephone call from Colin Milkins of St Leonard’s-
on-Sea, East Sussex, to say that he had encountered an adult of the same species in a
spider web in his garden on 6 September 1998. This record was particularly
interesting since, apart from it being of a second specimen in the same general area
of southern English coast in four days, Mr Milkins was of the opinion that its wing
was deformed — something which would suggest that it would be unable to fly and
was probably a locally bred insect. This specimen was subsequently seen by CWP;
both the identification and the teneral nature of the insect were confirmed. The
specimen is deposited in CWP’s collection.

Euroleon nostras was not formally added to the British fauna until 1996 when it was
discovered at the RSPB reserve at Minsmere, East Suffolk (Mendel, Ent. Rec. 108: 1-
5). Since then, it has been the subject of an intensive study by CWP, funded by English
Nature, RSPB and CWP. This work (Plant, 1997. /nvestigations into the distribution,
status and ecology of the ant-lion Euroleon nostras (Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785)
(Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) in England during 1997 — unpublished full report in

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 95

library at English Nature, Peterborough and an edited version bearing the same title
in Plant, 1998. Suffolk Natural History 34: 69-79), indicates that a resident
population has been present on the Suffolk Sandlings since 1929 but also that the
British population of this species is confined to that area. Although adult E. nostras
are agile fliers amongst the branches of the pine trees (Yasseri, 1991. Naturschutze
und verhaltten Zeitschrift Seevégel 12: 123-126) which they visit to mate, they fly
only slowly and are poor dispersers (eg. Brodsky, 1994. The evolution of insect
flight. OUP). In times of super-abundance when all available breeding habitat is
already occupied, gravid females may fly up to about twenty miles or so but this is
exceptional. In spite of intensive searching of the east and south coastal areas of
Britain, no further colonies of E. nostras have been located.

The origin(s) of the two south coast specimens requires some consideration. As a
strongly thermophilic species, E. nostras is likely to spread north if global warming
is a reality, though the English Channel and the lack of sites with both sand and
mature Scots Pine trees may present obstacles to the colonisation of Britain. Rather
few immigrant Lepidoptera were in evidence in the days immediately surrounding
the two records, though a Great Dart Agrotis crassa (Hb.) was taken at Dungeness
two weeks earlier and an Oak Processionary Thaumetopoea processionea (L.) was
noted only one week earlier (B. Skinner, pers. com.); both probably originated in the
Channel Islands where E. nostras is present and has recently spread from Jersey to
Guernsey and Herm (C. David, pers. com.). It seems rather unlikely, however, that
this ant lion could migrate over that distance and if immigration is the source, then
the adjacent French coastline is a far more likely origin. The St Leonard’s specimen
at least, however, was teneral, and so must have been bred locally.

The work on the Suffolk Sandlings suggests that, as in continental Europe, E.
nostras has a two-year life-cycle, spanning three calendar years with eggs laid in
August/September of year one and adults emerging in the same period in year three.
The St Leonard’s specimen must, therefore, result from a gravid female present in
1996 and the same must also apply to the Dungeness specimen if it was locally bred.
1996 was also the year that the species was confirmed as British and though it is
stretching a point, this may suggest that 1996 was a year of super-abundance such
that the resident population, present since 1929, rose to a sufficiently high level that
detection by mere humans became possible. If this is truly the case, then one might
reasonably expect a similar situation in Europe, so that the possibility of a few
females surviving their random dispersal across the English Channel to encounter by
chance a small area of suitable sand in which to lay their eggs becomes more likely.
The species is present in most suitable localities along the coast of France (see map
in Aspock, Aspéck & Holzel, 1980. Die Neuropteren Europas. Goeke & Evers);
Dungeness to the nearest point of France (Cap Griz-Nez) is 40 kilometres (about 24
miles).

Clearly, it is well worth searching suitable sandy sites in south-eastern coastal
England for this species during 1999, especially those with a presence of tall Scots
Pines. The larval pits ought to be in evidence by May and are easily spotted when one
has “got one’s eye in”. It may be of note that Camber Sands, a potentially suitable

96 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

breeding site, lies mid-way between Dungeness and St Leonard’s, though in Suffolk
very small areas of sand, especially those on the root plates of fallen trees, are
usually more productive and exposed areas are rarely utilised. It would be greatly
appreciated if CWP could be informed of any further discoveries of this species in
Britain COLIN W. PLANT, 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, CM23
3QP and DAvID WALKER, Dungeness Bird Observatory, Romney Marsh, Kent
TN29 ONA.

Recent records of Medon pocoferus (Peyron) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in Dorset

I first came across this beetle on a visit with my wife to Durdle Door in Dorset in
March 1990. Several specimens were encountered by digging with hands in coarse
shingle where it met with rock at the foot of the cliffs rising above the beach. On a
second visit in August 1998 with my friend Tony (A.J.W.) Allen, the beetle was
found in the same situation. On both occasions, the beetles were accompanied by
examples of Bembidion nigropiceum (Marsham), one of the less common members
of this carabid genus.

In Britain, M. pocoferus is known mainly from coastal sites in the south of
England where it occurs in shingle at or above high tide mark. As far as Dorset goes,
I have a specimen collected by P. Harwood in March 1931 with a locality given
simply as “Holworth”. The O.S. map marks a village with this name in Dorset a
short distance to the west of Durdle Door. The village is about two miles away from
the sea but it is likely that Harwood labelled the specimen with the name of the
nearest community to the sea at this point— JOHN OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom,
Surrey KT17 3PU.

Investigations into the feeding habits of Kampods (Diplura: Campodidae)

From the literature it is known that kampods are omnivorous yet little is known of
the detail of their diet. From 1988 to 1990, inclusive, kampods were sampled in the
Kragujevac region of Yugoslavia twice per moth by collecting soil samples in oak
Quercus forest and in hilly meadows. At each sample station the soil temperature
was recorded at 5 cms depth and a separate sample was taken for determination of
moisture content. From the samples, 1556 individual kampods were isolated by use
of a Tullgren-Berlese apparatus; these comprised four species, namely Campodea
(Dicampa) campestre lonescue (160 examples), C. (D.) frenata Silvesti (294
examples), C. (D.) suensoni Tuxen (970 examples) and Podocampa serbica
Karaman & Blesi¢ (132 examples).

Only 898 of the collected kampods contained food in the analysed mid-section of
their gut. This food was comprised of four principal types — detritus, soil fungi, algae
and arthropod prey. The great majority (94%) contained detritus and this food was
represented in samples throughout the year. Less than half this number (460) were
feeding on soil fungi. Of this latter group, 337 contained fungal hyphae and 123
contained spores. Fungal species identified in the guts were Chetonium sp. and
Melanospora sp. (both Phycomycetes).

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 97

Algae were present in only 0.4% of the examined guts and these only from the
meadow samples. Both fungi and algae were represented in samples from both spring
and autumn in the soil temperature range 8 - 15°C and the soil moisture range 2 - 4%.
Arthropod food was represented in 15% of individuals and largely comprised other
kampods — both of the same and different species. Also represented were Acari,
Diptera larvae and Protura. Arthropod food featured mostly during the summer when
the soil temperature at 5 cms depth was higher, in the range 29 - 32°C and the
moisture content was reduced (about 3%). The findings are analysed in table 1.

Table 1: Analysis of contents of mid-gut of kampods from Kragujevac, 1998 - 1990.

Gut contents Number of individuals

detritus
fungal hyphae
fungal spores
green algae

silaceous algae
Protura

Acari

Diptera larvae

other kampods

All

It is evident that the majority of sampled kampods feed on detritus all year but
when the soil is wet their diet also includes fungi — principally in spring and autumn.
When the soil is drier, arthropod prey forms a more significant part of the diet.—
BELA BLEsIC, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac,
Yugoslavia.

An unusual habit of Micropterix tunbergella (Fabr.) (Lep.: Micropterigidae)

At about midday on 27 April 1998 I was visiting Homefield Wood nature reserve on
the Chiltern Hills near Marlow in Buckinghamshire. Whilst there I examined the
trunks of some smallish beech Fagus trees near the entrance to the reserve; my
intention was to search for larvae of psychid moths. My attention was soon drawn to
a small metallic microlepidopterous imago that I first took to be an eriocranid.
However, I soon realised that this was Micropterix tunbergella and that, indeed,
there were numerous examples of this species at rest on, and in flight around, these
and other tree trunks to a height of two metres or so. The majority were to be found
within a foot or so of ground level and all were in perfect condition indicating that
they had not long emerged.

98 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25-1. 1999

The adults of this primitive species have mandibles in place of a haustellum and
are stated to feed on the pollen of oak Quercus and sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus
flowers (Heath & Emmet, 1976. The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland 1). Despite searching for this moth on flowers of these trees in season (this
is an earlyish date) for the past three or four years the only individuals I have come
across were two the previous year on cherry laurel Prunus laurocerasus flowers and
foliage at a locality about two miles from this one.

Other members of the genus feed on the pollen of hawthorn Crataegus and
buttercup Ranunculus but I could not locate any of these in flower near this locality
at the time and there were no oaks or sycamores in flower at this early date. This
raises the interesting question of what these adult moths were feeding on. The only
obvious source of pollen nearby was sallow Salix spp., and I searched these without
success. Could the moths have been feeding on the dusty algal growth that was
growing abundantly on the beech trunks at this height? This has a consistency
similar to pollen and was perhaps being consumed.

I have evidence that this attraction to tree trunks was not an isolated event brought
on, perhaps, by the weather conditions on the day (sunny and hot with intermittent
heavy rain showers). Knowing that this was a species which Dennis O’keeffe was
looking for I telephoned him that night. The following day (overcast) we visited the
locality at the same time of day and observed the same behaviour. Unfortunately I
did not think to examine the resting adults close enough to investigate if they were
feeding on the algae, but will clearly do so if the opportunity arises again. It is
unlikely that they were emerging from subterranean pupae and crawling up the
trunks to expand their wings during my visits as all the individuals seen (30 or so)
had fully expanded wings and were capable of flight if disturbed.— IAN Sims, 2 The
Delph, Lower Earley, Reading, Berkshire RG6 3AN.

A note on the apparent rarity of Rhamphomyia (Holoclera) variabilis (F In.)
(Dip.: Empididae) in Kent.
On page 404 of his monograph (Collin, 1961 Empididae in British Flies V1, 782 pp.,
Cambridge) J.E. Collin stated that “R. variabilis is a common and widely distributed
species to be found from the south coast of England to Aberdeen, Elgin and the Isle
of Lewis in Scotland. It has also been taken in Wales and Ireland...”. It is therefore
interesting to note that of over 2000 records for the family Empididae s.s. which
have been personally amassed for the county, only six pertain to Rhamphomyia
variabilis. These were all from a survey of the Mereworth Woods complex in Vice-
county 16 undertaken for the Kent Wildlife Trust during 1994. The data are:
13.viii.1994 Mereworth Woods O.S. grid reference TQ 642546; 28.viii.1994
Mereworth Woods, TQ 663553 and TQ 655559; 28.vili.1994 Roadside Wood TQ
647552; 3.1x.1994 Mereworth Woods, TQ 638534 and Peckham Hurst, TQ 638535.
An examination of the records contained in the personal card index file of the late
K.C. Side housed at Maidstone Museum revealed two others, one from Hurst Wood
(also part of the Mereworth Woods complex) TQ 6255 on 1.ix. 1975 and the other
from Bedgebury, TQ 7233 on 29.viit. 1973.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 99

Mr A.A. Allen (in litt. 1 June 1998) referred to the very local nature of the fly in
the Blackheath area of south-east London. He said that it was constantly met with on
the flowers of Solidago canadensis L. in his former garden at Blackheath, a few
occurred in his present address at Charlton but soon disappeared with the reduction
of the plant and had seen only one other, at Blackheath some ten years later.

Collin’s records dated from 26 July to 1 October and the above data confirm that
R. variabilis is a late summer — early autumn species. This fact alone cannot for its
apparent rarity as much collecting has been done within the similar Blean Woods
complex north and east of Canterbury during the same period. Furthermore it is quite
a conspicuous medium-sized empidid having a brownish body and yellowish legs. It
may be yet another case of an insect being regarded as common on the basis of a
restricted sample of sites.- LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 St. John’s Avenue,
Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

The Shetland Biological Records Centre

Shetland Biological Records Centre was established in 1998 to collate biological
records in one of the most important wildlife areas in the British Isles. With the help
of Shetland Entomological Group, we aim to create a comprehensive database of
entomological records for Shetland. We are very keen to hear from anyone who may
have made a trip to Shetland in the past, and who may have potentially interesting
and valuable records which we are unaware of. We would also like to encourage
anyone planning a visit to Shetland to lodge a copy of any wildlife records with us.
Issues such as data ownership, confidentiality etc. will be respected as a priority,
where appropriate, and all records will be acknowledged.

Finally we wish to contact two people who are believed to have collected
information about Shetland’s invertebrate populations: Jon Daws from Leicestershire
and Neil Marks from Norfolk. If anyone can put us in touch with these two, or if
they are readers, we would be delighted to hear from them.

If you can help, or if you would simply like more information about the project,
please contact me.— ROGER RIDDINGTON, Shetland Biological Records Centre, 22-24
North Road, Lerwick, Shetland ZE1 ONQ.

(01595 694688; email: shetamenity.trust@zetnet.co.uk).

New aberration of Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages (L.) (Lep.: Hesperiidae)

The Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages is represented over most of its British and Irish
range by subspecies E. t. tages (L.) which is predominantly single-brooded and
characterised by a dark grey-brown ground colour with paler transverse forewing
bands. Though minor variation in ground colour and markings is common, and Irish
subspecies baynesi Huggins and second brood specimens show regional and
seasonal differences, major aberrations are rare and involve diminution or expansion
of the pale transverse bands (Russwurm, 1978. Aberrations of British Butterflies,
E.W. Classey; Emmet & Heath, 1990. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain
and Ireland. Vol. 7 (1), Harley Books).

100 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.iii.1999

On 1.vi.1996 an exceptionally pale-looking EF. tages was noticed flying on a
cleared slope within Combe Wood, Berkshire (51° 20° N, 1° 29° W) and netted for
closer examination. Though the entire underside and hindwing uppersides were
typical in colour, the forewing uppersides were predominantly pale ochreous cream,
with the areas corresponding to the usual ground colour being very pale brown and
obscure on the left side and virtually indiscernible on the right. The individual
showed no visible wear and tear and the presence of forewing costal folds
established it to be male.

The aberration does not correspond to any named form (Russwurm, 1978; Emmet
& Heath, 1990) and was retained as a voucher. However a specimen listed by
Worldwide Butterflies (1995. British Butterfly Aberrations) and described as
“basically off white with some darker markings”, though not figured and now in
private possession (Robert C. Goodden, pers. comm.), may represent a related
phenomenon affecting the entire upperside and possibly the underside. Since even
aberrations of limited visual appeal can provide insights into pattern development
and evolution (Nijhout, 1991. The Development and Evolution of Butterfly Wing
Patterns. Smithsonian Institution Press; Winokur, 1996. Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. 9: 193-
195), the documentation of full descriptions is encouraged in order that comparative
information should not be lost— L. WINOKUR, 8 Parklands Close, Chandlers Ford,
Eastleigh, Hampshire SO53 2EQ.

Some interesting records of moths in the Isle of Wight in the winter of 1998-99
December was a very mild and wet month with a couple of dry and cold spells. On
13 December Brian Warne took Orthosia cerasi (Fabr.) at light at Binstead and on
30 December he recorded Apocheima pilosaria (D.&S.) at the same locality. Both
these species normally emerge in the spring and so are exceptionally early by about
three months.

On 20 December a beautiful dark example of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.)
emerged from its pupa spun up in nettle Urtica dioica. I found the half grown larva
on Spanish celery which I bought at the local Somerfields supermarket at
Freshwater on 19 November. It fed up quickly, first on celery then on nettle and
pupated on 7 December, in which stage it remained for only 13 days. On 22
November I found a fully grown larva of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) in a Spanish
pepper also at the same supermarket. This soon pupated and emerged on New
Year’s Day.

I should also mention some late migrants. On 9 December I recorded Peridroma
saucia (Hb.) and the pyralid Udea ferrugalis (Hb.). On 14 December I recorded a
perfect specimen of Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.) which could have been a locally
bred example and on 21 December I found a well-marked Peridroma saucia which
had been attracted to an outside electric light at the Freshwater Conservative
Club.— S.A. KNILL-JONES, Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of
Wight.

MORDELLISTENA PSEUDOPARVULA 101

MORDELLISTENA PSEUDOPARVULA ERMISCH
(COL.: MORDELLIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN

J.A. OWEN
& Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

M. PSEUDOPARVULA was described by Ermisch (1956) from a single male taken
at Boppard, West Germany in 1939. It is recorded as close to M. parvula Gyllenhal
from which it can be separated by the shape of the side border of the pronotum. The
elytral pubescence is described as blackish or dark grey. Figures of the genitalia,
however, are not provided.

In the same article, lower down on the same page, Ermisch described M.
parvuloides apparently from a single female taken at Lucca, Italy. The description
implies a close external similarity to M. pseudoparvula but with dull yellow or dull
red elytral pubescence in place of the dark pubescence described for M.
pseudoparvula. Again, the description is not accompanied by figures.

Recently, Horak (1996) in the course of revising the Palaearctic species of
Mordellistena re-examined specimens in the Ermisch collection now in the Staatliches
Museum fiir Tierkunde, Dresden. A summary of his relevant findings is presented here
because the article containing his conclusions has proved difficult to obtain.

Horak recorded that the Ermisch collection contains a male M. pseudoparvula
labelled holotype. He found the latter to be in a dirty state and removal of the dirt
revealed a reddish-brown elytral pubescence rather than the dark pubescence
ascribed to M. pseudoparvula by Ermisch.

Horak found that the collection also holds two specimens, a male and a female,
standing as M.parvuloides. The female was labelled holotype but the male was not
so labelled and, in fact, proved to be a male of M. bicoloripilosa Ermisch, 1967.
Finding himself unable to establish any external features distinguishing the female,
Horak concluded that it was another example of M. pseudoparvula. This, together
with the apparent absence of a male M. parvuloides holotype, lead him to the
conclusion that M. parvuloides Ermisch, 1956 was a junior synonym of M.
pseudoparvula Ermisch, 1956.

One problem in accepting this conclusion is the publication of figures, stated to
represent the parameres of M. parvuloides and different from those provided for M.
pseudoparvula, in the key provided by Ermisch (1967). Horak does not comment
on this. A mis-identification of the male from which the figures were obtained
seems a possible explanation. (The male standing as M. parvuloides in the Ermisch
collection was another species). Batten (1986), too, presents figures of the
parameres of M. parvuloides but close inspection suggests that his figures are based
on those provided by Ermisch (1967). Should a male specimen labelled M.
parvuloides by Ermisch turn up in future, the status of M. parvuloides will have to
be re-assessed but until this happens it seems best, on balance, to accept Horak’s
synonymy.

Among a number of beetles received by the present author from a Malaise trap set
near Santon Downham (VC28, West Norfolk) during August 1983 was a male

102 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.11.1999

Mordellistena which, apart from having dull golden elytral pubescence, fitted the
description of M. pseudoparvula in the key given by Ermisch (1967). At the time,
the specimen was submitted to Dr Batten, Middelbourg who returned it as M.
pseudoparvula. In further confirmation of its identity, the specimen was found to
agree well with the description of this species, including the figures for genitalia,
provided recently by Horak (1996).

There can thus be little doubt that this beetle is an example of M. pseudoparvula
Ermisch, 1965, apparently the first example of the species to be recognised in
Britain. Publication of the record was held back pending further evidence that the
beetle was established here. Confirmation of this is now to hand for my friend Mr
A.A. Allen recorded (Allen, 1986) a single female of what was then taken to be M.
parvuloides from Shooter’s Hill (VC16 West Kent) in July 1985. This, in the light of
Horak’s findings, must now by regarded as the second British specimen of M.
pseudoparvula. Further records of the species in Britain have been obtained recently
by my friend Peter Hodge (Hodge, in press).

Acknowledgements
My thanks are due to Dr Jeremy Field for the opportunity to examine beetles from
his Malaise trap collections, received through the courtesy of Dr Mark Shaw, to Dr
Batten, Middelbourg, for his opinion on my specimen of M. pseudoparvula, to Dr J.
Horak and Dr A. Lebeda, Prague for providing me with copies of Horak’s paper, to
Mr P. Hodge for allowing me to refer to recent captures and to Miss Birit Pedersen,
Librarian at the Royal Entomological Society for help with other references.

References

Allen, A.A., 1986. On the British species of Mordellistena Costa (Col.: Mordellidae) resembling
M. parvula Gyll. Entomologist’ s Rec. J. Var. 98: 47-50.

Batten, R., 1986. A review of the British Mordellidae (Coleoptera). Entomologist’s Gaz. 37: 225-
D353

Ermisch, K., 1956. Mordellidae. In Horion, A. & Feyel, A. (Eds.) Faunistik der
Mitteleuropdischen K4fer, vol 5: 281.

— , 1969. Mordellidae. In Freude, H., Harde, K. W. & Lohse, G.A. (Eds.) Die Kafer
Mitteleuropas. vol 8:. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld.

Horak, J.,1996. Revision of some little known species of genus Mordellistena with description of
two new species. Klapalekiana 32: 171-184.

EDITORIAL NOTE: READERS SURVEY

It is hoped that an analysis of the recent reader survey may be ready in time
for a summary to appear in the next issue. Anyone who has not yet returned
their completed questionnaire is asked to do so at once.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 103

Comment on Adela cuprella ( [D.&S.] ) (Lep.: Incurvariidae) in Berkshire

I can understand Mr Sims’ pleasure (Ent.Rec. 110: 287) at seeing Adela cuprella for
the first time; its splendid livery really shines with a warm coppery glow in incident
light and then, when dancing round the tops of sallow trees, they are more akin to
specks of soot with the motion of a yo-yo. However, to say that A. cuprella had not
hitherto been recorded from Berkshire in spite of being mapped for VC22 in Moths
and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 1 (Harley Books) was truly amazing. I
am not sure whether this statement is a bigger slight on the integrity of John Heath
and Ted Pelham-Clinton (the authors of the Incurvariid chapter in MBGBI 1) or on
that of the local recorders. The basis for the record from VC22 in MBGBI 1, and
incidentally, the two Berkshire 10km square records shown on page 21 of
Preliminary Atlas of the Lepidoptera: Incurvarioidea of the British Isles (1986,
BRC, Monks Wood), are specimens collected by H.L. Dolton from “Streatley Hill,
Berks” (1945) and “Sulham Woods, Berks” (no date) which, according to the then
deputy director, B.R. Baker (in litt. 8.vi.1964), were present in Reading Museum at
that date and presumably are still there!- K.P. BLAND, National Museums of
Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF.

Prionus coriarius (L.) (Col.: Cerambycidae) in Hampshire and the New Forest.

In March 1997 (Ent. Rec. 109: 64) I drew attention to the fact that this spectacular
beetle had not been recorded from Hampshire since before 1970 (Hyman & Parsons,
1992. Review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain. Part 1. UK
Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough). Further to my capture of a
specimen in Denny Wood, New Forest (grid reference SU 335065) on 8 August
1996, I asked if this single specimen did no more than highlight under-reporting, or
whether the beetle was increasing its range. Since then I have been informed by
Philip Budd that he had taken specimens at m.v. light in Roydon Woods, New Forest
(SU 305005) on 18 March 1991 and 20 July 1998. He had also taken a specimen at
Durley, near Eastleigh, Hampshire (SU 519182) on 3 August 1990. Another
specimen was found at Mayfield Park, Southampton (SU 450104) on 8 September
1986. In July 1998 I was informed that the Forest Rangers had found a specimen in
Hollands Wood, New Forest (SU 305050). As the three New Forest sites — Denny
Wood, Roydon Woods and Hollands Wood — are less than three miles from each
other, and the two other Hampshire sites are only a few miles from the New Forest,
it would appear that P. coriarius is established in this area— MICHAEL A. SALMON,
Avon Lodge, Woodgreen, New Forest, Hampshire SP6 2AU.

ESSE

104 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.111.1999

BOOK REVIEWS

The colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles by Bernard Skinner.
Illustrated by David Wilson. Second (revised) edition, 1998. 275 pages, 43 full-page colour
plates, numerous illustrations in text. 246 x 198 mm, hardbound with dust-wrapper. ISBN 0
670 87978 9. Viking. £45.

It is hard to believe that some fourteen years has elapsed since “Skinner” first rolled off the
printing press back in 1984 and surely there can scarcely be a single lepidopterist in Britain
who does not have his or her copy? Since that date, however, there have been a number of
changes in the moth fauna of Britain, with several newly resident or newly established
species and, of course, constantly altering patterns of immigration — perhaps associated with
global warming, perhaps not. It is inevitable, therefore, that even the best of identification
guides will, in time, become “out of date” and command that a revision is necessary. Such a
revision is needed long enough after the first edition both to find all the small errors and to
allow for significant changes in the fauna to take place and be detected but it should not be
so long after that the first work has already become unusable. This is that revision and in my
opinion it is perfectly timed. The fact that over a thousand copies have already sold to a
market that must surely already be saturated by the first edition is proof enough to me that
others agree.

The new edition is six pages of text and one colour plate longer than the first. Several
species accounts have been updated and expanded with additional information and records. A
number of additional species have been inserted into the text in the correct position. The new
plate, numbered 43, superbly (as always) captured on film by David Wilson, illustrates several
species absent from the first edition as well as some striking aberrations, the latter presumably
included to minimise the chances of captured examples being wrongly identified as different
species. In spite of recent developments in moth taxonomy the scientific names used in the
book are unaltered. This was surely a wise decision. Those who understand the intricacies of
nomenclature are likely in any case not to be those who need this book; those who do not will
want to avoid all possibility of confusion.

There is little to criticise in this new edition; all of the niggling little errors in the first edition
seem to have been eliminated. Thus, for example, the Common Rustic is now described as
being usually larger than the Lesser Common Rustic rather than, incorrectly, the other way
around in the first edition, and figure 7 on plate 41 is now correctly labelled as a Golden Twin-
spot not as a Tunbridge Wells Gem; a real example of this latter species appears as figure 38 on
new plate 43. It is rather unfortunate that in the review copy the coloured plates are somewhat
paler than those in the first edition. This is not a major problem but some of the moths do
appear much less striking than in real life. Presumably this is something to do with the printing
and absolutely no blame can be laid at the feet of either the author or the photographer; the
original plates were quite satisfactory. It is hard to understand, however, how such a situation
can arise with all the modern printing technologies in place.

Those who are newcomers to the study of moths should have no hesitation in buying a copy.
To those who already possess the first edition and have suggested to me that purchasing the
new version is not necessary, I would suggest that they think again if they are serious about
their subject. The natural world is not a stable system — things change and that includes both
the moths and the techniques of identification; keeping up to date with the literature is an
essential part of any scientific pursuit and the (largely amateur) study of British Lepidoptera is
no exception to this.

Colin W. Plant

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W.TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents

Observations of nightly flight patterns in some common species of moths (Lepidoptera).
Gi CGITICK esis a Bae daa 6 oleae (etamge eae HEA | ohn el Oe
Notes on the Dark Green Fritillary Argynnis aglaja L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from the
Island of Flodday, Outer Hebrides: Rupert Barrington >... 1.2.22 - eee eee
On the distribution of Eunica (formerly in Libythina) cuvierii (Godart) (Lep.: Nymphalidae)
including a new record of the species from Minas Gerais, Brasil. RalfH. Anken .......
The macrolepidoptera of the Rothamsted Estate, Harpenden, Hertfordshire. Adrian M. Riley
Mordellistena pseudoparvula Ermisch (Col.: Mordellidae) new to Britain. J.A. Owen ..

Notes and observations

Corticeus unicolor Pill.& Mitt. (Col.: Tenebrionidae) new to Warwickshire. B.R. Mitchell
New year butterfly sightings, 1999: Joe Firmini=......-.-..- - 0) ee ee
Atomaria scutellaris Motschulsky (Col.: Cryptophagidae) at Porthcawl, Glamorgan. R.
Colin Welch ov ae: vege Sh se wckotes epee oeene) eet
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Schevy, West Africa, 1993-1998. Torben B. Larsen...
Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zell.) (Lep.: Gracillariidae) feeding on Sorbus aria in
SUITCY: wiciseddlWeis cole dias Wane Dinas Gee Ry sute oee leno a cee
Two new and surprising records of the ant-lion Euroleon nostras (Geoffroy in Fourcroy)
(Neur.: Myrmeleontidae) in southern England. Colin W. Plant & David Walker .....
Recent records of Medon pocoferus (Peyron) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in Dorset. John Owen
Investigations into the feeding habits of Kampods (Diplura: Campodidae). Bela Blesié
An unusual habit of Micropteryx tunbergella (Fabr.) (Lep.: Micropterygidae). Jan Sims .
A note on the apparent rarity of Rhamphomyia (Holoclera) variabilis (Fln.) (Dip.:
Empididae) in Kent. Laurence Clemons... 2.5... 2 2-').-,. 32 ee
New aberration of Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages (L.) (Lep.: Hesperiidae). L. Winokur .. .
Some interesting records of moths in the Isle of Wight in the winter of 1998-99. S.A.
Kintll FOMCS 20s cathe cones ie al aa RR ie eg whe tedodis oars ect
Editorial note; Reader-Sutvey..Lditor 30820) octane oo
Comment on Adela cuprella ({D.& S.]) (Lep.: Incurvariidae) in Berkshire. K. P. Bland .
Prionus coriarius (L.) (Col.: Cerambycidae) in Hampshire and the New Forest. Michael
Al SGUINOM® ocho fd 2 Wisden Sean feitha ile, Gea gave gN@ AG olwis Gucletentog St taet

Subscriber notices

The British Tephritidae (Diptera) Recording Scheme — a request for data. Laurence
CLEMONS” als. bo ai.n8 Biol Shs SAS enn SUS ole NOI SES ee, Te

Book Reviews
The colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles by Bernard Skinner .......

SPECIAL NOTICE.
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PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD

AND
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by
C.W. PLANT, B.sc., F.R.ES.

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, F.R.E.S.

May/June 1999

ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.

Editor
C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.
Telephone: 01279 507697 E-mail: Colinwplant@compuserve.com

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., F.L.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., F.R.ES.

Editorial Panel

A.A. Allen, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. A.M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.

N. L. Birkett, J.P., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S. J.A. Owen, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

J.D. Bradley, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. C.J. Luckens, M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.O.G.

J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S. B. Skinner

P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. P.A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.LBiol., F.R.E.S.

C.A. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

Registrar
R.F. McCormick, F.R.E.S. 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NR

Hon. Treasurer Official Photographer
C.C. Penney, F.R.E.S. /09 Waveney Drive, David Wilson, 9 Lode Lane, Wicken,
Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex CMI 7QA Cambridgeshire CB7 5XP

WHERE TO WRITE
Papers, notes, books for review, notices, adverts etc — Editor Changes of address — Registrar
New subscriptions, renewals, donations, non-arrival of Journal — Treasurer

Back issues — Paul Sokoloff, 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Individual subscriber £28 Institutional subscriber £40

Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the
views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Editorial Panel or any party other
than the named author or authors.

Guidelines for contributors
This journal publishes original papers and notes from both amateurs and professionals. It is not necessary for contributors
to be subscribers. The emphasis of the journal is on British and European Lepidoptera but papers on other aspects of British
and European entomology are considered, particularly concerning species in Europe which may eventually reach Britain.

The preferred method of submission is by e-mail or on floppy disk — even for very short articles. However, we
acknowledge that these facilities are not available to everyone and we also accept typed or neatly hand-written
manuscripts.

E-mailed contributions are best sent as binary attachments so that formatting is preserved. Disks must be PC
compatible and the file format must be readable by Word for Windows version 7.0. A single paper copy should
accompany disks. In both cases contributions should employ correct use of capital letters, bold and italic type etc and
should be single spaced. Avoid using the tab key and please use your computer’s default settings for margins etc as
settings will inevitably require changing. Leave a single line of space between paragraphs and do not indent the first
line. Pay particular attention to the style and punctuation in lists of references. Typed or hand-written texts should
not use bold or italic. Please underline words to be set in italic and leave the bold type to us; please double space lines
so that editorial marks can be added for the typesetter. Only type on one side of the paper. We require two copies of
paper contributions: a photocopy is acceptable for the second copy. In all cases, we require the originals of
photographs, drawings etc.; these will be returned after publication.

All authors should refer to this issue as a guide, particularly with regard to the format of dates, lists of references and
lists of species. Names of British Lepidoptera should follow Bradley, J.D. (1998. A checklist of Lepidoptera recorded
from the British Isles) and authors of species names should be given at the first mention. A full list of instructions may
be obtained by sending a stamped addressed envelope marked “Ent. Rec. Guidelines” to the Editor.

There are normally no page charges to authors for text or black and white photographs but authors wanting colour
photographs will normally have to defray the cost. Contact the editor in advance for details. All papers are subjected to
peer review and may be returned to authors for corrections before acceptance. Galley proofs of papers and book
reviews are sent to authors for correction. Proofs of other contributions are checked by the editorial panel. Authors of
papers receive 25 free reprints and may pay for additional copies; the order form will be sent with the galley proofs.
Proofs of notes can be provided at cost and must be requested when submitting the manuscript.

The editor is always happy to discuss any aspect of this journal with authors or subscribers and may be e-mailed or
telephoned at the address given above.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1997 105

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1997

J.R. LANGMAID! AND M.R. YOUNG?
'Wilverley, I Dorrita Close, Southsea, Hampshire PO4 ONY.
?Culterty Field Station, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA.

COMPARED WITH OTHERS in the past decade 1997 was not a particularly good
year for Microlepidoptera, A.M. Emmet describing it as possibly the worst year in
living memory for leaf-mines. Nevertheless, a considerable number of new vice-
county records were made, and several species are new to the component countries
of the British Isles.

Argyresthia cupressella Walsingham, a North American species, was found in
some numbers in south-east Suffolk, just reaching Essex, and is new to this side of
the Atlantic. Also new to the British Isles are Eustixia pupula Hibner, from a light
trap at Southampton and Vitula edmandsii (Packard), a single specimen of which
was taken at Spurn, Yorkshire. This latter pyralid moth has been extending its range
in northern Europe, and could become established here.

Three species, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), Apomyelois bistriatella (Hulst) and
Marasmarcha lunaedactyla (Haworth) have been found new to Ireland. New to
Wales are Coleophora silenella Herrich-Schaffer, Depressaria sordidatella
Tengstr6m and Anarsia lineatella Zeller. Bactra lacteana Caradja is recorded new to
Scotland, and has also been found in Sussex, following R.J. Heckford’s discovery of
the species in Britain in 1996. His careful field-work and subsequent publication will
surely result in this species being found in many other places. A specimen of
Scythris empetrella Karsholt & Nielsen was taken at Findhorn in 1983 but only
identified in 1997; a surprising addition to the Scottish list for a species previously
thought to be confined to southern England. Also new to Scotland is Mompha
langiella (Hiibner).

P.H. Sterling’s field-work on Acrolepiopsis marcidella (Curtis) and Cosmopterix
scribaiella Zeller has resulted in these species being found in several new localities
and, together with R.J. Heckford, he has also rediscovered a breeding colony of
Stenoptilia pneumonanthes (Bittner) in Dorset.

Following the discovery by D. Hipperson of Duponchelia fovealis Zeller in
Norfolk in 1996, a further specimen has been recorded from Essex, raising the
possibility that this species may become established in East Anglia.

Thanks are due to those who have contributed records, and, as usual, they are
identified by their initials: D.J.L. Agassiz, H.E. Beaumont, K.P. Bland, K.G.M.
Bond, M.R. Britton, A.M. Davis, B. Dickerson, A.M. Emmet, R. Fairclough, B.
Goodey, M.C. Harvey, R.J. Heckford, R.I. Heppenstall, S.H. Hind, D. Hipperson,
S.A. Knill-Jones, J.R. Langmaid, N.R. Lowe, D.V. Manning, R.M. Palmer, S.M.
Palmer, M.S. Parsons, J.T. Radford, J. Robbins, A.N.B. Simpson, D.J. Slade, I.F.
Smith, R.A. Softly, P.H. Sterling and M.R. Young.

Titles of journals are abbreviated as follows: Ent. Gaz. for the Entomologist’ s
Gazette; Ent. Rec. for the Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation; and
BJENH for the British Journal of Entomology and Natural History.

106 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

In the following systematic list the nomenclature and order of species is according
to the Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Isles (1998) by J.D.
Bradley. This includes many recent taxonomic changes and, where a name may not
be familiar, we have included the previously used name for clarity. The order of
some species is also altered, but the “log book” numbers are also included, so that it
should be possible to trace all species. New vice-county records are, as in previous
Reviews, in bold type and underlined. The maps held by A.M. Emmet have been
used to recognise these, and we are grateful to him for providing this information.

The departure of David Agassiz in August 1998 for a two-year appointment in
Kenya has resulted in some problems with the collation of records. If any have, by
mischance, been omitted, we apologise to the recorders concerned.

We would request that records for the 1998 Review are sent to John Langmaid as
soon as possible, so that we may be able to have it published with less delay. It
would be very helpful if records could be sent in the same format in which the
Review is published, as this will considerably ease the tedious task of collation.
Huge computerised lists, the bulk of which comprise records of very common
species, are very difficult to process, and it would be appreciated if submissions
could be confined to new vice-county or particularly interesting records only.

SYSTEMATIC LIST

MICROPTERIGIDAE
2 Micropterix mansuetella Zell. — Stainton Little Wood (63) 26.v.97 — HEB

ERIOCRANITDAE

7 Eriocrania chrysolepidella Zell. — Grovely Wood (8) 31.v.97, vacated mine on Corylus
— D. Green, BJENH 11: 58; Yellowham Wood (9) 17.v.97, a few mines on Corylus —
PHS & D. Hallet

8 E. unimaculella (Zett.) — Porlock (5) 25.iv.97, tenanted mines on Betula — JR

10 E. salopiella (Staint.) — Mildenhall (26) 21.v.97, a few tenanted mines on Betula
pubescens — AME & JRL

UI E. cicatricella (Zett.) = haworthi Bradl.- Yardley Chase (32) 15.v.97 - DVM

12 E. sangii (Wood) — Longridge Fell (60) 17.v.97, a few tenanted mines on Betula
pendula — SMP

NEPTICULIDAE

19 Bohemannia quadrimaculella (Boh.) — Plympton (3) 7.vi1.97 — RJH

40 B. pulverosella (Staint.) — Flixton (59) 19.vi.97, vacated mine on Malus — SHH
20 Ectoedemia decentella (H. -S.) — Lightfoot Green (60) 9.vii1.97 — SMP

22 E. louisella (Sirc.) — Hampstead (21) 25.viii.97 — RAS

718} E. argyropeza (Zell.) — Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.ix.97, mines - KGMB

oF, E. albifasciella (Hein.) — Craigellachie, Banff (94) x.95 — MRY

38 E. subbimaculella (Haw.) — Glasdrum NNR (98) 4.xi.97 — MRY

39 E. heringi (Toll) — Glasdrum NNR (98) 4.x1.97 — MRY

46 Trifurcula immundella (Zell.) — Lairg (107) 29.vi.97 — JTR

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1997 107

53 Stigmella splendidissimella (H.-S.) — Ironbridge (40) 1.viii.97, several vacated mines on
Geum urbanum and Rubus idaeus — JRL, A.G. Blunt and M.S. Smith

58 S. ulmariae (Wocke) — Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.ix.97, mines - KGMB

63 S. lemniscella (Zell.) = marginicolella (Staint.) — Duff House (94) 28.1x.97 — MRY &
RMP

68 S. salicis (Staint.) — Whitewells, Ordiquhill (94) 28.1x.97 -MRY & RMP

70 _ S. obliquella (Hein.) — Curraghmore (H17) 20.1x.97, mines on Salix pentandra - KGMB

71 S. zelleriella (Snellen) — Lindisfarne (68) 5.vii.97, tenanted mines on Salix repens — RF

TD S. myrtillella (Staint.) - Montcoffer Woods (94) 28.1x.97 - MRY & RMP

73 S. trimaculella (Haw.) — Preston (60) 18.ix.97, vacated mine on Populus sp. — SMP

74 S. assimilella (Zell.) — lronbridge (40) 9.viii.97, two vacated mines on Populus tremula
— JRL, A.G. Blunt & M.S. Smith

75 S. floslactella (Haw.) — Forres (95) 3.x.97, mines - KGMB

Ji S. tityrella (Staint.) — Montcoffer Woods (94) 28.1x.97 - MRY & RMP

79 S. perpygmaeela (Doubl.) — Montcoffer Woods (94) 28.1x.97 - MRY & RMP;
Curraghmore (H17) 20.i1x.97, mines; Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5 1x.97, mines - KGMB

82 S. paradoxa (Frey) — Fisherlane Wood, Chiddingfold (17) 15.1x.97, a few Veracaiee mines
on Crataegus monogyna — AME & JRL

88 S. samiatella (Zell.) — Parkhurst Forest (10) 18.1x.97, a few vacated mines on Castanea
— AME, JRL & SAK-J

94 S. spinosissimae (Waters) — Prestwick (75) 6.x.97, mines on Rosa pimpinellifolia —
KGMB per KPB

100 S. oxycanthella (Staint.) — Montcoffer Woods (94) 28.1x.97; Duff House Woods (94)
28.1x.97 - MRY & RMP

102 S. aceris (Frey) — Tugley Wood, Chiddingfold (17) 13.x.97, a few vacated mines on
Acer campestre — JRL, RMP, J.C. Koster & G.A. Collins

103. S. nylandriella (Tengst.) — Montcoffer Woods (94) 28.ix.97 - MRY & RMP;
Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.1x.97, mines - KGMB

108 S. crataegella (Klim.) — Montcoffer Woods (94) 28.ix.97 — MRY

115 S. alnetella (Staint.) — Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.ix.97 - KGMB

OPOSTEGIDAE

121 Pseudopostega crepusculella (Zell.) — Paiton Wood, Loch Ken (73) 24.vi.97 — R.
Mearns per KPB

INCURVARIIDAE

129 Incurvaria pectinea Haw. — Ardura, Isle of Mull (103) 29.vi.97, many vacated mines
and cut-outs on Betula pubescens — JRL, MRY & RMP

142 Nepatopogon pilella ({D. & S]) — Bosley Cloud (58) 30.vi.97 — SHH

145 = Nemophora minimella ({D. & S.]) - Dam Wood, Black Isle (106) vi.97 — S. Moran per
MRY

149 Adela cuprella ({D. & S.]) — Nedd (108) v.97 — I. Evans per MRY

152. A. rufimitrella (Scop.) — Lairg (107) 26.vi.97 — JTR

HELIOZELIDAE

154 Heliozela sericiella (Haw.) — Lightfoot Green (60) 30.iv.97 — SMP

108 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

156 H. resplendella (Staint.) — Whitewells, Ordiquhill (94) 28.vi.97 - MRY & RMP;
Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.ix.97, mines - KGMB

159 Antispila treitschkiella (F. v. R.) = petryi (Mart.)- Yardley Chase (32) 21.viii.97 —
DVM

PSYCHIDAE

175 Narycia monilifera (Geoff.) — Gight Wood (93) 26.vi.97, a few cases on trunk of Abies
nobilis — JRL, MRY & RMP

185 Luffia ferchaultella (Steph.) — Freckenham (26) 18.v.97, many cases on tree-trunks —
AME & JRL

186 Psyche casta (Pallas) — Rabbit Warren, Dunnington (61) 12.vi.97 - MRB

TINEIDAE

199 Psychoides verhuella Bruand — Shrewsbury (40) 8.viii.97, many larvae on unidentified
fern — JRL

203 = _Infurcitinea argentimaculella (Staint.) — Screen Hills (H12) 19.vii.97 - KGMB

212 Haplotinea insectella (Fab.) — Eaton Bray (30) viii.97 - DVM

217. Nemapogon wolffiella, K. & N. — Bred from Hypoxylon multiforme, and larva described
— RJH, Ent. Gaz. 48: 193-194; Havant Thicket (11) 5.v.97, many larvae and pupae in
Hypoxylon multiforme on dead birch, moths bred — JRL & I.R. Thirlwell; Waresley
Wood (31) 24.v.97, first record since VCH — BD & M. Sterling; Tyddesley Wood, near
Pershore (37) 24.vi.97, two, first county record since 1875 — ANBS

220 N. clematella (Fabr.) — Waresley and Gransden Woods (31) 11.v.97 — BD

224 Triaxomera parasitella (Hiibn.) — Plymouth Great Wood, Cardiff (41) 12.iv.96 — DJS

232 Monopis monachella (Hiibn.) — Spurn (61) 14.viii.97 — B.R. Spence per HEB

238 Niditinea striolella (Matsummura) = piercella (Bentinck) — Porlock (5) 29.vii1.96 — JR

BUCCULATRICIDAE
273 ~Bucculatrix thoracella (Thunb.) — Shrewsbury (40) 7.viii.97 — JRL
274 B.ulmella Zell. — Waun-y-Mynach (42) 15.vi.97 — NRL

GRACILLARIIDAE

280 Caloptilia cuculipennella (Hiibn.) — Porlock (§) 1.1x.97, tenanted mines on Fraxinus — JR

282 C. elongella (Linn.) — Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5 ix.97, mines - KGMB

284 CC. rufipennella (Hiibn.) — Horner (5) 3.viii.96, larval cones on Acer pseudoplatanus —
JR; Prince’s Wood, Poynton (58) 2.v.97 — SHH; Flixton (39) 19.vi.97 — IFS

294 Aspiiapteryx tringipennella (Zell.) — Ballymacaw (H6) 18.vi1.97, mines - KGMB

297 ~Eucalybites auroguttella (Steph.) — Newtown (10) 18.ix.97, several mines and spinnings
on Hypericum sp. — AME & JRL

301 Parornix betulae (Staint.) — Ballynafagh (H19) 25.viii.97, mines - KGMB

303_~——~P. anglicella (Staint.) — Duff House Woods (94) 28.ix.97 -MRY & RMP

305 ~=~P.. scoticella (Staint.) — Porlock (5) 7.viii.97, mines and folds on Sorbus torminalis,
moths bred — JR; Parkhurst Forest (10) 18.i1x.97, a few vacated mines on Sorbus
aucuparia — AME, JRL & SAK-J; Montcoffer Woods (94) 28.1x.97 - MRY & RMP

320. ~=Phyllonorycter quercifoliella (Zell.) — Craigellachie, Banff (94) x.95 - MRY

321 P. messaniella (Zell.) — Forres (95) 3.x.97; Inverness (96) 5.x.97, mines on Fagus —- KGMB

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1997 109

323 ~~ P. oxyacanthae (Frey) — Duff House Woods (94) 28.ix.97 - MRY & RMP; Curraghmore
(H17) 20.1x.97, mines - KGMB,; Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.1x.97, mines - KGMB

324 P. sorbi (Frey) — Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.1x.97 - KGMB

327. +P. cydoniella ({D. & S.]) — Pingle Wood (31) 26.x.97 — BD

332a_ P. leucographella (Zell.) — St Neots (31) 6.1x.97 — BD

335 ~P. salicicolella (Sirc.) — Grange (H17) 20.ix.97; Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.1x.97, mines
—KGMB

337 ~~P.: hilarella (Zett.) — Grange (H17) 20.1x.97, mines - KGMB

338 P. cavella (Zell.) — Flanders Moss (86) ix.92 - KGMB

343 P.. quinnata (Geoff.) — Hinchingbrooke Country Park (31) 23.x.97 —- BD & D. Evans

344 P. strigulatella (L. & Z.) — near Gavrick Copse (3) 31.vil.97, mines on Alnus incana,
moths bred — RJH

345 —~P.. rajella (Linn.) — Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.1x.97, mines (bred) - KGMB

349 =P. nigrescentella (Logan) — Frome St. Quintin (9) 14.1x.97, many mines on Vicia
sepium — PHS & D. Pearman; Kedrah (H7) 12.1x.97, mines on Vicia sepium — KGMB

353 ~~ P.. ulmifoliella (Hiibn.) — Whitewells, Ordiquhill (94) 28.1x.97 - MRY & RMP

354 ~ P. emberizaepenella (Bouché) — Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Banff (94) 28.1x.97 -MRY &
RMP

363 ~P.. platanoidella (Joannis ) — Heathfield (14) 24.x.97, mines - KGMB

CHOREUTIDAE

386 Tebenna micalis (Mann) — Ernesettle, Plymouth (3) 17.viii.97, larvae on Pulicaria
dysenterica, moths bred; Wembury (3) 23.viii.97, larvae on same, moths bred; Marsh
Mills, Plymouth (3) 30.vi1i1.97, one adult on flower of P. dysenterica late afternoon — RJH

GLY PHIPTERIGIDAE

397 ~=Glyphipterix thrasonella (Scop.) — Delamore Common (3) 10.v.97, pupae and dead
larva in stems of Juncus acutiflorus, moth bred; larva not previously found in Britain or
Europe — RJH

YPONOMEUTIDAE

401 Argyresthia laevigatella (Heyd.) — Longridge Fell (60) 6.vii.97 — SMP

404 A. praecocella Zell., Inchrory (94) 1993 - MRY

407a A. cupressella Wals. — South-east Suffolk (27) widespread, just reaching Harwich (19)
1.vii.97 — AME & DJLA — New to Europe, Ent. Gaz. 50: 11-16.

409a_A. trifasciata Staud. — Stockport (part) (57) 19.vi.97 — B.T. Shaw per IFS

410 A. brockeella (Hiibn.) — Cranmore (10) 9.vii.97 — SAK-J; Lairg (107) 25.vi.97 — JTR

411 A. goedartella (Linn.) — Kildarroch (74) 5.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

413A. sorbiella (Treits.) - Halse Combe, Porlock (5) — 11.vi.97 — JR

416 A. glaucinella Zell. — Loch a’ Mhullin Wood, Scourie (108) 20.vi.96 — P. Entwistle
per MRY

420 _ A. pruniella (Clerck) — Castramon Wood, Gatehouse of Fleet (73) 4.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

421 A. bonnetella (Linn.) — Hill Street, Inverness (96) 29.vii.84 — S. Moran per MRY;
Salterstown (H31) 17 viii.97 -KGMB

422 A. albistria (Haw.) — Ravenshall Point (73) 3.vili.97 — SHH & IFS

424 Yponomeuta evonymella (Linn.) — Flixton (59) 4.vii-18.viii.97 — K. McCabe per SHH

110

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vV.1999

425 _ Y. padella (Linn.) — Newton Stewart (74) 3.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

431 Y. sedella Treits. - Elmstead Market (19) 27.1x.97, breeding colonies on ornamental
Sedum cultivars. First Essex breeding record for 100 years - BG

435 Zelleria hepariella Staint. — Flixton (59) 30.111.97 — K. McCabe per SHH; Rossington
(63) 19.viii.97 — RIH

441 Paraswammerdamia lutarea (Haw.) — Dundalk (H31) 5.vii.97 -KGMB

442 Cedestis gysseleniella (Zell.) — Porlock (5) 28.vi.97 — JR

444 Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. — Porlock (8) 18.vi.97 — JR

449 Prays fraxinella (Bjerk.) — Loch Ness (96) v1.96 - KGMB

453 Ypsolopha dentella (Fabr.) — Chippermore Port (74) 7.viii.97 — SHH & IFS; Ardura, Isle
of Mull (103) 29.vi.97 — JRL, MRY & RMP

455 __ Y. scabrella (Linn.) — Garvoge (H19) 25.viii.97 - KGMB

459 _ Y. sylvella (Linn.) — Rabbit Warren, Dunnington (61) 28.vi1.97 - MRB

461 ‘Y. ustella (Clerck) — Rogart (107) 24.1x.96 — P. Entwistle per MRY

462 ‘Y. sequella (Clerck) — Leith, Edinburgh (83), 16.1x.97 — D. Robertson per KPB, Ent.
Rec. 110: 30

464 = Plutella xylostella (Linn.) — Barncorkrie (74) 4.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

465 __ P. porrectella (Linn.) — Hilton (31) 3.v.97 — BD

475 Acrolepiopsis marcidella (Curt.) — Rempstone Heath (9) 11.vi.97, two; Harman’s Cross
(9) iv.97, one larval working in berry of Ruscus aculeatus — B. Edwards per PHS; life
history determined — PHS & JRL., Ent. Gaz. 49: 151-154; Wickham (11) 13.vi.97,
about seven disturbed from Ruscus — JRL & RJH; Hayling Island (11), Gosport (11),
Fareham (11) vii-ix.97 — JRL & LR. Thirlwell; Tortington Common, Arundel (13)
12.vi.97 —RJH & JRL

476 Acrolepia autumnitella Curt. — Ironbridge (40) 9.viii.97, one — JRL, M.S. Smith & A.G.
Blunt; Cardiff (41) 11.111.97 — DJS

LYONETIDAE

254 Leucoptera laburnella (Staint.) — Forres (95) 3.x.97, Resaurie (96) 5.x.97 - KGMB

256 _L. spartifoliella (Hiibn.) — Lairg (107) 29.vi1.97 —JTR

263 ~Lyonetia clerkella (Linn.) — Duff House (94) 28.vi.97 — MRY & RMP; Inverness (96)
vi. 96 - KGMB

264 Bedellia somnulentella (Zell.) - Templebreedy (H4) 11.viii1.97, larva - KGMB

COLEOPHORIDAE

491 Coleophora gryphipennella (Hiibn.) — Prestwick (75) 7.x.97, case - KGMB

494 C. coracipennella (Hiibn.) — Gransden Wood, (31) 7.vii1.97 — BD

495 C. spinella (Schrank) — Creehaun (H9) 14.vi.97, cases on Crataegus; Ferrybank (H11)
18.v1i.97, mines on Crataegus - KGMB

497 C. badiipennella (Dup.) — Mildenhall (26) 21.v.97, a few cases on Ulmus procera —
AME & JRL

504 C. lusciniaepennella (Treits.) = viminetella Zell. — Curraghmore (H17) 20.ix.97, mines
on Myrica and Salix; Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.ix.97, cases on Myrica - KGMB

513. C. potentillae Elisha — Rushy Moor, Askern (63) ix.96, larval cases on Filipendula
ulmaria, moths bred vi.97- HEB

515 C. albitarsella Zell. — Porlock (5) 5.v1i.97 — JR

519 C. deauratella L. & Z. — Ballinamorragh (H12) 20.vii.97 - KGMB

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1997 1a

520 _C. fuscicornis Zell. — Tollesbury (19) 17.v.97, Third known UK site - BG

521 C.conyzae Zell. — Cockayne Hatley (30) vii.96, one in RIS trap - DVM

541 C. pyrrhulipennella Zell. — Poulsallagh (H9) 16.iv.97, case - KGMB

550.‘ C. silenella H.-S. — Tidal Sidings (41) 24.vi.97, New to Wales — DJS

553 C. striatipennella Ny1. — Gait Barrows NNR (60) 28.vi.97, genitalia det. -SMP

554 C. inulae Hein. & Wocke — Rossington (63) 16.viii.95, genitalia det. —- RIH

555 C. follicularis (Vallot) — Carsaig, Isle of Mull (103) 28.vi.97, a few moths and many
cases on Eupatorium — JRL, MRY & RMP

557 C. gardesanella Toll. — near Kennford (3) 22.v.97, cases on Achillea millefolium, moths
bred — RJH

559 _C. peribenanderi Toll. — Gelli Rhyd Farm (42) 12.vii.97 — NRL; Ballinamorragh (H12)
20.vii.97 —- KGMB

560 _C. paripennella Zell. — Paxton Wood (31) 25.vi1.97 — BD

561 C. therinella Tengst. - Westmancote, Bredon Hill (37) 8-10.vii.97, genitalia det. —
ANBS; Rossington (63) 19.viii.97 — RIH

562 = C. asteris Miihlig — Sharnbrook (30) 20.viii.97- DVM

563 C. argentula (Steph.) — Flixton (59) 19.x.97, larval cases on Achillea — K. McCabe per
SHH; Spurn (61) vii & viii.97, genitalia det. — B.R. Spence per HEB

567 CC. adspersella Ben. — Spurn (61) 4 & 7.vi.97, genitalia det. — B.R. Spence per HEB

568 C. versurella Zell. — Shrewsbury (40) 7.viii.97, genitalia det. - JRL; Glasson (60) 20.vi.97,
genitalia det. — SMP; Spurn (61) 7 & 23.vii.97, genitalia det. — B.R. Spence per HEB

573 _C. atriplicis Meyr. — Glasson (60) 20.vi.97, genitalia det. - SMP; Spurn (61) 5 &
6.vi1.97, genitalia det. - B.R. Spence per HEB

574 C. deviella Zell. — Perranarworthal (1) 1.v.97, cases on Suaeda maritima 11.1x.96 and
cases on tide-line debris, moths bred, genitalia det. - RJH

577 C. artemisicolella Bruand — Lower Earley (22) 16.1x.97, cases on Artemisia vulgaris;
Burnham Beeches (24) 18.x.97, one case — I. Sims, Ent. Rec. 110: 142

580 C. sylvaticella Wood — Gweek (1) 1.vi.97 — RJH

584 C.alticolella Zell. — Churchtown (H12) 8.1x.97, cases - KGMB

587 C. caespititiella Zell. Lightfoot Green (60) 15.vi.96, genitalia det. - SMP

527. C. wockeella Zell. — Petworth (13) 1.x.97, four cases on Stachys officinalis — JRL &
JTR; Tugley Wood, Chiddingfold (17) 13.x.97, many cases on S. officinalis — JRL,
RMP, J.C. Koster & G.A. Collins

ELACHISTIDAE

590. Perittia obscurepunctella (Staint.) — Micheldever (12) 7.iv.97, one — JRL & LR. Thirlwell

599 Elachista alpinella Staint. — Sharnbrook (30) 18.vii.97; Cockayne Hatley (30) viii.97,
one in RIS trap -DVM

601 E. albifrontella (Hiibn.) — Lairg (107) 29.vi.97 — JTR

609 E. maculicerusella Bruand = monosemiella Rossl. — St Cyrus (91) 24.vi.97, one vacated
mine on Phalaris — JRL

622 E. adscitella Staint. — Chicksands Wood (30) 14.vi.97 — C.R.B. Baker per DVM

623 E. bisulcella (Dup.) — Tobermory, Isle of Mull (103), 29.vi.97, mines on Deschampsia
cespitosa em. 3.vii1.97 — KPB

OECOPHORIDAE

634 Schiffermuelleria grandis (Desv.) — Upperton Wood (3) 18.v.97; near Canonteign

Barton (3) 26.v.97 — RJH

112

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

640 Batia lunaris (Haw.) — Navigation Cop, Chester (58) 12.vii.97 — IFS; Bishop Wood,
Selby (64) 23.vii.97 — A.S. Ezard per HEB

642 B. unitella (Hiibn.) — Bishop Wood, Selby (64) 23.vii.97 — A.S. Ezard per HEB

646 = Telechrysis tripuncta (Haw.) — St Ives (31) 6.vi.97 — BD

649 Esperia sulphurella (Fabr.) — Inverness Museum (96) 2.vii.85 — S. Moran per MRY

658 Carcina quercana (Fab.) — Hill Street, Inverness (96) viii.84 —S. Moran per MRY

659 = Amphisbatis incongruella (Staint.) — Skipwith Common (61) 1.iv.95 - MRB

660 Pseudatemelia josephinae (Toll) — Uffmoore Wood, near Halesowen (37) 1.vii.97 —
ANBS; Gait Barrows NNR (60) 28.vi.97 — SMP

665 Dasystoma salicella (Hiibn.) — Badbury Rings (9) 9.vi.97 — P. Davey per PHS; Cogden
(9) 17.11.97; West Bexington (9) 4.1v.97 — R. Eden per PHS

668 Luquetia lobella ({D. & S.]) — Gt Staughton (31) 30.v.97, first record since VCH — BD

670 Depressaria daucella ({D. & S.]) — Lochaline, Morven (97) 27.vi.97, larvae on
Oenanthe crocata — JRL, MRY & RMP

671 Dz. ultimella Staint. — Castle Ashby (32) 1.v.97 — G.E. Higgs per DVM

677 D2. douglasella Staint. — Lolly Moor (28) 7.viii.97, one det. AME — K. Saul per DH

678 D. sordidatella Tengst. = weirella Staint. — Aberduna (50) 6.vi1i.96, New to Wales — IFS;
Peterculter (92) 25.vi.97, a few larvae on Heracleum, moths bred — JRL, MRY & RMP

682 D.chaerophylli Zell. — Hazelcroft (31) 24.1v.97 — BD

698 Agonopterix kaekeritziana (Linn.) — Ravenshall Point (73) 4.viii.97 — IFS

701 =A. ocellana (Fabr.) — Ballynafagh (H19) 25.viii.97 - KGMB

704 +A. scopariella (Hein.) — West Melton (63) 27.iv.97, second Yorkshire record — HEB;
Spinningdale, Dornoch (107) 5.x.96 — P. Entwistle per MRY

705. A. umbellana (Fabr.) = ulicetella (Staint.) — Ballinamorragh (H12) 20.vii.97 - KGMB

706 A. nervosa (Haw.) — Ravenshall Point (73) 4.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

708 A. carduella (Hiibn.) — Carsaig, Isle of Mull (103) 28.vi.97, very many larvae on Cirsium
heterophyllum, C. vulgare and Centaurea nigra, moths bred — JRL, MRY & RMP

711 A. curvipunctosa (Haw.) — Berrow (6) 19.vi.97, larvae on Anthriscus caucalis and a few
on A. sylvestris, moths bred —- DJLA & JRL

GELECHITDAE

725 Metzneria aestivella (Zell.) — The Raven Point (H12) 19.vii.97 (det. O. Karsholt),
Second confirmed Irish Record - KGMB

727 ~ M. neuropterella (Zell.) — near Beachy Head (14) 31.viii.96, larvae in heads of Cirsium
acaule, moths bred. Last recorded in 1985, last bred early 1950s — RJH & JRL

727a_ M. aprilella (H.-S.) — Badbury Rings (9) 9.vi.97 — P. Davey per PHS; Westmancote,
Bredon Hill (37) 9.vi.97 & 17.vii.97 —- ANBS

734 Argolamprotes micella ({D. & S.]) — Hardwick Wood, Plympton (3) 3 & 4.iv.97, larvae
in shoots of Rubus idaeus and R. fruticosus agg., moths bred; Delamore Common (3) 5
& 28.iv.97, larvae in shoots of Rubus fruticosus agg., moths bred; Plympton (3) 7.iv.97,
larvae in shoots of both R. fruticosus and R. idaeus, moths bred; Billacombe, Plymstock
(3), larva in shoot of R. fruticosus, moth bred — RJH

728 Monochroa cytisella (Curt.) — Glenloughaun (H15) 9.vii.97 - KGMB

735 M. tenebrella (Hiibn.) — Malham (64) vi.97 — MRY; Carsaig, Isle of Mull (103)
28.vi.97, two — JRL, MRY & RMP; Lairg (107) 29.vi.97 — JTR

737 ~~ M. palustrella (Dougl.) — Cranmore (10) 10.vii.97 — SAK-J

740 M. hornigi (Staud.) — Saffron Walden (19) — 5.vi.97 — AME; Rossington (63) 29.vii &

21.viii.95, det. JRL — RIH

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1997 1B

742 M. lutulentella (Zell.) — Black Meadow, Chaddesley Woods NNR (37) 1.vi.97, one
floating in water trough - ANBS

747 Chrysoesthia sexguttella (Thunb.) — Tramore (H6) 17.vii.97, mines on Atriplex; Kedrah
(H7) 12.ix.97, mines on Chenopodium album — KGMB

748 Ptocheuusa paupella (Zell.) — Selworthy (5) 8.viii.97, larvae numerous on Pulicaria,
moths bred — JR

755 Stenolechia gemmella (Linn.) — Lightfoot Green (60) 13.viii.97 - SMP

760 = Exoteleia dodecella (Linn.) — Gait Barrows NNR (60) 28.vi.97 — SMP

778 Bryotropha umbrosella (Zell.) — Findhorn Dunes (93) 18.vi.83 — S. Moran per MRY;
Trawleckahoolia (H27) 1.vi.97 - KGMB

782. B. senectella (Zell.) — Tramore Burrow (H6) 18.vu.97 - KGMB

789 B. domestica (Haw.) — Newton Stewart (74) 3.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

761 = Athrips tetrapunctella (Thunb.) — Tulloch Moor (96) 22.v1.97 — RJH

762 A. mouffetella (Linn.) — Llangorse (42) 26.vi1.97 — NRL

774 ~~ Teleiodes luculella (Hiibn.) — Porlock (3) 7.vii.97 — JR

775. -T. sequax (Haw.)- Inchrory (94) 1993 — MRY

790 Chionodes fumatella (Dougl.) — Porlock (3) 7.viii.97 — JR; Lytham St. Annes (60)
22.vi1.97 — SMP; The Raven Point (H12) 19.vii.97, second Irish locality - KGMB

796 Aroga velocella (Zell.) — Cooper’s Hill (30) 11.vii.97 - DVM

80la_ Gelechia senticetella (Staud.) — Eaton Bray (30) 1997 - DVM

802a_ G. sororculella (Hiibn.) — Lytham St. Annes (60) 22.vii.97 — SMP

811 Scrobipalpa samadensis (Pfaff.) — Ballymacaw (H6) 18.v1i.97 - KGMB

819 S. costella (H. & W.) — Cork City (H4) 26.ix.97 - KGMB

820 ‘S$. artemisiella (Treits.) — Inchrory (94) 1993 and 1997 - MRY

822 §. acuminatella (Sirc.) — Tiroran, Isle of Mull (103) 28.vi.97, tenanted mines in Cirsium
vulgare — JRL, MRY & RMP

830 Caryocolum fraternella (Dougl.) — St Ives (31) 3.vili.97 — BD

845 Syncopacma sangiella (Staint.) - Newtonmore (96) 21.vi.97, larvae on Lotus
corniculatus, moth bred — RJH

SA gamese taeniolella (Zell.) — Studham (30) 3.vii.97 - DVM

856 Anarsia spartiella (Schrank) — Ballinamorragh (H12) 20.vii.97 - KGMB

857 A. lineatella Zell. — Cardiff (41) 16.viii.97, New to Wales — DJS

858 Hypatima rhomboidella (Linn.) — Kirkinner (74) 8.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

862 Dichomeris marginella (Fabr.) — Minehead (5) 9.viii.97 — JR; Heald Green (58) 3.vi.94
& 18.vi — 21.viii.97 — B.T. Shaw, det. HEB per SHH

851 Acanthophila alacella (Zell.) — Trigon (9) 19.viii.96 — C. Manley per PHS

868 Helcystogramma rufescens (Haw.) — Ravenshall Point (73) 4.vili.97 — SHH & IFS;
Kilbarry Bog (H6) 17.vii.97; Ballymacaw (H6) 18.vii.97; Newtown Cove (H6)
19.vi1.97 — KGMB

749 Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) — Norwich (27) 21.v.97, one in Castle Museum — A.G.
Irwin per DH

BLASTOBASIDAE

873 Blastobasis lignea Wals. — Ravenshall Point (73) 4.viii.97; Newton Stewart (74)
3.vil.97- SHH & IFS; Hill Street, Inverness (96) 2.viii.84 —S. Moran per MRY

874 B. decolorella (Woll.) — Heald Green (58) 23.vi.97 — B.T. Shaw per SHH; South

Barrule (71) 20.xii.97, (D. Allen, det. O. Karsholt) -KGMB

114 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

MOMPHIDAE

880 Mompha langiella (Hiibn.) —- Methven Wood (88), 8.vi.97, mine in Epilobium obscurum
em. 3.viil.97 — KPB, New to Scotland

885 M. conturbatella (Hiibn.) — Freckenham (26) 18V.97, one larva on Chamerion — AME
& JRL; Seafield (96) 21.vii.97 —S. Moran per MRY

889a M. bradleyi Riedl — Bransford (37) 19.vii.89, two 10.iv.91; 2.11.97, and specimens
dating from 1874 in Worcester Museum — ANBS

COSMOPTERIGIDAE

896a Cosmopterix scribaiella Zell. — Gosport (11) 22.ix.97, tenanted mines in Phragmites —
JRL, D. Walker & I.R. Thirlwell; Portsmouth (11) ix-x.97, at four localities within city
boundary, tenanted mines in Phragmites — JRL & I.R.Thirlwell

900 = Pancalia schwarzella (Fabr.) = latreillella Curt.- Inchrory (94) 1979 — MRY

907 Dystebenna stephensi (Staint.) — Edwinstow (56) 24.vii.97, female genitalia det. —
KGMB

910 Sorhagenia janiszewskae Riedl — Deerpark Wood (2) 13.v.97, larvae in shoots of
Frangula — RJH

SCYTHRIDIDAE

916 Scythris siccella (Zell.) — Ferrybridge (9) 29.1v.97, larvae on Armeria maritima — PHS;
15.v.97, on other plants - PHS & JRL; PHS, Ent. Gaz. 49: 138-139

917. S. empetrella K. & N. — Findhorn (95) vi.83 — S. Moran per MRY New to Scotland
Ent. Rec. 110: 93

TORTRICIDAE

921 Phtheochroa inopiana (Haw.) — Little Comberton, near Pershore (37) 1997, det. ANBS
— D. Green; Ballinamorragh (H12) 20.vii.97 - KGMB

937 Agapeta hamana (Linn.) — Wood of Cree (73) 2.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

938 A. zoegana (Linn.) — Abbey Burn Foot (73) 8.viii.97 - SHH & IFS

945 Aethes cnicana (Westw.) Loch Don, Isle of Mull (103) 29.vi.97 — JRL, MRY & RMP;
Lairg (107) 29.vi.97 —-JTR

950 A. francillana (Fabr.) — Loughshinny (H12) 6.vii.97, third Irish locality - KGMB

951 A. beatricella (Wals.) — Flixton (§9) 23.vi.97 — K. McCabe per SHH

955 Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hiibn.) — Freshwater (10) 17.viii.97 — SAK-J

956 Cochylidia implicitana (Wocke) — Kilstay Bay (74) 5.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

960 = Falseuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.) — Flixton (59) 27.vii — 19.viii.97 — K. McCabe per SHH

966 Cochylis atricapitana (Steph.) — Shrewsbury (40) 7.viii.97 — JRL

985. Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hibn.) — Bridlington (61) 27.viii.97 — A.S. Ezard per HEB

998 Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) — Lodge Hill Farm, Wyre Forest NNR (37) 24.viii.97 —
ANBS; Rosslare Harbour (H12) 8.ix.97, New to Ireland — KGMB, Ent. Rec. 110: 250

999 Adoxophyes orana (F. v. R.) — Spurn (61) 19.viii.97, B.R. Spence per HEB

1001 Lozotaeniodes formosanus (Gey.) — Flixton (59) 30.vi — 13.vii.97 — K. McCabe per
SHH; Cawood, Selby (64) — 23.vi1.97 — J. Payne per HEB

1011 Pseudargyrotoza conwagana (Fabr.) — Golspie (107) 24.vii.76 — A. Joyce per MRY

1015 Eulia ministrana (Linn.) — Nedd (108) vii.96 — I. Evans per MRY

1020 Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubl.) — Ballinamorragh (H12) 20.vii.97 - KGMB

1021
1023

1031
1033
1040

1041
1042
1043
1051
1062
1014
1068
1075
1085

1087
1092
1093
1094
1108

1109

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1997 IES)

C. asseclana ({D. & S.]) — Rosemarkie, Black Isle (106) 31.vi11.96 — P. Entwistle per MRY
C. genitalana P. & M. — Holton Heath Marsh (9) 6.vi1i.97; Chase Woods (9) 7.vili.97 —
P. Davey per PHS

Eana penziana ssp. colquhounana (Barr.)- Adam’s Chair (73) 9.viii.97 — SHH & IFS
Tortrix viridana Linn. — Seafield, Inverness (96) 21.vii.85 — S. Moran per MRY

Acleris caledoniana (Steph.) — Cragencalle, Clatteringshaws Loch (73) 6.vili.97 — SHH
& IFS

A. sparsana ({D. & S.]) — Caledonian Canal, Loch Ness (96) 22.vi1.86 —S. Moran per MRY
A. rhombana ({D. & S.]) — Spinningdale, Dornoch (107) 5.x.96 — P. Entwistle per MRY
A. aspersana (Hiibn.) — Newtown Cove (H6) 19.vii.97 - KGMB

A. logiana (Clerck) — Binstead (10) 4.x1.97 — B.J. Warne per SAK-J, Ent. Rec. 110: 144
A. emargana (Fabr.) — Ballynafagh (H19) 25.viii.97 - KGMB

Isotrias rectifasciana (Haw.) — Hampstead (21) 2.vi.97 — RAS

Celypha rivulana (Scop.) — Glenloughaun (H15) 9.vii.97 - KGMB

Olethreutes olivana (Treits.) — Malham (64) vi.97 — MRY

Metendothenia atropunctana (Zett.) — Curraghmore (H17) 20.1x.97, larvae on Myrica —
KGMB

Orthotaenia undulana ({D. & S.]) — Flixton (59) 24.vi.97 — K. McCabe per SHH; Lairg
(107) 25.vi.97 — JTR

Apotomis turbidana (Hiibn.) — Ledmore Wood, Spinningdale, Dornoch (107) 18.vii.96 —
P. Entwistle per MRY

A. betuletana (Haw.) — The Forest, Kirkinner (74) 7.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

A. capreana (Hiibn.) — Mullaghmore (H9) 13.vi.97 - KGMB

Lobesia abscisana (Doubl.) — Flixton (59) 12.viii.97 — K. McCabe per SHH; Lytham St.
Annes (60) 22.vii.97 — SMP

L. littoralis (H. & W.) — Chippermore Port (74) 7.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

111la Bactra lacteana Caradja — Trowlesworthy Warren (3) 19.vii.97 — RJH; Walberton (13)

i i)
1117
2A
1130
1134
1136
1141

1158

1162
1165

1174
1178
1186
lea

7.vill.94; 3.vii.97, genitalia det. JRL — JTR; Sanna Bay (97) 27.vi.95, genitalia det.-
MSP, New to Scotland

Ancylis achatana ({D. & S.]) — Flixton (39) 12 & 14.vii.97 — K. McCabe per SHH

A. unguicella (Linn.) — Malham (64) vi. 97 - MRY

A. upupana (Treits.) — Skipworth Common (61) 28.v.97 - MRB

Epinotia pygmaeana (Hiibn.) — Longridge Fell (60) 16.iv.97 — SMP

E. ramella (Linn.) — Wood of Cree (73) 3.vili.97 — SHH & IFS

E. immundana (F. v. R.) — Kilbarry Bog (H6) 17.vii.97 - KGMB

E. nemorivaga (Tengst.) — An Loch Dubh (H16) 21.i1x.97, vacated mines on
Arctostaphylos —- KGMB

Rhopobota ustomaculana (Curt.) — Glen Leitire, Beinn Eighe (105) 3.viii.86 — S. Moran
per MRY

R. myrtillana (H. & W.) — Halse Combe, Porlock (5) 4.vi.96 — JR

Zeiraphera isertana (Fabr.) — Ravenshall Point (73) 4.viii.97 — SHH & IFS; Hill Street,
Inverness (96) 15.1x.84 —S. Moran per MRY

Epiblema cynosbatella (Linn.) — Nedd (108) vii.96 — I. Evans per MRY

E. roborana ({D.& S.]) — Ravenshall Point (73) 4.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

E. sticticana (Fabr.) — Inchrory (94) 1980 and 1981 —MRY

Eucosma conterminana (Guen.) — Spurn (61) 12 & 27.vii.97, genitalia det. — B.R.
Spence per HEB

116 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

1197 E. campoliliana ({D. & S.]) — Ballinamorragh (H12) 19.vii.97 - KGMB

1198 E. pauperana (Dup.) — Hilton (31) 3.v.97 — BD

1201 E. cana (Haw.) — Lairg (107) 29.vi.97 — JTR; Dundalk (H31) 5.vii.97 - KGMB

1205 Spilonota ocellana ({D. & S.]) — Ravenshall Point (73) 4.viii.97 — SHH & IFS;
Ballinamorragh (H12) 20.vii.97 - KGMB

1205a S. laricana (Hein.) — Ballinamorragh (H12) 20.vii.97 - KGMB

1213 Rhyacionia logaea Durr. — Blackwood, Rannoch (88) 7-9.iv.97 — JTR

1214 Retinia resinella (Linn.) — Whitewells, Ordiquhill (94) 28.1x.97 -MRY & RMP

1219 Lathronympha strigana (Fabr.) — Flixton (59) 11.vii.97 — K. McCabe per SHH

1222 Strophedra nitidana (Fabr.) — Jones’s Covert (31) 1997 — BD

1223. Pammene splendidulana (Guen.) — Ledmore Wood, Spinningdale, Dornoch (107)
12.vi.96 — P. Entwistle per MRY

1225 P. obscurana (Steph.) — Allt House Wood (42) 1.v.97, one bred from birch stump — NRL

1229 P. albuginana (Guen.) — Grafham Water (31) 3.v.97 — BD

1234 P. regiana (Zell.) — Duff House Woods (94) 28.1x.97 - MRY & RMP

1272 P.aurana (Fab.) — Ravenshall Point (73) vi.91 — IFS

1241 Cydia compositella (Fabr.) — Carlingford (H31) 5.vii.97 - KGMB

1243 C. pallifrontana (L. & Z.) — Souldrop (30) 3.vi.97 - DVM

1247 C. funebrana (Treits.) — Ballinamorragh (H12) 20.vii.97 - KGMB

1252 C. lunulana ({D. & S.]) — Navigation Cop, Chester (58) 17.v.97 — IFS

1260. C. splendana (Hiibn.) — Ravenshall Point (73) 4.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

1273 Dichrorampha petiverella (Linn.) — Ravenshall Point (73) 4.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

1274 D. alpinana (Treits.) — Flixton (39) 18.vii.97 — K. McCabe per SHH

1279 D.acuminatana (L. & Z.) — Castlegrange (H20) 7.1x.97, male genitalia det. - KGMB

1280 D.consortana Steph. — Pepper Wood, near Bromsgrove (37) 29.vi.97 — ANBS

EPERMENIIDAE
477 ~Phaulernis dentella (Zell.) — Horner Wood, Porlock (5) 28.vi.96 — JR

ALUCITIDAE
1288 Alucita hexadactyla (Linn.) — Bishop’s Cleeve, Cheltenham (33) 1997 — J.S. Brock per
AMD

PYRALIDAE

1289 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) — Christchurch (11) 8.i11.97 — M. Jeffes per PHS

1290 Chilo phragmitella (Hiibn.) — Steeple Ashton (8) 13.vi1.97- E.G. & M.H. Smith per AMD

1292 Calamotropha paludella (Hiibn.) — Steeple Ashton (8) 13.viii.97 — E.G. & M.H. Smith
per AMD

1294 Crambus pascuella (Linn.) — Trowlesworthy Warren (3) 2.iv.97, larvae in silken tubes
amongst Festuca ovina agg. 2.iv.97, moths bred — larva not previously found in
Europe — RJH

1305 Agriphila tristella ({D. & S.]) — Abbeyleix (H14) 13.viii.97 - KGMB

1306 A. inguinatella ({D. & S.]) — Carsaig, Isle of Mull (103) 28.vi.97 — MRY

1307 A. latistria (Haw.) — Washingborough Hall (53) 13.viii.97 — Mrs A. Binding per AMD

1309 A. geniculea (Haw.) — Cork City (H4) 20.viii.97; Annagassan (H31) 17.viii.97 - KGMB

1321 Thisanotia chrysonuchella (Scop.) — Spurn (61) 7.vi.97 — B.R. Spence per HEB

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1997 ON,

1325 Platytes alpinella (Hiibn.) — Porlock (5) 6.viii.96 — JR; Kirkby Underwood (33)
29.vii.97 — J. Lamin per AMD; Baston Fen (53) 9.viti.97 — J. Lamin per AMD;
Rossington (63) 2-8.viii.97 — RIH

1326 P. cerussella ({D. & S.J) — Laughton Wood (54) 2.viii.97 — R. Johnson per AMD; Spurn
NNR (61) 9.vi.97 — B.R. Spence per HEB

1327 Ancylolomia tentaculella (Hiibn.) — Bradwell-on-Sea (18) 12.vii.97 — S.F.J. Dewick
per AMD

1330 Donacaula mucronellus ({D.& S]) — Holkham NNR (28) 1997 — M. Tunmore per AMD

1333 Scoparia pyralella ({D. & S.]) — Ballymacaw (H6) 18.vii.97 - KGMB

1334a S. basistrigalis Knaggs — Cheltenham (33) 1997 — J.S. Brock per AMD; Boultham Mere
(53) 22.vii.97 — P. Porter per AMD

1338 Dipleurina lacustrata (Panz.) — Wood of Cree (73) 2.viii.97 — AMD; Newton Stewart
(74) 6.viii.97 — SHH & IFS; Carsaig, Isle of Mull (103) 28.vi.97 - MRY

1339 Eudonia murana (Curt.) — Messingham (54) 23.vi1.97 — R. Johnson per AMD

1340 E. truncicolella (Staint.) — Wood of Cree (73) 3.viti.97 — SHH & IFS; Newton Stewart
(74) 3.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

1341 E. lineola (Curt.) — Beaumaris (52) 22.vii.97 — J.H. Clarke per AMD

1343 E. delunella (Staint.) — Bramble Wood, Nr Holsworthy (4) 21.vi1.97 — R.F. McCormick
per AMD

1344 E. mercurella (Linn.) — Bailey Einon NR (43) 17.vi1.97 — AMD; Baston Fen (53)
5.vi1.97 — J. Lamin per AMD; Keld (63) 3.viii.97 — SMP

1331 Acentria ephemerella ({D. & S.]) — The Forest, Kirkinner (74) 8.viii.97 - SHH & IFS

1345 Elophila nymphaeata (Linn.) — Bramble Wood, Nr Holsworthy (4) 13.vi.97 — R.F.
McCormick per AMD; Mount Desert (H4) 8.vii.97; Lough Acalla (H15) 9.vii.97 - KGMB

1350 Nymphula stagnata (Don.) — Kilbarry Bog (H6) 17.vi1.97 - KGMB

1354 Cataclysta lemnata (Linn.) — Burnham Norton (28) 2.viii.97 — M. Tunmore per AMD

1356 Evergestis forficalis (Linn.) — Hakeford (4) 21.vi.97 — P. Butter per AMD

1356a E. limbata (Linn.) — Swanage (9) 22.v1i.97 — R. Cox per PHS

1359 Cynaeda dentalis ((D. & S.]) — Steeple Ashton (8) 8.vii.97 — E.G. & M.H. Smith per AMD

1359b Eustixia pupula Hiibn. — Southampton (11) 21.vii.97 — P.A. Budd — New to Britain,
Ent. Gaz. 49: 169-170.

1361 Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) — Hawarden (51) 1997 — G. Neal per AMD

1362 P. purpuralis (Linn.) — Bramble Wood, Nr Holsworthy (4) 21.vii.97 — R.F. McCormick
per AMD; Glenlonghaun (H15) 9.vii.97 - KGMB

1363 P. ostrinalis (Hiibn.) — Glas Maol (90) 25.vi.97 - MRY

1365 P. despicata (Scop.) = cespitalis ((D. & S.]) — Baston Fen (53) 9.viii.97 — J. Lamin per
AMD; Metal Man Tower (H6) 19.vii.97; Newton Cove (H8) 19.vii.97 - KGMB

1366 P. nigrata (Scop.) — Church Cove, Lizard (1) 1997 — M. Tunmore per AMD

1368 Loxostege sticticalis (Linn.) — West Bexington (9) 13.viii.97 — R. Eden per PHS;
Woolland (9) vii.97 — P. Benham per PHS; Rodborough Common (34) 10.viii.97 — D.
Gibbs per AMD

1370 Sitochroa palealis ({D. & S.]) — Slapton (3) 4.vii.97, at rest on grass stem — RJH & B.P.
Henwood; Yarwell Quarry (32) 3.viii.97 — P.D. Sharpe per DVM

1375 Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiibn.) — Bridgwater (6) 12.x.97, several larvae in stems of Artemisia
vulgaris — RJH

1380 Phlyctaenia perlucidalis (Hiibn.) — Bishopstone (7) 1.vi.97 — SMP; Lodmoor,
Weymouth (9) 19.vii.97 — D. Gibbs per AMD; 19.vii.97 — M. Parker & P. & D. Sharpe
per PHS

118

1384
1385

1386
1388

1390
1392

1396
1403

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

P. stachydalis (Germ.) — Birdlip Farm, Tregroes, near Llandysul (46) 11.vii.97 - ANBS

Ebulea crocealis (Hiibn.) — Ballymacaw (H6) 18.vii.97; Ballinamorragh (H12)
20.vii.97 — KGMB

Opsibotys fuscalis ({D. & S.]) — The Bush (H31) 5.vii.97 - KGMB

Udea lutealis (Hiibn.) — Ballinamorragh (H12) 19.vii.97; Lough Acalla (H15) 9.vii.97;
Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 25.viii.97 - KGMB

U. prunalis ({D. & S.]) — Wood of Cree (73) 3.viii.97; Newton Stewart (74) 3.vili.97 —
SHH & IFS

U. olivalis ({D. & S.]) — Ballinamorragh (H12) 19.vii.97; Dundalk (H31) 5.vii.97 -KGMB

Mecyna flavalis ({D. & S.]) — Streatley (22) 4.vii1.96 - MCH

Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.) — Plympton (3) 7.vii1.97 — RJH

1403a Duponchelia fovealis Zell. — Kirby-le-Soken (19) ix.97, second UK record — P.

1408
1424

1425
1426

1428
1433

1434
1436
1438

1439
1443

1454

1455

1486

1462

1465

1467
1474

Bergdahl per BG

Palpita unionalis (Hiibn.) — Hampstead (21) 25.1x.97 — RAS

Endotricha flammealis ({D. & S]) — Coddington Wood (53) 24.vii.97 — KGMB;
Rossington (63) 8-12.viii.97, two — RIH

Galleria mellonella (Linn.) — Spalding (53) 6.viii.97 — Mrs A. Faulkner per AMD
Achroia grisella (Fabr.) — Datchworth (20) 29.vii.97 — SMP

Aphomia sociella (Linn.) — Newton Stewart (74) 3.viii.97 — SHH & IFS

Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haw.) — Gelli Rhyd Farm (42) 12.vii.97 — NRL per AMD;
Dhoon, Maughold (71) 16.vii.97 — L. Kneale det. G.D. Craine per AMD; nr Gairloch
(105) 26. ix. 97 — P. Entwistle per MRY

C. gnidiella (Mill.) — Coulsdon (17) 1997 — P.M. Stirling per AMD

Conobathra repandana (Fabr.) — Grange-over-Sands (69) 19.vii.97 — SMP

Trachycera suavella (Zinck.) — Gibraltar Point NNR (54) 11.viii.97 — K.M.S. Wilson
per AMD

T. advenella (Zinck.) — The Forest, Kirkinner (74) 8.vi1i.97 — SHH & IFS

Pempelia genistella (Dup.) — Thursley Common (17) 13.vii.96, very many larvae on
Ulex europeus — JRL

Dioryctria abietella ({D. & S.]) — Gusset Wood (part) (23) 6.vii.97; Gusset Wood (part),
Stonar (24) 6.vii.97 — J.H. Clarke per AMD; Llangorse (42) 24.vii.97 — NRL per AMD;
Callans Lane Wood, Kirkby Underwood (53) 29.vi.97 — J. Lamin per AMD

D. simplicella Hein. = mutatella Fuchs — Speech House, Forest of Dean (34) 2.viii.97 —
D. Gibbs per AMD; Westmancote, Bredon Hill (37) 13.vii.97 — ANBS; Cors Bodgyndd
NR (49) 10.viii.97 — AMD; Flixton (59) 12.vii.97 — K. McCabe per AMD; Tophill Low
NR (61) 16.vii.97 — P.A. Crowther det. HEB per AMD

Apomyelois bistriatella (Hulst.) — Skipwith Common, Yorks. (61) 3.1x.96 — HEB;
Ballynafagh Bog (H19) 5.ix.97, New to Ireland — KGMB, Ent. Gaz. 49: 139
Pempeliella dilutella ({D.& S.]) = diluta (Haw.) — Eaton Bray (30) 96, one in RIS trap
— DVM; Ravenshali Point (73) 4.viii.97 — SHH & IFS; The Raven Point (H12)
19.vii.97 -KGMB

Nephopterix angustella (Hiibn.) — Plympton (3) 21.viii.97 — RJH; Ditchingham (27)
16.vili.97, one det. AME — K. Saul per DH

Ancylosis oblitella (Zell.) — Grafham Water (31) 23.viii.97- BD

Ephestia parasitella Staud. — Datchworth (20) 27-29.vii.97 — SMP per AMD;
Kingsthorpe (32) 16.vi.97 — P.D.Sharpe per DVM; Gelli Rhyd Farm (42) 12.vii.97 —
NRL per AMD

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1997 119

1476 E. cautella (Walk.) — Dublin City (H21) viii.97, larvae feeding on nuts in chocolate
factory - KGMB

1478a Vitula edmandsii (Pack.) — Spurn (61) 8.vili.97, gen. det., New to Britain — B. R.
Spence per HEB, Ent. Gaz. 49: 233-236

1480 Homoeosoma nebulella ({D. & S.]) — Upper Basildon (22) 16.viti.96 —MCH

1481 H. sinuella (Fabr.) — Hawarden (51) 18.vi.97 — G. Neal per AMD

1482 H. nimbella (Dup.) — St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly (1) 26.vii.96, larvae in seed-heads of
Jasione montana, moths bred. Larva not previously found in Britain — RJH

1484 Phycitodes saxicola (Vaugh.) — Ballymacaw (H6) 18.vii.97; Waterford (H6) 19.vii1.97 —
KGMB

PTEROPHORIDAE

1488 Agdistis bennetii (Curt.) - Hampstead (21) 6.viii.97 — RAS

1491 Oxyptilus distans (Zell.) — Portsmouth (11) 8.viii.97, genitalia det. JRL — LR. Thirlwell
per JRL

1495 Marasmarcha lunaedactyla (Haw.) — Tramore Burrow (H6) 18.vii.97, New to Ireland;
The Raven Point (H12) 19.vii.97 - KGMB

1498 Amblyptilia punctidactyla (Haw.) — Forres (95) 30.1x.97 - KGMB

1503 Platyptilia ochrodactyla ({D. & S.]) — Kingsthorpe (32) 20.vi.97 — P.D. Sharpe per
DVM; Flixton (59) 22.vii — 25.1x.97 — K. McCabe per SHH

1505 Stenoptilia pneumonanthes (Butt.) — Dorset heaths (9) 16.1x.97, larvae in flowers of
Gentiana pneumonanthe — PHS & RJH, Ent. Gaz. 49: 229-230

1510 Merrifieldia leucodactyla ({D. & S.]) = tridactyla auctt. — Adam’s Chair (73) 8.viii.97 —
SHH & IFS

1517 Adaina microdactyla (Hiibn.) — Courtaparteen (H3) 17.vi.97, galls; Newton Cove (H6)
19.vii.97, exuviae; Greenore (H31) 5.vii.97, galls - KGMB

522 Euleioptilus tephradactyla (Hiibn.) — Gait Barrows NNR (60) 28.vi.97 — SMP

The Marsh Award

Readers will, I am sure, wish to join the Editor and his colleagues, together with the
staff at Cravitz Printing Company Limited, in offering hearty congratulations to Lt.
Col. Maitland Emmet for being the first recipient of the Marsh Award. This honour,
co-sponsored by Butterfly Conservation and the Marsh Christian Trust, has been
awarded to Maitland for a lifetime of achievement in Lepidoptera conservation. An
honour well deserved, sir!

National Moth Night — 17 July 1999

The first National Moth Night is being run on 17 July 1999 and it is very much
hoped that all readers of this journal who have an interest in the Lepidoptera will
wish to make this event a success by running a lamp overnight to the morning of 18
July and listing all species captured. Full details from, and results to, the national
collator, Brian Goodey, 298 Ipswich Road, Colchester, Essex CO4 4ET.

120 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Further comment on Adela cuprella (D.&S.) (Lep.: Incurvariidae) in Berkshire

I was somewhat surprised to see Keith Bland’s note (antea: 103) included in our
last issue, particularly so as he had written to me in December asking for
verification of earlier Berkshire A. cuprella records. He had included a print-out of
his forthcoming note and I had assumed that my reply, through its explanation,
would have avoided unnecessary further publication as well as the use of some
unfortunate phraseology.

As it was my letter of 8 June 1964 that prompted all this correspondence I will
clarify matters. As a contribution to the Incurvariid chapter in MBGBI 1 I gave
details of Reading Museum’s Berkshire specimens and, although no A. cuprella
were in the H.L. Dolton collection, I included two records that he published in a
1962 paper Microlepidoptera of the Reading Area (Reading Nat. 14: 45). These are
the sources of the Streatley Hill and Sulham Woods records quoted by Keith Bland.
Over 20 years later, when working on The Butterflies and Moths of Berkshire, the
1964 correspondence had slipped my memory, hence I sought the assistance of those
then working on later volumes of MBGBI as to the source of Berkshire map dot for
A. cuprella. This enquiry proved unsuccessful.

Keith’s letters have at least prompted me to solve Dolton’s mention of this moth at
Streatley and Sulham. In January I re-examined Reading Museum’s
Microlepidoptera Collection and I came across some of his specimens of Nemophora
metallica (Poda) scabiosella (Scop.) with exactly the same provenances as that
accorded to A. cuprella. Dolton, I knew well as a very experienced, helpful
microlepidopterist not given to making hurried judgements, but one whom I feel sure
would not mind my putting the record straight. Ian Sims can therefore still be well
pleased with his first Berkshire record of A. cuprella and, as I am well aware, is
already able to publish further details of this beautiful little moth as and when he
thinks appropriate.— B.R. BAKER, 25 Matlock Road, Caversham, Reading, Berkshire
RG4 7BP.

SUBSCRIBER NOTICE

Relative frequency of the banded form of the Riband Wave Idaea aversata (L.)
(Lep.: Geometridae): a request for data

The ratio between the typical, banded form of the Riband Wave /daea aversata and
its plain form remutata varies regionally in Britain. In some areas, such as north-east
Scotland, the banded form seems not to occur at all. There may also be substantial
differences between sites even within the same vice-county, perhaps related to
habitat. I would welcome accurate counts of the two forms from any observer who
catches adequate sample sizes of this species. Please give location, vice-county and a
simple description of the habitat, for instance “suburban garden” or “mature
deciduous woodland”.— Roy LEVERTON, Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Cornhill, Banffshire
AB45 2HS.

BUTTERFLIES AND DRAGONFLIES IN N. GREECE 121

BUTTERFLIES AND DRAGONFLIES IN NORTHERN GREECE,
27 JUNE - 9 JULY 1997

ANDREW WAKEHAM-DAWSON', TED BENTON? AND VIC BARNHAM?
! Mill Laine Farm, Offham, Lewes, East Sussex BN7 3QB.
? 13 Priory Street, Colchester, CO] 2PY.
3155 Old Heath Road, Colchester, CO2 8AH.

IN SOUTHERN GREECE there had been reports that Albania had dissolved into
civil war and that gangs of armed Albanians were fleeing across the border into the
northern Greek mountains. So, it was with some trepidation that AWD travelled
north (after a month in the Pelopé6nnisos) to meet TB and VB in Florina, north-west
Greece. TB and VB were continuing with their long-running project, attempting to
photograph “all” the European butterflies in their natural habitats. On this trip, they
hoped to photograph a number of species including Greek populations of the
“glider” butterflies Neptis sappho Pallas and Neptis rivularis Scopoli.

We met in the busy main square of Florina on the evening of 27 June, and on 28
June we explored the beech Fagus woods in the hills along the Pissoderi saddle to
the west of Florina (c1200-1400 m). Many species of butterflies were abundant
along the logging tracks, in grassy meadows and by streams in this lush biotope.
Many (including over twelve species of Argynninae) were feeding on bramble
flowers Rubus sp. These included Brenthis daphne D. & S., Argynnis adippe
cleodoxa Ochsenheimer and A. niobe eris Meigen. Most of these species tended to
feed with their wings open, allowing the upper wing-surfaces to be photographed.
However, male and female Melitaea arduinna rhodopensis Freyer (which were also
present feeding on Rubus flowers) tended to feed with their wings closed. Male
arduinna were also seen “sipping” moisture on wet mud at stream margins. Colias
caucasica balcanica Rebel (males and females) were also present, but they tended to
feed with wings closed and it was unfortunately not possible to capture their lovely
orange upper-sides on film. We did not see any white female balcanica (f. rebeli
Schawerda). At c1350 m, Erebia ligea L. were feeding on the Rubus, but tended to
fly only in shady areas.

Male cuckoos Cuculus canorus used two types of call from the tall beech trees
and were responded to by the bubbling call of the females. The area was rich in
Orthoptera, including a huge bush cricket (Tettigoniidae).

We were keen to photograph Coenonympha leander leander Esper, but suspected
we would be too late in the year for adults. We peered closely at the many fresh
Rubus-feeding Coenonympha, but these were mostly arcania L. and we saw no
leander among them. Later we saw a single worn female /eander flitting about and
settling on bracken Preridium aquilinum fronds.

In the afternoon of 28 June, we found several fresh /eander nectaring at a patch of
Thyme Thymus sp. in steep meadows among the beech woods. A few fresh male and
female Melanargia russiae japygia Cyrillo were feeding with M. galathea f.
leucomelas Esper at tall red-flowered thistles. The area was very rich in a diversity
of butterfly species including Maculinea arion obscura Christ and Lycaena candens
Herrich-Schaffer.

122 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

On 29 June we headed west to the Prespa Lakes which lie on the border between
Greece, Albania and Yugoslavian Macedonia. We stopped in the hills (c1000 m)
that overlook the lakes from the South. Here we tried to photograph Jolana iolas
Ochsenheimer, including females that were laying eggs on the pods of the bladder
senna Colutea bushes. Both they and the one or two males present were quite worn,
and in any case difficult to photograph as the Colutea bushes were on a steep slope.
We moved on across the causeway between the two freshwater lakes and explored
along the edge of the reed-beds, which were full of the calls of breeding birds. The
whole area is a National Park and entrance into the reed-beds is prohibited.
However, we met the wardens who inspected our licence from the Greek Ministry
of Agriculture and gave us permission to photograph. We were lucky to see a few
Lycaena dispar rutila Werneburg. As in many parts of Europe, this species has
become increasingly rare as wetland is drained and insecticide use increases. The
dispar were all large first brood males. As with the iolas, we were late in their
season and quite lucky to find them still on the wing. Also present were a few
Agrodiaetus admetus Esper (one of VB and TB’s “target” species for this
expedition). The individuals seen here were much smaller than admetus
encountered at other sites in north Greece during the current visit, and similarly
smaller than admetus that AWD had seen near Kalavryta in southern Greece ten
days earlier.

Following the road west towards Albania, we met a car-load of over-excited
Greeks heading back east who implored us not to go that way, although we could
not understand why they were so distressed. Until now we had quite forgotten
about the Albanian issue. There were many soldiers about, but that was to be
expected near a border post. We decided to go a few kilometres along the road and
stopped in low-growing oak Quercus woodland. Here many species of hesperiid
and lycaenid butterflies were settled on the wet mud. These included Pyrgus
cinarae Rambur, P. serratulae Rambur, Spialia phlomidis Herrich-Schaffer, and
Agrodiaetus ripartii pelopi Brown. Male Hipparchia volgensis delattini Kudrna
(identification confirmed by male genitalia) were also coming to wet mud. We
searched in the oak woods for Kirinia climene Esper (which has been reported
from this area) but it was very hot and if climene were present in adult form we did
not see them.

It was then that we had “trouble” with the Albanians. Two colourful and very
friendly Albanian shepherds were bringing their sheep to water. They obviously did
not have civil unrest at heart, but their savage dogs did. Only serious beating by their
masters and brain-scrambling ultrasonic rays from TB’s patent “dog-dazer” kept the
brutes at bay.

That evening we ate barbecued carp (fresh caught from the Prespa Lakes) in a
small tavern at the western end of the causeway. AWD camped at the site near the
tavern to watch the wetland birds and hear the dawn chorus from the reed-beds. TB
and VB stayed at a small hostel run by a women’s cooperative in a nearby village.

On 30 June we followed the rough track out of the village towards Mount
Varnous. Many Apatura ilia D.&S. were flying around the willows Salix sp. along

BUTTERFLIES AND DRAGONFLIES IN N. GREECE 123

the edge of a stream (altitude cl1000 m). Some males and females were settling on
the trunk of a willow and probing their probosces into cracks in the bark, perhaps to
find sap. Some fed with wings closed, others with their wings gently ‘pumping’.
Some males came down from the willow canopy to wet mud, but the females
generally tended to stay high up and we observed a female ilia laying eggs in the
canopy of a Salix tree. The butterfly settled on the top of a leaf before curving its
abdomen under the leaf to lay a single egg.

Other species along the stream included Agrodiaetus ripartii pelopi, C.
balcanica, Pyrgus sidae Esper, male Polyommatus eroides Frivaldsky and
Pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri Hemming. Here we met a Danish
entomologist, Arne Viborg, who was studying Apatura iris L. males that were
coming down from the trees to a muck heap. Arne had also seen Apatura metis
Freyer near Konitsa.

We followed a track steeply up through the tree-line and into sub-alpine pasture
at c1500 m. Here we found Erebia ottomana Herrich-Schaffer, another of our
“target” species. Both males (dark upper-side, silver-grey under-hind wings) and
females (paler upper-side, yellow-grey under-hind wings) were nectaring at
Scabiosa flowers. They obliged the photographers by opening their wings when
clouds passed over and later in the day (after 1800 hours), when it had become
cooler. Flying with the Erebia was a fine form of Boloria graeca Staudinger that
was bright orange with large black markings. These graeca were more like
specimens from Mount Veluchi (Timphristos) to the south, than the smaller and less
well marked race (f. balcanica Rebel) from Mount Falakron to the east. Also
present were a number of other higher altitude species including M. russiae japygia
(far more abundant here than in the meadows near Florina), Eumedonia eumedon
Esper, Coenonympha rhodopensis Elwes and C. leander. We saw no sign of Erebia
epiphron roosi Arnscheid & Sterba (which has been recorded from this area), but
were probably too early in the year.

We drove on until the track was too eroded to allow further passage and from
1800m enjoyed a fine view over steep sub-alpine pastures. A number of streams,
each edged by a diversity of colourful flowers and an associated butterfly fauna,
were running down the slopes. We climbed up the side of one and saw Erebia
medusa D. & S., Aricia artaxerxes allous Geyer, Hamearis lucina L. (a species that
Pamperis (1997) describes as always flying in woodland) and E. eumedon settling on
flowers that we provisionally identified as Geranium ?sylvaticum and Geranium
coccineum. B. graeca were also present at this altitude, along with a fine, freshly
emerged male Lycaena candens. As evening was coming and with it heavy storm
clouds, we started back down the bumpy road from the mountains.

The first of July found us heading south to Kastoria. We climbed up to the dry,
treeless hills (altitude 800-1000 m) north of Lake Kastoria and looking south could
see the town jutting out on a promontory into the lake. We searched unsuccessfully
for some time on the rusty red-brown slopes for Pseudochazara mniszechii tisiphone
Brown (Fig. 1), but eventually saw a male visiting a large thistle in a gully. Pamperis
(1997) photographs this species, but incorrectly names it as P. cingovskii Gross

124 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

(a species from the Republic of Macedonia, and currently not known from
Greece). See Tolman & Lewington (1997) for an accurate illustration of
cingovskii. Several P. anthelea amalthea Frivalsky were flying with the male
tisiphone and both species were so easily disturbed that they were very difficult to
photograph. The male tisiphone was particularly difficult to see once it left the
flower and settled on the ground. It would sit with its wings closed, pulling the
fore-wings down between the hind-wings (which were the same colour as the red-
brown rocks) and turning so that its wings cast the minimum of shadow. When we
disturbed it again, it would flit away and squeeze into small cracks in rocks or hide
in the shadow of stones.

Later that day and on 2 July, we explored sites along the mountainous road
between Kastoria and K6nitsa. At 1300 m we found female Maculinea alcon laying
white eggs singly on Gentiana cruciata, but the plants (which were not yet in flower)
were dotted all over with eggs on the upper leaves and flower buds. The females
were heavily suffused with grey-brown scales and the species at this locality would
be better described as alcon D. & S. than rebeli Hirschke. However, females seen by
AWD at Naoussa (altitude c1000 m) on 25-26 June, also laying eggs on G. cruciata
are more similar to the rebeli that fly in the Pyrenees, having bluer wings and more
prominent black maculinations. It appears that both forms (species?) of alcon may
occur in Greece and a detailed study is required to investigate this further, especially
as Tolman & Lewington (1997) record only rebeli (as a species distinct from alcon)
as present in Greece.

TB found a few worn Coenonympha leander orientalis Rebel in a grassy clearing
in pine trees. These usually tend to fly in April/May in NE Greece, so we were lucky
to see them, and their presence as adults confirmed our suspicion that it was a late
year. At a number of locations, K. climene was fairly common. During the hot parts
of the day they tended to remain in the foliage, but towards sunset they flew about
the foliage in a manner that was reminiscent of Maniola jurtina L. Like their relative
Kirinia roxelana Cramer, they tended to ‘contour’ the trees and shrubs, often flying
into the foliage, sometimes settling on branches. Three males were observed close
together on the branch of an oak sapling. They appeared to be feeding as their
probosces were extended, but there were no obvious sap runs.

One male flew directly into the foliage of an oak and then fell to the ground with
another climene. The male flew away leaving the other (which proved to be a very
worn female) among the leaf litter at the base of the tree. After about 1700 hours
even more males appeared, settling for extended periods in afternoon sunshine on
exposed leaves of the oaks, generally with wings closed. Occasionally they briefly
opened their wings. As the sun set, the climene moved from the shaded trees to still-
sunny patches on adjacent trees. No females were seen with the males, although a
few females were seen fluttering around the foliage some distance away across a
road. There was continual mutual disturbance between the male climene and
“aggressive” interactions between male climene and C. arcania.

After 1800 hours, the males became even more abundant and during most of the
day nearly all the females and most of the males must have been resting in the

BUTTERFLIES AND DRAGONFLIES IN N. GREECE 125

foliage. This may explain why we did not see climene at the known site near the
Prespa Lakes on a very hot day. Other interesting species included Pebejus pylaon
Frivaldsky and P. argyrognomon Bergstrasser.

Earlier in the day we had met a Hungarian entomologist, Tamas Hacz. He had just
found P. tisiphone flying with P. anthelea and Satyrus ferula Fabricius up and down
steep grey-coloured slopes by the roadside. He showed us the site. Our previous
experiences of tisiphone near Kastoria and (on a previous expedition) to the south of
Mount Smolikas, suggested that the species was only found where the ground colour
was predominantly red-brown (matching the underside colour of tisiphone’s wings).
The new site showed that this was not the case.

We explained to Tamas that we were planning to head east in search of Neptis
species. He seemed rather doubtful that we would find the species in Greece, even
though we had been given a reliable location. He suggested we go to Hungary,
where he said rivularis and sappho were common, even in urban areas and offered
help for a future expedition.

In the evening we went to KOnitsa and stayed the night at To Dhendro, a famous
haunt of entomologists. Iannis, the landlord, was in excellent form and we sampled
various (some unpleasant) wines and spirits into the early hours. Iannis told us that
he had been thrilled when the Belgian entomologist Jos Dils had telephoned him to
ask the correct spelling of his (Iannis’) surname. “Very good’, Iannis had thought,
“he’s going to send me a cheque”. Iannis did not know whether to be pleased or
disappointed when he learnt that there was no cheque forthcoming, but that Jos
intended to name a new species of fly after him!

On 3 July, we set off in two cars for a P. tisiphone site to the north-east of Mount
Smolikas. Between 1000-1200 m the species was far more common than at Kastoria,
but again flying with P. amalthea. In this locality, the rock colour was predominantly
grey. When settling on rocks, the tisiphone butterflies stood high on their legs,
keeping their bodies clear of the hot surface (Fig 1). The underside wing colour of
tisiphone specimens from this locality (where the predominant rock colour was grey)
appeared to be paler than the wing colour of specimens from areas where the rocks
were predominantly red-brown. The wings appeared paler because of a (slightly)
paler band in the under hind-wing post-discal area. This variation between sites may
be an example of natural selection in progress, with the specimens that best match
the local ground colour being less prone to predation. However, only short series of
specimens have been compared.

While AWD stayed to observe the tisiphone, VB and TB moved on to Vogatsik6
to look for T. balkanicus Freyer and Artogeia krueperi Staudinger. At this site, many
butterflies were present on wet mud by a water trough. Eventually a balkanicus was
seen flying over a rocky slope, occasionally settling on the ground or vegetation.
Two other males were photographed drinking on the wet mud. There was no sign of
krueperi.

News in England had lead us to believe that the Balkans were paralysed by civil
war. However, this did not appear to have prevented a Baikan Brass Band Festival
from taking place in Véria. VB and TB had trouble finding a room in Véria because

126 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

of the festival and TB is still awaiting the tape of Balkan Brass Band music that a
hotelier promised to send to him.

We re-met at a cafe in Drama (where the waitress was an international weight-
lifter who was “resting” after some bad advice from her trainer about performance
enhancing substances) on the evening of 4 July, and the next day took the road east
to a small village next to the River Nestos. We explored a site by the river (altitude
<200m) where VB and TB had found Zerynthia cerisy Godart laying eggs on
Aristolochia clematitis in June during a previous visit. We searched for metis and
sappho, but found neither. Golden orioles Oriolus oriolus were calling from the
Salix trees.

Plate D: Butterflies and dragonflies in northern Greece.

Fig. 1 Pseudochazara mniszechii tisiphone Brown (female), north-west Greece 3 July 1997

Fig. 2 Pseudochazara orestes De Prins & van der Poorten (male), north-east Greece 6 July 1997
Fig. 3. Epallagne fatime Charpentier (male), north-east Greece 6 July 1997

Fig. 4. Lysandra philippi Brown (?) (male), north-east Greece 9 July 1997

Photos: T. Benton

BUTTERFLIES AND DRAGONFLIES IN N. GREECE 127

In the baking heat, we took a minor road out of the village, in the hope of finding
Hipparchia syriaca Staudinger. Along the sides of the road were stacks of harvested
oak wood where the graylings were hiding. When disturbed, they shot away and we
had no chance of photographing any. Further on, the road lead us up (c 1500 m) into
vast tracts of beech Fagus woods on the border with Bulgaria. There were many
butterfly species including a new Frebia for the trip, euryale Esper, and very large
Cyaniris semiargus Rottemburg, but no sign of N. sappho or N. rivularis.

We explored Mount Falakron (north-west of Drama) on 6 July. Along a small
stream at c600 m, we found many Odonata including Calopteryx splendens Harris,
Platycnemis pennipes Pallas, Anax imperator Leach, Orthetrum brunneum
Fonscolombe and a fine species of damselfly, Epallage fatime Charpentier (Fig. 3).
This damselfly is similar to Calopteryx spp., and we saw several males, which had a
blue abdomen and clear wings with smoky black tips. They settled on twigs or
stream-edge vegetation and behaved rather like darter dragonflies when in pursuit of
insect prey.

Higher up the mountain (c1000m), where a track passed through light deciduous
woodland we photographed Hipparchia senthes Frustorfer and H. fagi Scopoli on
horse dung. At 1200m we came to a rough grassy area above the tree-line and at the
top of a sheer escarpment that fell away abruptly to the south. Here male and female
Pseudochazara orestes De Prins and van der Poorten were flying up the mountain
side on strong air currents. Nearby several were feeding at a Dianthus sp. and at a
taller, yellow-green scabious-like flower in a steeply sloping meadow. On the latter,
swaying in the wind, the orestes closed down their fore-wings between their hind-
wings. They also did this when resting on rocks. The underside of the hind-wings of
the orestes is pale grey with a broad white post-discal band. This made them difficult
to see when at rest on the grey rocks (Fig. 2). A few Elphinstonia penia Freyer
where flying up and down the sheer mountain side, and nectaring at flowers 1n the
rough pasture. Several Brenthis hecate D.&S. were also present in the area.

On 7 July, we explored sites along the road west from Drama towards Granitis.
Here Everes alcetas Hoffmansegg, Everes decoloratus Staudinger (identification
confirmed by male genitalia) and Cupido minimus Fuessly males were present with
many other lycaenids on wet mud. E. decoloratus was also frequently observed
nectaring at flowers of a tall yellow-petalled Trifolium sp. A few male Clossiana dia
L. were flying through the area.

We paid a brief visit to a nearby area, where VB and TB had seen E. penia laying
eggs on Mathiola tessela in June during a previous visit to northern Greece. We saw
only one penia moving rapidly through the heavily grazed area on this visit.

In the afternoon of 7 July, we explored Mount Falakr6n. We hoped to find the
population of Maculinea alcon that has been reported from this area, so that we
could compare it with the populations from Naoussa and from the Kastorid-K6nitsa
road sites. We searched around the village of Vdlokas, but did not see this species.
We followed the metalled road up to the ski-centre (c1700 m). On a steep, flowery
sub-alpine slope we saw a Pyrgus sp. female laying a single pale green egg on the
underside of a Potentilla sp. leaf. Coenonympha rhodopensis was flying with

128 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Boloria graeca (described above in comparison with specimens from Mount
Varnous) and a number of other high altitude species. We also searched for
Polyommatus andronicus Coutsis and Ghavalas, but found only second (or later)
brood P. icarus Rottemburg.

A second search for alcon near V6lokas on 8 July was again unsuccessful, but this
time we did find some large Polyommatus specimens flying with obvious second
brood P. icarus. We thought that these might be andronicus and so captured some
specimens for further study. However, comparison of our V6lokas specimens with
illustrations of andronicus made by John Coutsis (Coutsis & Ghavalas, 1995),
suggests that we had found only large second brood or late first brood icarus.

We took a rough track through Vélokas to a confluence between the River Nestos
and a tributary. It began to rain hard and we tried to follow a route shown on our
Greek Military map that did not exist on the ground. There is a large area to the
north-east of Mount Falakr6én that deserves more study in better weather.

On 9 July, we drove to the ski-centre on Mount Pangéon. We searched for
Agrodiaetus nephohiptamenos Brown in the sub-alpine pasture (1700-1900 m), but
were probably too early for this species. A blue female lycaenid was settling and
possibly ovipositing on Hippocrepis sp. We thought this was Lysandra philippi
Brown. Next we saw a bright blue male, which we assumed was a male philippi.
This was flying with a darker blue male Lysandra bellargus Rottemburg. We
photographed (Fig. 4) and captured the male butterfly that we assumed to be
philippi, and later compared it with photographs of philippi taken by Bernard
Watts, and those in Pamperis (1997). Our specimen was brighter blue than philippi,
and we suspect it may have been a philippi x bellargus hybrid. However, the
genitalia appeared to be identical to those illustrated for philippi by John Coutsis
(Brown & Coutsis, 1978). Almost four weeks after our visit, Bernard Watts visited
the site in early August and found “real” L. phillipi only just beginning to emerge.
Clearly more research on the relationships among this group of butterflies is
needed.

We parted company at the base of Mount Pangéon; VB and TB heading back to
England via Thessaloniki, and AWD to north-east Turkey via Istanbul.

Acknowledgements
We thank Bernard Watts, John G. Coutsis, Michael Chinery, David and Sheila
Howell, Andrew Hinitt, Jos Dils, Horst Arheilger, Alain Olivier and Dr C. J.
Luckens for advice and information. We thank The Greek Ministry of Agriculture
for Research Licence no. 61166/83.
References
Brown, J. & Coutsis J.G., 1978. Two newly discovered lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera:
Lycaenidae) from Greece, with notes on allied species. Entomologist’ s Gaz. 29: 201-213.
Coutsis, J.G. & Ghavalas, N., 1995. Notes on Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) in Greece
and the description of a new Polyommatus Latreille, 1804 from northern Greece (Lepidoptera:
Lycaenidae). Phegea 23: 145-156.
Pamperis, N., 1997. The Butterflies of Greece. Athens.
Tolman, T. & Lewington, R., 1997. Butterflies of Britain and Europe. London.

MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON 1?

THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON: 1955-1997

J.V. DACIE
10 Alan Road, Wimbledon, London SW19 7PT.

DURING 1962, in this journal, I listed the 300 species of macro-moths that I noted
since 1955 when I first started running a mercury-vapour moth trap in the garden of
my house, situated in a residential area of Wimbledon on high ground near the top of
Wimbledon Hill, about half-a-mile from Wimbledon Common. There are many large
gardens between our house and the Common, and many long-established trees. With
few exceptions, which were individually noted, all the species recorded had been
attracted to the trap.

In 1971 and 1978 I listed, also in this journal, 32 and 18 additional species,
respectively, that had been caught, making a total of 350 species noted between 1955
and 1977. Since 1977, 51 additional species have been caught, bringing the total
number of species recorded between 1955 and 1997 up to 401.

It has been interesting to compare the more recent fauna, ie., species noted in the
1970s and later, with those present in the two preceding decades. For instance, 25
species apparently resident in the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s, of which more than
one specimen had been caught, have not been noted subsequently. Conversely, 37
species, of which more than one specimen had been caught, had not been seen prior
to the 1970s. The majority of species have, however, been noted in greater or lesser
numbers throughout the whole 42 years the trap has been run, ie. are residents or
more common migrants. In complete contrast, as many as 39 species have been
represented by single specimens only; some at least of these are well-known
migrants.

Three separate lists are appended: Table 1: apparently resident species recorded
between 1955 and 1975, but not seen subsequently; Table 2: species recorded for the
first time between 1970 and 1997; and Table 3: species of which single specimens
only have been caught. The code numbers are those used by Plant (1993) in his work
Larger Moths of the London Area.

Table 1. Species recorded between 1955 and 1975 but not caught subsequently.

The dates recorded are the last dates of capture of species of which more than one specimen had
been noted.

GEOMETRIDAE LYMANTRIIDAE
1720 Orthonama obstipata (Fabr.) 14.viii.69 2031 Leucoma salicis (Linn.) 3.vii.60
1 ») 30:v1.
Be ee eae OO

A oe, 2102 Ochropleura plecta (Linn.) 2.vi.58
SPHINGIDAE 2114 Graphiphora augur (Fabr.) 26.vi.65
1976 Sphinx ligustri (Linn.) 26.vii.56 2122 Diarsia brunnea (D.&S.) 6.v11.67

2136 Naenia typica (Linn.) 12.vii.64

NOTODONTIDAE 2139 Cerastis rubricosa (D.&S.) 23.iv.63

1995 Cerura vinula (Linn.) 25.vii.59 2159 Lacanobia suasa (D.&S.) 26.viii.71

130 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

2184 Orthosia opima (Hb.) 24.iv.60 2364 Gortyna flavago (D.&S.) 9.ix.60
2186 O. gracilis (D.&S.) 10.viii.60 2368 Celaena leucostigma (Hb.) 13.vili.69
2211 Cucullia absinthii (Linn.) 9.viii.72 2422 Pseudoips prasinana (L.) britannica
2301 Dypterygia scabriuscula (Linn.) 3.vii.60 (Warren) (=fagana (Fabr.)) 3.vi.59
2316 Cosmia affinis (Linn.) 21.vii.59 2449 Abrostola triplasia (L.) (=trigemina
2317 C. diffinis (Linn.) 11.viii.75 (Werneb.)) 22.v.61

2326 Apamea crenata (Hufn.) 29.vi.63 2466 Lygephila pastinum (Treit.) 8.vii.66

2358 Amphipoea fucosa (Freyer) ssp. paludis
(Tutt) 5.vili.68

Table 2. Species recorded between 1970 and 1997, not caught previously.

The dates recorded are the last dates of capture of species of which more than one specimen had
been noted.

DREPANIDAE LYMANTRITDAE

1647 Watsonalla cultraria (Fabr.) 3.viii.82 2029 Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Linn.) 2.viii.75
THY ATIRIDAE 2033 Lymantria monacha (Linn.) 26.v11.96
1658 Cymatophorima diluta (D.&S.) 19.1x.82 ARCTIIDAE

GEOMETRIDAE 2035 Heoappetton SELES ile) Feel

1690 Scopula imitaria (Hb).8.vii 83 2050 Eilema lurideola (Zinck.) 25.vii.79
1699 Idaea rusticata (D.&S.) 28.vii.75 NOCTUIDAE

1708 J. dimidiata (Hufn.) 25.vii.74 2112 Noctua interjecta (Hb.) 14.viii.71
1758 Eulithis pyraliata (D.&S.) 4.vi1.95 2170 Hadena compta (D.&S.) 28.vi.79
1769 Thera britannica (Turn.) 1.vi.86 2240 Lithophane leautieri (Boisd.) 28.x.77
1811 Eupithecia tenuiata (Hb.) 12.vii.76 2252 Polymixis flavicinta (D.&S.) 29.1x.80
1828 E. satyrata (Hb.) 29.vii.74 2256 Eupsilia transversa (Hufn.) 3.x.76
1842 E. simpliciata (Haw.) 14.vii.72 2259 Conistra ligula (Esp.) 25.x.79

1844 E. indigata (Hb.) 16.v.82 2264 Agrochola macilenta (Hb.) 22.x.72
1857 E. tantillaria (Boisd.) 12.vi.77 2265 A. helvola (Linn.) 13.x.80

1859 Chloroclytis chloerata (Mab.) 12.v.74 2276 Xanthia ocellaris (Borkh.) 2.x.78
1864 Chesias legatella (D.&S.) 6.x.79 2335 Apamea scolopacina (Esp.) 28.vii.83
1889 Macaria notata (Linn.) 19.vi1i.93 2379 Coenobia rufa (Haw.) 2.viii.94

1925 Apocheima hispidaria (D.&S.) 9.11.78 2403 Heliothis peltigera (D.&S.) 7.vi1.94
1957 Lomographa bimaculata (Fabr.) 17.vi.84 2423 Nycteola revayana (Scop.) 19.viii.76
SPHINGIDAE 2473 Laspeyria flexula (D.&S.) 11.vii.86

1978 Hyloicus pinastri (Linn.) 12.vii.70

NOTODONTIDAE
1997 Furcula furcula (Cl.) 5.viii.71

Table 3. Species of which only one specimen has been caught: 1955-1997.
The dates recorded are the dates of capture of the species.

HEPIALIDAE GEOMETRIDAE
18 Hepialis fusconebulosa (DeG.) 6.vi.60 1674 Iodis lactearia (Linn.) 6.vii.57
1678 Cyclophora puppillaria (Hb.) 16.x.59
LASIOCAMPIDAE 1681 C. linearia (Hb.) 7.vi.55
1631 Poecilocampa populi (Linn.) 18.x1.94 1721 Xanthohoe biriviata (Borkh.) 8.vi1.89

MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON

1745 Larentia clavaria (Haw.) 13.x.84
1752 Cosmorhoe ocellata (Linn.) 22.viii.78
1755 Eulithis testata (Linn.) 7.viii.81

131

ARCTITIDAE
2037 Millochrista miniata (Forst.) 13.vii.84
2040 Cybosia mesomella (Linn.) 30.vi.68

1758 E. pyraliata (D.&S.) 4.vii.95

1765 Cidaria fulvata (Forst.) 24.v1.71

1776 Colostygia pectinaria (Knoch) 29.viii.85
1804 Perizoma bifaciata (Crewe) 30.viii.77
1807 P. albulata (D.&S.) 5.vii.82

1855 Eupithecia phoeniciata (Ramb.) 15.1x.77
1874 Euchoeca nebulata (Scop.) 12.v1.89
1875 Asthena albulata (Hufn.) 17.v.89

1881 Trichopteryx carpinata (Borkh.) 10.v.89
1885 Abraxas sylvata (Scop.) 20.vii.96

1888 Ligdia adustata (D.&S.) 19.viii.94

1896 Semithisa brunneata (Thumb.) 25.vi.60
1903 Plagodis pulveraria (Linn.) 4.vi.82

1910 Apeira syringaria (Linn.) 2.vi.59

1919 Selenia tetralunaria (Hufn.) 20.vii.87
1950 Parectropis similaria (Hufn.) 29.v.89

NOCTUIDAE

2149 Polia trimaculosa (Esp.) 26.vi.73

2153 Heliophobus reticulata (Goeze) 27.v1.59
2183 Orthosia miniosa (D.&S.) 24.1v.94

2197 Mythimna straminea (Treit.) 21.viti.77
2203 M. unipuncta (Haw.) 1.x.85

2235 Lithophane semibrunnea (Haw.) 13.iv.79
2248 Dryobotodes eremita (Fabr.) 26.1x.83
2391 Chilodes maritimus (Tausch.) 19.vili.76
2400 Heliothis armigera (Hb.) 22.x.88

2418 Earias clorana (Linn.) 4.vii.59

2475 Parascotia fuliginosa (Linn.) 9.vi1.91
2476 Hypena crassalis (Fabr.) 27.vii.85

References
Dacie, J.V., 1962. The moths of Wimbledon. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 74: 109-117.

— , 1971. The moths of Wimbledon: further captures 1962-1970. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 83:
204-206.

— , 1978. The moths of Wimbledon: further records 1971-1977. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 90:
231-232.

Plant. C.W., 1993. Larger Moths of the London Area. LNHS.

Range expansion in the Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae)

In Britain, the northern limit of the Ringlet’s distribution is correlated with the 14°C
July isotherm. The species is absent from areas over 300m in the north of its range
but also from large areas of lowland central Scotland and northern England where it
formerly occurred in the past.

When I moved to North East Fife in 1978 I was struck by the apparent contrast in
the ranges of Meadow Brown and Ringlet. The former species was common and
widespread over the whole of Fife, while the Ringlet, although common and
numerous in localities in North East Fife District, appeared to be entirely absent
from Kirkcaldy and Dunfermline Districts. This pattern of distribution was
confirmed by Thomson (1980, The Butterflies of Scotland: A Natural History). |
began mapping butterflies by 1km squares in 1979 and encouraged other naturalists
working in the area to send me their records. By 1982 local mapping confirmed the
Ringlet in OS grid squares NO 10, NO 11, NO 21, NO 22, NO 30, NO 31, NO 32,
NO 41, NO 42, NO 51 and NO 52. Ringlet were apparently widespread north of a
line extending east by north-east from Tarhill, in Kinross, on the northern shore of

132 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Loch Leven (where a small population was known to John Clayton) to Cults Farm,
south of Cupar, across to Buddo Ness, some 4km to the east of St. Andrews.

This distribution, which is shown in Heath, Pollard & Thomas, 1984 (Atlas of
Butterflies in Britain and Ireland), cannot be explained either by habitat distribution
or on topographical grounds. Although Loch Leven, the Lomond Hills, which rise to
400m, and the line of lower hills extending eastwards offer some physical barrier to
Ringlet dispersing southwards, there are no such barriers to the south and south-east
of St. Andrews.

By 1983 I had got used to the notion of Ringlet being inexplicably restricted to the
north of the county and was, therefore, surprised to find a single butterfly on a field
edge adjacent to the B.941 road (NO 490044) near Balcarres in July of that year,
some 8km beyond the Ringlet’s “southern limit”. This sighting was also the first
record from NO 40 and was followed by another report by Simon Leach from
Gilston on 16 August. In the same year Bill Melrose mapped Ringlet in a number of
lkm squares to the south of Cults Hill, Jim Glover noted small number on the east
shoulder of the East Lomond for the first time, and John Clayton found Ringlet in
two new squares by Loch Leven.

In 1984 Jim Glover found that Ringlet had spread to just north of Glenrothes in 13
new contiguous 1km squares; there were reports from nine additional 1km squares in
NO 40, and a first report from NO 50. 1985 saw Ringlet on the south coast of the
East Neuk for the first time this century: Roger Banks recorded one at Crail (first for
NO 60); Anne-Marie and Chris Smout reported Ringlet from Anstruther and
Kincraig Head, near Elie (first for NT49). In 1986 John Clayton found Ringlet by
Portmoak on the south-east side of Loch Leven and the first records from
Dumfermline District came with sightings near Kelty NT 19 and Blairhall NT 08. By
the time butterflies records up to 1992 for Fife were published (Smout & Kinnear,
1993 The Butterflies of Fife: A provisional atlas. Fife Regional Council) there were
new records from the outskirts of Kirkcaldy NT 39, but still less than a dozen
sightings of Ringlet for the whole of southern Fife.

In the past six years Ringlet range has continued to expand and this species has
now been recorded from every 10km square in Fife except NT 28 and the Forth
islands. Similar expansion of range appears to be taking place in the Lothians.

The absence of Ringlet from urban and industrial Britain has been noted since the
last century. However, as Heath et al. (1984) have pointed out, although Ringlet
distribution is similar to that of lichens affected by sulphur dioxide, there is “no
evidence of susceptibility to sulphur dioxide or other pollutants”. A few years ago I
was discussing air pollution and its link with Ringlet distribution in Fife with Ben
Jack, who farms in the Lomond Hills. He remarked that farmers were now having to
apply sulphur to compensate for the drop in air borne deposits. These compounds
will also typically kill off rusts and fungi. Could it be that these rusts and fungi
occurring on grasses provide essential nutrients for the development of Ringlet
larvae? Steve Wallace of the Scottish Agricultural College has advised me that
sulphur compounds are typically applied to cereal crops to control mildew at two to
10 kg/ha, and 10 to 30 kg/ha on brassicas such as oil seed rape in February/March.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 133

Sulphur compounds such as ammonium sulphate are also being increasingly applied
as a fertiliser in the early summer on grasslands cut for silage. Ringlet larvae would
therefore be exposed to such treated areas throughout their development, which
might explain why Ringlet are so rarely seen on improved grasslands. Until recently
south Fife has been downwind of heavy industries and coal-burning generating
plants which have produced considerable airborne sulphur pollutants. Has the higher
ground of the Lomonds and Cult ridge been sufficient to restrict air borne drift into
the north of the county and enabled the Ringlet to survive there? At any rate the
rapid spread of Ringlet back to the south of Fife over the past 15 years is correlated
with a decrease in heavy industrial activity upwind and the need for farmers in the
east of Scotland to apply sulphur compounds to crops.

The apparent connection of Ringlet distribution and the possible effects of
sulphur products on its larval food plants is a subject which warrants further
investigation by laboratory studies.— P.K. KINNEAR, 20 East Queen Street,
Newport-on-Tay, Fife DD6 8AY.

Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi) (Col.: Coccinellidae) from malaise traps in
Northamptonshire, Norfolk and Hampshire

A single specimen of this distinctive small ladybird was taken by RCW between 5
and 8 August 1995 in a malaise trap in the wooded part of a rural garden at
Hemington, Northamptonshire (OS grid reference TL 091852). Three further
specimens have recently been identified among malaise trap samples collected by
staff of the Entomology Branch of Forest Research (Forestry Commission) Alice
Holt, between 14 and 28 June 1995, as part of their national Biodiversity Research
Programme. Two were from a pre-thicket Scots pine plantation at Lynford, Thetford
Forest, Norfolk (TL 833901), and the other from mature Scots pine in Denny Lodge
Inclosure, New Forest, Hampshire (SU 341038).

Hyman & Parsons (1992. Review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of
Great Britain. Part 1. UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough) list
Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi) as an RDB1, Endangered, species “recorded from
Surrey, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, East Suffolk and Leicestershire before 1970 and
from Oxfordshire and East Suffolk from 1970 onwards”. At the time he wrote his
New Naturalist monograph (1994. Ladybirds. Harper Collins), Michael Majerus was
unaware of any additional recent records for this species, but in October 1993 LS.
Menzies (1994, Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. 7: 172) had exhibited two specimens collected
during 1993 from Bookham Common, Surrey (TQ 1255). One was beaten from
holly beneath oak on 29 February, and the other was beaten from ivy on an oak trunk
on 14 August. He also reported that Dr R.G. Booth had taken single examples at the
same locality on 7 March 1992 and 6 March 1993. According to Majerus (1994,
op.cit.) Clitostethus arcuatus may be associated with ivy on deciduous and
coniferous trees where it feeds on the eggs of whitefly. D.B. Shirt (1987, British Red
Data Book 2 Insects. NCC) reports how N.J. Mills found a breeding colony of
Clitostethus in Oxford during 1979 and 1980 (but not 1981) on a bush of Viburnum
tinus infested with whitefly.

134 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

As its name implies, the horseshoe-shaped, creamy-yellow mark on the elytra is
characteristic of this species, although coloration of the rest of the elytra and
pronotum appears to show considerable variation. The ground colour may range
from black to a chestnut-brown and a second, less distinct, arc is variably developed
posterior and lateral to the main arc. The centre of the pronotum may be black with
lateral margins yellow, or the black may be restricted to the hind margin and a few
central spots. The head is dark with legs and antennae yellow. The whole body,
particularly the elytra, is covered with a short, fine, dense pubescence.— R. COLIN
WELCH, The Mathom House, Hemington, Peterborough PE8 6QJ & MartTIN R.
JUKES, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH.

Update of early emergences of moths at Selborne

I have written before of the tendency towards early emergences of moths at Selborne
in 1992-94 (Aston, Ent. Rec. 106: 116; 107: 4; 107: 191; 110: 54 and 110: 189). This
table now permits comparison with my earliest records of spring species in 1995-
1997. The m.v. light was run on just over 320 nights during each year of the survey.
In a few cases, the first spring specimen was observed during the preceding
December: for example, the first Apocheima pilosaria of 1996 is taken to be that
seen on 12 December 1995. In eight of these species, earliness for this site is either
maintained or increased.

1960 Theria primaria (Haw.) 18 Jan 1995 9 Jan 1994
2243 Xylocampa areola (Esper) 19 Jan 1996 2 Mar 1992
1934 Agriopis marginaria (Fabr.) Reba 995 10 Feb 1994 Feb-May

— ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake’s Cottage, Selborne, Hampshire GU34 3JH.

STICTOPLEURUS PUNCTATONERVOSUS 135

STICTOPLEURUS PUNCTATONERVOSUS (GOEZE, 1778)
(HEM.: RHOPALIDAE) REDISCOVERED IN BRITAIN
AND NEW TO ESSEX

J.P. BOWDREY
Colchester Museums, 14, Ryegate Road, Colchester COL LYG.

WHILST VACUUM-SAMPLING for invertebrates at the Moors, Colchester (OS grid
reference TM 0124) with Nigel Cuming on 17.vii.1997 an unfamiliar heteropteran was
taken on dry, sparsely vegetated ground near to the River Colne. On the 23.1x.1997 a
second example was aspirated from bare, sandy ground at West Bergholt Heath, West
Bergholt, Essex (TL 9527). Both sites are in Vice-County 19 — North Essex.

The specimens were clearly Rhopalids and that from West Bergholt was duly sent
to the Essex Heteroptera Recorder, Peter Kirby, for his opinion. He determined it as
Stictopleurus punctatonervosus (Goeze), apparently the first example of this species
to be found in Britain since 1870. A third example was takenat West Mersea (TM
0012) on 30.vi1.1998.

Species of the genus Stictopleurus are rarely encountered in Britain, there being
authenticated British specimens of S. punctatonervosus with data, from Charlwood,
Surrey (1860, 1869, 1870) and Holm Bush, Sussex (1869) which were examined by
Dolling (1978), who also cited records from Kent and Essex (Massee, 1955) which
were not supported by specimens. The Essex record, however, was based on a
misidentification of Rhopalus subrufus collected near Chelmsford in June 1950 by
J.H. Flint (Kirby, 1997). It would appear, therefore, that the two 1997 specimens are
the first for Essex and the first British examples for over 120 years.

Both of the new Essex sites are dry and sparsely vegetated. The Moors is an area
beside the River Colne which has been used in the past for the dumping of industrial
waste, including large quantities of casting sand, whilst West Bergholt Heath is a
remnant of a formerly more extensive tract of heathland.

The appearance of S. punctatonervosus for the first time at two sites within four
miles of one another, in the same year, is difficult to explain other than by
immigration from the Continent or from an as yet undiscovered population
elsewhere in Britain. It is interesting to note that a second species of Stictopleurus, S.
abutilon, has established breeding populations in the south of England in recent
years and was recorded as new to Essex in 1996 (Kirby, op. cit.).

The author would be interested to hear of any other recent records of Stictopleurus
species in Britain.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Peter Kirby for identifying S. punctatonervosus and
for helpful comments and Nigel Cuming and Colchester Natural History Society for
the use of the vacuum sampler.

References
Dolling, W.R., 1978. The British species of Stictopleurus Stal (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae).
Entomologist’ s Gazette 29: 261-263.

136 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Kirby, P., 1992. A review of the scarce and threatened Hemiptera of Great Britain. UK Nature
Conservation, number 2. JNCC: Peterborough.

— , 1997. Essex Heteroptera report for 1996. Essex Naturalist 14 (New Series): 18-20.

Massee, A.M., 1955. The county distribution of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Second
edition. Entomologist’ s Monthly Magazine 91: 7-27.

The 1998 season in my Cambridge garden

The year started with the sighting of a Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni (L.) on 3 April
and was followed by regular sightings of Orange-tips Anthocharis cardamines (L.)
until the end of May. This species breeds regularly in the garden and caterpillars
were again noticed this year. From mid-May onwards until mid-September both the
smaller whites (Pieris rapae (L.) and P. napi (L.)) were common, in that at any time
of day several were usually present in the garden, with P. napi out-numbering P.
rapae by about 5 to | in the early broods, but by late summer they were in equal
numbers. The Large White P. brassicae (L.) also occurred in small numbers;
certainly more numerous than in the past few years but nothing like so common as
the smaller Pieris species.

The Holly Blues Celastrina argiolus (L.) had an excellent season, not only being
plentiful in both first and second broods, but a third brood example was noted on 14
October.

At the beginning of September a Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta (L.) took
possession of my garden, basing itself by the pear tree and several times when I was
near this tree I was “buzzed” as I had clearly invaded its territory. From time to time it
was seen patrolling or sunning itself either up at the house or on the fence or shed at
the bottom of the garden and its territory clearly also took in the neighbour’s garden on
one side. It was seen several times in October feeding on the orange globe buddleia
Buddleja globosa which had decided to have a second flowering of the season and was
last seen on 11 November when it spent about 30 minutes sunning itself on the shed.

At the bottom of the garden there is a 40 or 50 year old Christmas tree Picea
abies, now taller than the house and in September either from it, or aphids feeding
on it (possibly an Adelges species), was dropping a rain of sticky substance onto the
mixed vegetation below which became sticky and dirty, including the ivy which
envelopes the trunk and is halfway up it. From early September onwards, from dawn
to dusk, dull, rain or sunny, warm or cold, there were large numbers of wasps (which
I identified from three specimens as Vespula germanica (L.) enjoying collecting up
this largesse and when it was warmer and sunnier they were joined by a number of
Diptera (blowflies and houseflies). The autumn moths did not have a chance to enjoy
the ivy blossom as it too was swarming with the wasps. When this blossom was
exhausted towards the end of October they turned their attention to the other ivy
blossom which was out near the house end of the garden and had come later into
flower. The wasp nest was not located, but was not in my garden although shavings
from my shed had clearly been used in its construction as wasps had earlier been
seen in flagrante rasping at the wood and all the little scrapes they made are very

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 137

obvious and fresh ones have continued to appear year after year. The autumn wasps
came as rather a surprise as they had rarely been seen before September and had
been absent from their usual presence on the fennel Foeniculum vulgare blossom or
the fruit trees. Taking advantage of the ready supply of wasps was a large Araneus
diadematus Clerck spider which had spun its web on the ivy and was fattening itself
up for the winter.

Conspicuous by their scarcity this year were the Vanessids, the Buddleja davidii
and B. globosa blossoms, both in my garden and nearby, being bereft of all but the
occasional Peacock /nachis io (L.), Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae (L.), Painted
Lady Cynthia cardui (L.) or Red Admiral, although they were frequented by all three
Pieris species and also two or three Meadow Browns Maniola jurtina (L.) which I
have noticed in the garden in previous years. It would probably be much commoner
if our local council did not consider it should keep all verges and open spaces as
smooth as the baize on a snooker table. A Comma Polygonia c-album (L.) was seen
sunning itself on the fence on 3 May and a second on 10 October. Silver Y moths
Autographa gamma (L.) were as scarce as the Vanessids but a single Clouded
Yellow Colias croceus (Geoffroy) was noted flying a few hundred yards outside the
garden in August.

Also virtually absent this year have been aphids, ladybirds and syrphid flies. These
latter have in previous years occurred in large numbers on both the golden rod
Solidago canadensis and the fennel blossoms. In contrast, however, it has been a good
year for leaf-cutting bees (un-identified) which paid particular attention to the Buddleja
and which several friends and neighbours also complained of and sought my advice on
the problem.— BRIAN O.C. GARDINER, 2 Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AL.

Further observations on predation of hibernating Aglais urticae

(Lep.: Nymphalidae) by a Wren

Roy Leverton’s note (Ent. Rec. 110: 294) on Wren predation of Small Tortoiseshell
butterfly Aglais urticae, reminded me of a regular sequence of such predation that I
used to observe. For many years I had an old wooden unheated animal shed which
had large ventilation slats at regular intervals along each side. The local Wren used
to come and go at will through these slats and in fact often roosted overnight in the
shed. Every winter a group of eight to fifteen A. urticae would gather to hibernate on
the underside of the roof at one end of the shed, presumably gaining access through
the same ventilation slats. They would remain there unharmed throughout most of
the winter. Then, during the hardest frosts of late February, they would all be
consumed in a single day — only the brightly coloured wings remained scattered on
the floor. Concealment behind thick mats of cobwebs was no protection; all were
found. Only a few solitary individuals that had hibernated well away from the main
group were sometimes overlooked and survived. Maybe I am being
anthropomorphic but I am convinced that the Wren knew the butterflies were there
and purposely kept them in storage for lean times.— K.P. BLAND, National Museums
of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF.

138 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Daldinia concentrica Ces. & de Not. as a foodplant of Apomyelois bistriatella
(Hulst) ssp. subcognata Rag. (Lep.:Pyralidae)

Bob Heckford’s note (Ent.Rec. 110: 82-83) describes his experiences with
A.bistriatella subcognata (=neophanes Durrant), which he bred from Daldinia
growing on burnt gorse. This is consistent with the life history descriptions found
in the literature — although it has to be said that few of these refer to first hand
observations.

Virtually all published material refers to the fungus as Daldinia concentrica, in
all probability because it is the most obviously recognisable species of this
Ascomycete, a taxonomically difficult group. Heckford draws our attention to the
fact that the species on burnt gorse (and probably other burnt substrates) is the
smaller Daldinia vernicosa (Schw.) Ces. & de Not., with D. concentrica being
restricted to unburned hosts. He further suggests that the larva of A.bistriatella is
restricted to burnt hosts, and by implication to Daldinia vernicosa. The literature,
and my own experience would suggest that the moth has a wider habitat and host
range.

Meyrick (1928. A revised handbook of British Lepidoptera. London.) seems to
have been the first to have established the link, describing a putative larva as
“... feeding ... on globular black fungus growing on the stems of Ulex ...”; Stan
Wakely (1935. Entomologist 68:137-138), tracked down a specimen bred in 1917
from Daldinia, but “... definitely not growing on Ulex ...”.

In Denmark, the moth is found in boggy heathland, and has been bred from
Daldinia tuburosa (Palm, 1986. Nordeuropas Pyralider. Danmarks dyreliv Bind 2.
Kobenhavn). Emmet (1988. A field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera) cites
“Daldinia concentrica growing on dead birch, less often on gorse or other plants,
especially on burnt stems.” The author has taken the moth a number of times at light
near Orpington, on chalk. The light trap is some miles distant from any heathland
habitat, although Daldinia does occur on the odd ash tree locally.

I have bred A.bistriatella from Daldinia concentrica growing on dead birch on
a number of occasions. The habitat is relict acid heathland with heather, gorse and
mature stands of birch. Serious fires are rare, and burnt gorse is difficult to find.
The birch woodland contains many dead and dying specimens and Daldinia
concentrica appears to be a secondary coloniser of birch killed by Polyporus
fungi, and larvae have been found in Daldinia growing on erect trunks that have
broken two to three meters from the ground. Larvae in this location are very
scarce, and in some years it has not been possible to locate a single specimen.
There are, however, plenty of beetles as compensation, and I have bred Biphyllus
lunatus Fab., Malachius bipustulatus L., and Synchita humeralis Fab. as “by-
products”!

There seems to be no doubt that this moth feeds on more than one species of
Daldinia, and in different habitats, even if the majority of records come from
burnt wood.— PAUL SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent
BR6 6DS.

BUSH CRICKETS AND THE BURREN 139

BUSH CRICKETS AND THE BURREN, WITH FIRST RECORDS OF
PHOLIDOPTERA GRISEOAPTERA (DE GEER)
(ORTH.: TETTIGONIIDAE)

MARTIN C.D. SPEIGHT
Research Branch, National Parks & Wildlife, 51 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2.

WHETHER in Ireland on holiday or for other purposes, visiting entomologists
almost inevitably manage a few days in the karstic limestone massif of the Burren
(Co. Clare). Perhaps they would not consider an encounter with a common and
widespread European bush cricket there to be of any note, but, in reality, until now
there are no records of any tettigoniid from the Burren.

Ireland’s fauna of long-horned grasshoppers and bush crickets is curiously limited.
Until the 1970s the only species known from Ireland were two oak woodland
species, Leptophyes punctatissima (Bosc) and Meconema thalassinum (De Geer).
Then an isolated colony of Metrioptera roeselii (Hagenbach) was discovered, beside
a coast road in Waterford, in the south-east of the island (Anderson, 1977). This was
followed by the recording of a single population of Pholidoptera griseoaptera, from
thick bramble scrub in the same part of the country (O’Connor and O’Connor,
1985). A clearly introduced, live individual of Tettigonia viridissima (L.) was then
recorded from a camp-site in Co. Cork (Good and Cullinane, 1990). Finally,
Conocephalus dorsalis (Latreille) was added, also apparently from a site somewhere
in Co. Cork (Haes and Harding, 1997), though precise details of this last record do
not seem to have been published anywhere. Apart from the discovery of a second
colony of P. griseoaptera, this time in Co. Cork, there have been no additional
sightings of these latter four species in Ireland.

During late spring of 1998 I swept nymphs of Pholidoptera griseoaptera from a
steep, south-west-facing slope of patchily-vegetated limestone pavement dotted with
small bushes of Corylus, at about 50m altitude on the northern edge of the Burren.
Subsequent visits established that the colony extended over a piece of ground no
more than c.250 metres long by 30 metres wide. The insects were absurdly easy to
find and capture, at all stages of their development — the propensity of this species to
dive into impenetrable cover, like bramble, is redundant in this type of vegetation,
because there is nowhere to hide.

Having visited many parts of the Burren previously, I was disconcerted to
encounter P. griseoaptera there for the first time in 1998, particularly since
relocating it at that locality subsequently proved to be so easy — on no occasion was I
unable to find it again, whether I visited the site in the morning, mid-day or evening,
in sunshine or overcast conditions. Indeed, this particular site I am quite familiar
with, having visited it on a number of occasions in the past because of its general
syrphid interest — its syrphid fauna includes Cheilosia ahenea (von Roser), Microdon
mutabilis(L.) and Paragus constrictus Simic, present there in good numbers. If one
were to set out to look for P. griseoaptera in the Burren, I doubt one would start by
investigating this particular locality, because it is, despite its low altitude, rather coo
l- a significant proportion of the ground cover is Dryas mats and Calluna, and the

140 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Dryas continues to flower there long after it has finished seeding over much of the
Burren. Putting these various thoughts together with the reality that the site is within
100m of a road left me inclined to believe that someone had introduced P.
griseoaptera there. This opinion was reinforced when I later had opportunity to
search a range of locations scattered round the Burren in mid-July, looking
specifically for Pholidoptera. During this entirely fruitless search I tried to visit as
many localities as possible with a similar mix of vegetation and bare pavement, at
more-or-less the same altitude as the P. griseoaptera colony.

There are thousands of hectares of patchy Corylus scrub intermixed with bare
limestone pavement on the Burren, so comprehensive search of the massif for P.
griseoaptera colonies is logistically out of the question. Nonetheless, it would seem
possible, working from first principles, to identify the sorts of site in which its
occurrence might be most likely. Similarly, given the fact that the predominant
vegetation cover of the Burren is largely uninterrupted over vast surfaces and has
supposedly been in place for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, it would seem
reasonable to conclude that Pholidoptera, if found at one location in the Burren,
would quickly prove to be widely distributed there. In other words, if any present-day
landscape were to be “permeable” to the species inhabiting it, the Burren would be.

Towards the end of August I had an unexpected, additional visit to the Burren, for
the purpose of showing sites of interest to some visiting French and Swiss scientists.
One member of the party hurt his ankle, forcing a shorter, more direct return to the
cars than had been intended, over ground not previously visited. We were suddenly
in the midst of a vast colony of P. griseoaptera, which proved to stretch for more
than a kilometre over more-or-less flat, south-east facing terrain, at a significantly
higher altitude (c. 200m) than the other P. griseoaptera colony.

The two locations now known for P. griseoaptera in the Burren are not far from
one another, being separated by no more than 3km. The second, larger colony, is
nearly 1km from any existing road. If these colonies result from introduction by
man, this presumably happened long ago, considering the large size of the second
colony.

Having tried, unsuccessfully, to find Pholidoptera at various locations in the
Burren, I was inclined to the view that the species is not widely distributed there. But
its discovery at a second site suggests it could occur in discrete, widely separated
colonies at up to 200m. Whether or not that proves to be the case, there are other
implications to Pholidoptera remaining undetected in the Burren until now. P.
griseoaptera 1s a large insect and, at least in the Burren, it is not difficult to detect
when present. The Orthoptera are not much studied in Ireland — there are insufficient
species to make specialising in Orthoptera a particularly rewarding pastime.
Localised populations of other unrecorded orthopteran species could thus likewise
remain so far undetected. But visiting entomologists could easily dismiss such
populations as unworthy of note, being unaware of the limited number of species
recorded in Ireland and the low numbers of records of those that are known. It is my
hope that this salutary tale might encourage such visitors to keep an eye open for
Orthoptera during their peregrinations in Ireland and to ensure that records they

BUSH CRICKETS AND THE BURREN 141

accumulate see the light of day somewhere. Certainly, I would be glad to help with
the identification of any apparently anomalous specimens.

Data for the Burren P. griseoaptera records are as follows (Irish grid references
are followed, in brackets, by 50km, UTM grid references):

Pholidoptera griseoaptera (De Geer), 1773

Clare: 19 August 1998, M3204 (MU3), males and females, limestone pavement
with patches of ground vegetation and clumps of low Corylus, 200m, coll.
and det. M.C.D. Speight, male presented to collections of National Museum
of Ireland.

Galway: 22 May 1998, nymphs, 22 July 1998 last instar nymphs, M3405 (NU1),
limestone pavement with patches of ground vegetation and clumps of low
Corylus, 50m., coll. and det. M.C.D. Speight, reared female and nymph
presented to collections of National Museum of Ireland.

References

Anderson, R., 1977. Metrioptera roeselii (Hagenbach) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) new to Ireland. Jrish
naturalists Journal 19: 17.

Good, J.A. & Cullinane, D., 1990. The great green bush cricket, Tettigonia viridissima, L. (Orthoptera:
Tettigoniidae) imported in a tent. /rish Naturalists Journal 23: 220.

Haes, E.C.M. & Harding, P.T., 1997. Atlas of grasshoppers, crickets and allied insects in Britain and Ireland.
The Stationary Office, London.

O’Connor, J. P. & O’Connor, M.A., 1985. Pholidoptera griseoaptera (De Geer) (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae) new
to Ireland. Entomologist’ s Gaz. 36: 229-232.

Further records of two species of Oedemera Olivier (Col.: Oedemeridae) in Kent

The note by Mr A.A. Allen on Oedemera nobilis (Scop.) (Ent. Rec. 110: 293) in
which he referred to its apparently local distribution within the county was of
considerable interest. Being such a “striking and handsome beetle” and one that can
instantly be identified in the field my initial recollection was that the species was
common and widespread. A perusal of my records, however, revealed only 19
sightings of the beetle between 1979 and 1998 and from 1986 to 1994 there were
none whatsoever. The data are: 9.viii.1979 Murston, near Sittingbourne O.S. grid
reference TQ 924655 dry fly-ash tip; 12.vi.1983 Murston, near Sittingbourne TQ
921649 derelict industrial grassland and scrub; 7.viii.1983 St. Margaret’s at Cliffe,
TR 3847 chalk cliff-top grassland; 27.vi.1984 Darland Banks, Gillingham, TQ
793655 open chalk downland; 14.viii.1984 Beltinge Cliff, TR 192685 on flowers of
Daucus carota L. on coastal clay slopes; 24.viii.1984 Deerton Street, near Teynham,
TQ 965628 on flowers of Daucus carota L. along roadside verge; 1.vili.1985
Murston, near Sittingbourne TQ 926653; 10.viii.1985 Ham Fen, TR 336550 on
flowers of hogweed Heracleum sphondylium L.; 28.viii.1985 Upper Luton,
Gillingham, TQ 7766 open chalk downland; 10.vii.1994 Burham Down, TQ 7462

142 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

open chalk downland; 21.viii.1994 Vinters Park LNR, Maidstone, TQ 7756 on
flowers of Daucus carota L. in dry grassland; 7.vii.1996 Church Marshes, Milton,
TQ 9165 dry coastal grassland; 20.vii.1996 Trosley Country Park, TQ 6461 open
chalk downland; 15.vi.1997 Ditton Court Quarry, TQ 7157 on flowers of Daucus
carota L. in open ragstone quarry; 13.vii.1997 Darland Banks, Gillingham, TQ 7965
open chalk downland; 28.vi.1998 Bredhurst, TQ 79956175 open chalk grassland;
11.vii.1998 “Iden Croft Herbs’, Staplehurst, TQ 792424 herb garden and nursery;
25.vi1.1998 Wrotham Water Downs, TQ 6260 open chalk downland; 26.vii.1998
Darenth Park, TQ 569724 chalk and flint scrub.

These records suggest that the beetle is characteristic of dry, often calcareous,
grassland and thus may be overlooked by entomologists, like myself, who prefer to
collect in damp woodland. A similar examination of the records for Oedemera
lurida (Marsham) (below) which Mr Allen also mentioned, shows that whilst the
two species may sometimes be found together, and in similar habitats, the latter
also occurs in damper situations — 13.vii.1978 Murston, TQ 920646 coastal
grassland; 18.vi.1981 Murston ,TQ 914644 dry derelict industrial grassland and
scrub; 7.vi.1983 Murston, TQ 9164 dry derelict industrial grassland and scrub;
10.v1.1984 Canterbury Field Study Centre, TR 158593 margins of pond;
30.v1.1984, Shorne Wood, TQ 684702 open clay pits; 8.vi.1985 Canterbury Field
Study Centre, TR 158593 open grassland; 20.vi1.1985 Lydden Hill, TR257459
roadside chalk cutting; 31.vii.1985 Old Park, Canterbury, TR 168589 open
heathland; 13.viii.1985 Davington, TR 003619 dry grassland; 28.viii.1985 Darland
Banks, TQ 7865 open chalk downland; 30.vili.1985 Lydden Hill, TR 257459
roadside chalk cutting; 6.vi.1993 Grain, TQ 8877 dry coastal grassland;
18.vii.1993 Chiddingstone Ponds, TQ 5147 damp clay woodland and scrub;
27.v.1995 Lower Beechen Wood, TQ 516639 margins of ride in chalk woodland;
27.v.1995 Lullingstone Park, TQ 5164 open chalk downland beside golf course;
7.vii.1996 Church Marshes, Milton, TQ 9165 rough coastal grassland; 20.vi1.1996
Trosley Country Park, TQ 6461 open chalk downland; 31.vi1.1996 Leeds TQ
825527 scrubby margins of arable field; 14.v.1997 Denge Wood, TR 106528 open
chalk grassland; 19.v.1997 Hargate Forest, TQ 5737 open ride in clay woodland;
26.v.1997 Foal Hurst Wood, TQ 6644 margins of copse; 1.vi.1997 Mereworth
Woods, TQ 644556 clearing within mixed deciduous woodland; 15.vi.1997 Ditton
Court Quarry, TQ 7157 open ragstone quarry; 29.vi.1997 “Bapchild Fruit Stall’,
TQ 92656310 margin of arable field; 13.vii.1997 Darland Banks, TQ 7965 open
chalk downland; 3.vii.1997 - 7.vili.1997 House Fleet, Grain Oil Refinery, TQ
87957505 in water trap set up in derelict coastal grassland; 14.vi.1998 Snarkhurst
Wood, Bearsted, TQ 8255 clearing in damp wood on Gault clay; 20.vi.1998
Brokes Wood, TQ 59254225 scrub bordering damp woodland; 20.vi.1998 Walnut
Tree Cottage, Lympne, TR 12253540 identified from a photograph taken by Mrs
P. Allen in a cottage garden; 25.vii.1998 Wrotham Water Downs TQ 6260 open
chalk downland; 26.vii.1998 Darenth Park, TQ 569724 chalk and flint scrub;
1.viii.1998 Seasalter Village Green TR 079650 on flowers of Daucus carota L. on
coastal shingle.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 143

Considering that both these species can easily be identified without recourse to
capture and detailed examination I would suggest that any apparent rarity is simply due
to the failure of interested parties reporting their finds in the literature or to a centralised
recording scheme officer whether deliberately, unintentionally or through ignorance.—
LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14, St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

Collecting notes 1998

Preferring an uncertain future to one certain to be bad, I parted company with my
employer of the last twenty-odd years in early 1998. I vowed to rekindle my interest
in beetles and to become more specialised in my collecting by focusing my efforts
on the Noctuidae and Carabidae. How successful I was in carrying out these
resolutions is best judged by the reader!

Collecting began with a holiday at Millook in north Cornwall from 5 to 12 April.
My diary records that on 6 April, I was sitting in warm sunshine watching Gonepteryx
rhamni L., Inachis io L. and freshly emerged specimens of Pararge aegaria L.,
Celastrina argiolus L. and Anthocaris cardamines L. On the following day the
daytime temperature plunged to 4°C, rain fell and snow appeared on the hills of
distant Dartmoor! In the first part of the week, I recorded 22 species of macromoth
including early examples of Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. and Colocasia coryli L.

A single Vanessa atalanta L. appeared in my garden on 2 May and the warm
sunshine of 4 May tempted me out to Steart Common on the Somerset coast to hunt
Carabids on the flat sea turf and amongst the reeds. Only common species turned up,
including Bembidion minimum F., B. iricolor Bedel and Demetrias imperialis Germ..,
the last being a new species for me. My wife Katherine was at home for the week
which we spent hunting Carabids and antiques from the Dorset coast in the east to
Porlock, Somerset in the west! The resultant haul (30 species), although mainly
commoners, did allow me to practice both setting and the use of those awful keys
written in an exotic and ancient language understood only by Coleopterists! The list
includes little of note but I did eventually find the mainly northern Pterostichus
aethiops Panz. on the Quantock Hills.

On 22 May I drove up to Birmingham to join my old friend Richard Clinton and
his brother-in-law for our trip to Hungary. We arrived at Balatonfiizfo on the shore
of Lake Balaton at 5.30pm the next day after a long, fortunately uneventful, drive.
We spent the next two weeks hunting butterflies, beetles and birds in the hills of the
Bakony which surround Balatonfiizf6 with a couple of trips further afield to the
Vertes region and the flat plain or “puszta” near Apaj.

The Bakony held extensive flat areas of limestone grassland and scrub formerly
used as military training grounds — presumably by the Red Army. Now abandoned,
these areas are home to large populations of butterflies. Plebejus argus L. swarmed
around muddy puddles whilst Euphydryas aurinia Rott., Melitaea cinxia L., M.
athalia Rott. and Cyaniris semiargus Rott. flew in large numbers over the short turf.
Maculinea arion L. was out, but past its best. Satyrium pruni L. flew around clumps
of Blackthorn bushes. Butterfly species new to me were Parnassius mnemosyne L.,

144 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Melitaea trivia D.&S. and Erbia medusa D.&S. The latter species was common in
the Vertes region where I also found a single Hypodryas maturna L. and an Imperial
Eagle. This was, so my companions told me, the ornithological highlight of the trip.
They were not aware that I had actually scared the bird into flight whilst single-
mindedly pursuing a miserable little Lycaenid at full speed over the crest of a low
limestone hill! Perhaps it would be better if they never learned the truth!

Moths were few and far between in the reeds surrounding Lake Balaton. This is
difficult to explain as the swamps looked very promising. We obtained a series of
Phragmataecia castaneae Hb. and a female of the Geometer Ascotis selenaria
D.&S. from which Richard later reared a large brood. I set some 350 beetles from
Hungary of which 150 were Carabids. The Bakony woods were rich in
Cerambycids and I have to admit that my resolve to specialise soon faltered! Some
of the Carabids were easily recognised, such as Omophron limbatum Fab., Agonum
sexpunctatum L. and Brachinus crepitans L. but most await identification. Although
we did not see as much of Hungary as we had planned, the trip was a memorable
success. The people were very friendly and the excellent food and drink was very
cheap — perhaps this explains why we did so little moth trapping after dinner!

For most of June the weather was wet and cool. Warm sunshine on 21 June
tempted us out to East Quantoxhead, on the Somerset coast, where a single Colias
croceus Geoff. was noted. We left for Haute Savoie in the northern Alps of France
on 3 July. We stayed in a large, traditional, timber-built “chalet” style farmhouse in
the small village of Entremont. I ran the trap each night and took a number of
interesting Noctuids including Euchalcia variabilis Pill., Pachetra sagittigera Hufn.,
Autographa bractea D.&S. and Trisateles emortualis D.&S. The latter could easily
be overlooked in a full trap as it resembles a small, faded Emerald! Other moths
included Dendrolimus pini L. and the smaller Lasiocampid Cosmotriche lunigera
Esp. whose larvae feed on spruce.

We took full advantage of the numerous ski lifts to explore the tops of the local
mountains, including the spectacular Mont Blanc. The latter, though, was thoroughly
spoiled by the hoards of tourists to whom the phrase “orderly queue” meant
absolutely nothing! Far more enjoyable was the small rack-and-pinion train which
climbs from La Fayet to the Nid d’Aigle at 2400m. On the steep slopes overlooking
the impressive Bionassay Glacier I netted, after much careful stalking, a few
specimens of Pontia callidice Hb. and Erebia pandrose Bork.

Nearer home I found a colony of Boloria aquilornis Stichel inhabiting a small
acid bog hidden by conifers on the Plateau des Glieres. Butterflies abounded on the
damp flushes on the slopes overlooking the hamlet of La Douche. Here, for the
benefit of the onlookers, I performed a perfect flying somersault whilst in pursuit of
the beautiful Colias phicomone Esp. over some particularly rocky ground! A ski lift
to near the top of L’Etale at La Clusaz produced Boloria pales D.&S. and Albulina
orbitulus de Prun. A walk from the lift at Beauregard (also near La Clusaz)
produced Maculinea telejus Bergs. in a small colony on damp ground at about
1500m.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 145

Confidence in identifying Erebia by comparison with plates in books is not
acquired with age as I once hoped! In fact, the reverse is true in my case and I have
prepared slides of the genitalia for most of the species taken in Haute Savoie. The
resultant list is as follows: Erebia ligea L., E. euryale Esp., E. pharte Hb., E.
alberganus de Prun., E. pluto de Prun., E. ? cassioides Hohen., E. pronoe Esp., E.
oeme Hb., E. pandrose Bork. E. pluto was only found, thanks to the ski lift, at the
top of Mont Lachat de Chatillon (2050m). It was difficult to catch as it flew fast and
low over the unstable screes. FE. alberganus was by far the commonest species in the
region. The E. ? cassioides from the Col de la Colombiere may well be E. tyndarus
as both genitalia and wing markings were of little help in reaching a confident
identification.

During the week following our return to Somerset I added three macro-moths to
my garden list. These were Acronicta aceris L., Celaena leucostigma Hb. and
Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn. The first rarer migrant, Helicoverpa armigera Hb.
arrived on 30 July. A female Orthonama obstipata Hb. was the first of five
specimens of this little migrant. I obtained eggs from this specimen. As I write (26
January 1999) the fifth generation of captive-bred larvae are hatching in a fish tank
on the kitchen windowsill. Despite my telling her of the moth’s rarity and beauty,
Katharine still refers to them as “the vermin” because of their prolific breeding and
frequent escapes into her kitchen! A second H. armigera on 15 August was
followed by a single male Rhodometra sacraria L. on 20 August. Two final
additions to the garden list were Cyclophora annularia Fab. and, at last, Mormo
maura L.

Beetle hunting continued during the summer — I set over 80 from Haute Savoie —
all of which were Carabids (and all are still awaiting identification!). In Somerset, a
visit to the windswept Pawlett Hams near Bridgwater produced Harpalus obscurus
Fab. and, at 4.8mm, the largest Bembidion quadrimaculatum L. to date! Open
ground on the shore of Clatworthy Reservoir was home to Chlaenius vestitutus Payk.
and C. nigricornis Fab. amongst others.

On 28 August we began a week-long holiday at Castle Gotha farm near St. Austell
in Cornwall. A few C. croceus were flying over the surrounding fields. Despite cool
nights, there were plenty of moths at the trap and I have never seen Cosmorhoe
ocellata L. in such numbers. A warmer night on 2 September brought in the migrants
including single specimens of R. sacraria and O. obstipata, three Mythimna
unipuncta Haw. and two Spodoptera exigua Hb.

The end of the 1998 season found me, on 28 December, collecting flood refuse
from the banks of the swollen River Tone. This produced far more beetles than even
I could set and so, true to my earlier resolution, I set only the Carabids and preserved
the rest in alcohol! This refuse added Metabletus obscuroguttatus Dufts., Trechus
quadristriatus Schk., Bembidion lunulatum Geoff-Fourc., B. aeneum Germ. and B.
guttula Fab. to the ’98 list. Although the weather of the 1998 season was generally
miserable my newly found freedom combined with excellent holidays to produce
lasting memories to equal those of the very best seasons!- M.D. BRYAN, Extons,
Taunton Road, Bishops Lydeard, Somerset TA4 3LR.

146 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Hazards of butterfly collecting — the finest bridge in Afghanistan — 1977

It was time to leave Afghanistan, on my first and only visit there in 1977. We had
been evaluating the activities of the Afghan Family Guidance Association, which
had done much to make the concept of family planning respectable. I was having
dinner with Alan Ramsay, a British diplomat, who had done substantial butterfly
collecting all over the country. We broke up early. He was driving to Kandahar early
next morning and my flight to New Delhi was at 07.00. But on arrival at my hotel I
found a crude mimeograph which, in effect, said that Ariana Afghan Airlines had
lost track of their only Boeing 727, and that it would certainly not leave till Monday.
Ariana was never a model of punctuality!

I called Alan: What can I do on a Sunday in Kabul? It was soon arranged that his
wife would run me down to Paghman, just outside Kabul, and show me a very good
path up the mountains. If you are really energetic, you can even reach Parnassius
country. By coincidence my British colleague and I had also been invited to a family
picnic at Paghman by an Afghan friend. I told my colleague that I would join after
collecting and she promised to do the needful diplomacy to avoid my causing offence.

Mrs Ramsay duly picked me up Sunday morning and deposited me at the other
end of Paghman and showed me a rather daunting looking track. Paghman was a
beautiful place in those days. Beautifully tended square fields of vegetables and
alfalfa, among which stood three and four-storied mud buildings, almost as
wondrous of those in Yemen. There has been so much fighting at Paghman since
1979 that I am sure little of this idyll remains.

I had a great day — I caught about 50 species, most of them new to me. It is always
amazing how many species live on what from a distance looks like a desert. This is
the same from the high Lebanon and Turkey, through Iran and Kurdistan, to
Afghanistan and the inner ranges of the Himalaya. Little creeks, bordered by water-
mint, are real jack-pots. A 500m stretch of such a creek can provide a whole day of
productive work. And though I did not reach Parnassius country, I did walk enough
to see the fauna gradually changing towards the montane.

At 13.00 I started my descent, rather faster than the five hours going up. I could
not afford to miss the tail-end of the picnic. I arrived back in Paghman at 15.30. It
was not difficult to find the picnic location. This was the concept of the extended
family picnic gone wild. There were about 100 people, ranging in age from two
months to 98 years, all of whom had to be greeted. Scraps of everything that had
been served during the day were lovingly conserved for me, and when pointing out
how high I had been up the mountain, it was deemed appropriate that so much food
had been saved. Pretty soon I sat behind a varied mountain of food, all delectable,
with each of the cooks making absolutely sure that I tasted HER food.

Next to me a bridge game was in session, elderly men speaking French, which used
to be the language of the élite. Vous jouez au bridge?. Well, yes, more or less ... and
soon I was partner to a gentleman who turned out to be the current bridge champion
of Afghanistan. One heart ... I had 11 points and very good clubs ... two or three
clubs? OK, three clubs, and bang — six hearts (we made only five). While sitting
dummy I noted that the Walnut Blue Chaetoprocta odata was immensely common,

HAZARDS OF BUTTERFLY COLLECTING 147

a new record for Afghanistan. The next 45 minutes saw me through some of the most
giddying bridge in which I have ever participated — in the deep shade of a walnut tree
surrounded by mud skyscrapers. It was a truly incongruous occasion; hardly a deal
that someone did not bid to game. Just before 17.00 I bid and won seven diamonds
doubled; I was fairly pleased, but my partner just remarked: Why didn’t you redouble.
Since at least half the bids had gloriously failed, I thought this a bit rough. But it was
great fun, and strings of Walnut Blues were still chasing each other among the trees.

Back at the hotel there was another mimeograph. Ariana had found their 727; we
would leave for Delhi at dawn. It had been a family planning mission; I suspect that
today the Taliban are not really interested. But I did get enough data to do a paper on
Afghan butterflies that can be found in this very journal (1978. Butterflies of
Afghanistan. Ent. Rec. J. Var., 90:191-198). That may be all that survives from this
particular mission.— TORBEN B. LARSEN, 5 Wilson Compound, 2811 Park Avenue,
Pasay City, Metro-Manila, The Philippines.

Swallowtail Papilio machaon L. (Lep.: Papilionidae) found dead in Bentley
Wood, Wiltshire

A specimen of the Swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon was found dead in Bentley
Wood, Wiltshire, at 20.00 hours on 20.viii.1996. The specimen was spotted in the
middle of a ride by David J. Jones of Chichester and photographed in situ.
Examination revealed that it was desiccated and missing three legs and part of the
left hind wing. The specimen was passed to me for setting when its size and form
identified it as a female of the European subspecies P. m. gorganus Fruhstorfer (=
bigeneratus Verity). The point at which the specimen was found is situated in a
section of ride corresponding to sections 4-5 of the “Bentley Transect’” between two
blocks of the wood designated “Bentley” and “Barnridge” (Waring, 1984. A survey
of the butterflies and moths of Bentley Wood, Wiltshire. Unpublished, Forestry
Commission & Nature Conservancy Council). The find was reported to Dr Patricia
Woodruffe, Bentley Wood trustee, and the specimen returned to the finder.

P. m. gorganus is an occasional vagrant from Europe which sometimes manages
to breed in Britain (Emmet & Heath, 1990. The Moths and Butterflies of Great
Britain and Ireland.7 (1), Harley Books, Colchester). The Bentley Wood complex is
renowned for its Lepidoptera (Fox & Waring, Ent. Gaz. in press) including a reliable
historic record of immigrant P. m. gorganus (de Worms, 1962. The Macro-
lepidoptera of Wiltshire, Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society), and
supports two of the food plants used by the subspecies in Britain (Waring, op. cit.;
Emmet & Heath, op. cit.). However the dried condition of the present specimen
make it extremely unlikely to have been a natural arrival as it must have been dead
for some time, and detachment of legs is common in stored, papered material. An
entry in the visitors’ book at the information hut near to where it was found,
indicated that there had earlier that day been a field meeting of the Devonshire
branch of Butterfly Conservation. Since it is difficult to understand why such a large
and distinctive butterfly should then have been overlooked, it is more likely that
someone took it to Bentley Wood and deposited there. L. WINOKUR, 8 Parklands
Close, Chandlers Ford, Eastleigh, Hampshire SO53 2EQ.

148 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Dryas julia (Fabr.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in West Sussex

On 17.viii.1998 a freshly dead specimen of the bright orange Heliconiine butterfly
Dryas julia, a native of Central America, was brought to me by a neighbour, Mr
Mark Varvill. He had found it in his conservatory, and he was sure that it was not
there on the previous day. It was in good condition apart from a small piece missing
from the left forewing. A resident in West Wittering, Mr L. Quinton, subsequently
mentioned to me that he had also seen a large orange butterfly in his garden during
last summer which he did not recognise.

Emmett et al. 1990 (Moths & Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, 7: 182)
report that the Jamaican subspecies delila (Fabr.) of this species was captured in a
fruiterers shop in Rotherhithe, East London “probably imported among bananas in
the pupal stage’, in 1936 and this appears to be the only previous British record. I
contacted the nearby butterfly farm at Earnley, only about five miles away (as the
butterfly flies!) who do keep this species, and I was told that it was possible that
there could have been escapes (Priddle, pers. comm.). Although Mr and Mrs Varvil
had returned from Dominica earlier in the year, I think that the most likely source
must be the butterfly farm. The foodplants are many species of Passion-flower
Passiflora, but it seems unlikely that the butterfly would breed in this country. The
specimen has been lodged at the Department of Entomology, Natural History
Museum, London.— CHARLES DEWHURST, Ellanore House, West Wittering, near
Chichester, West Sussex PO20 8AN.

Atomaria scutellaris Motschulsky (Col.: Cryptophagidae) at Porthcawl,
Glamorgan

On a sunny afternoon during a weekend visit to Porthcawl on 1.111.1997 a walk along
the sea front brought me to an open area of mown grass between the road and the
shore known as “The Green”. Near its edge, where it drops some two or three metres
to a rocky shoreline, were several flat stones. Turning these over revealed a number
of beetles. One of these was a species of Atomaria which was unfamiliar to me.
Later dissection showed it to be a male whose aedeagus appeared most similar to
that of A. scutellaris Motschulsky figured by Sjoberg (1947, Entom. Tidskr., 68: fig.
45). Reference to Johnson (1993, Provisional Atlas of Cryptophagidae —
Atomariinae (Coleoptera) of Britain and Ireland, \.T.E., Huntingdon, map 47)
showed this species to have a distribution confined to two separate areas; a south-
western group encompassing the Channel Islands, Scilly Isles and the extreme tip of
Cornwall; and a southern group along the Sussex coast but also extending inland to
Surrey. I sent the specimen to Colin Johnson who confirmed my provisional
determination and commented that he was unaware of any other records from further
north up the south-west peninsula. This would, therefore, appear to be the first record
of Atomaria scutellaris from Wales.

The most numerous species of beetle taken with A. scutellata was the histerid
Kissiter minimus (Aubé). Other more cosmopolitan Coleoptera present were Amara
aenea (Deg.), Harpalus affinis (Schr.). Tachyporus hypnorum (F.), T. pusullus Gr.,
Oxypoda brachyptera (Steph.), and larval Lagria hirta (L.).— R. COLIN WELCH, The
Mathom House, Hemington, nr. Oundle, Peterborough PE8 5QJ.

GALL RECORDS FROM THE ISLE OF MAN 149

FURTHER GALL (INSECTA & ACART) RECORDS
FROM THE ISLE OF MAN

J.P. O’> CONNOR AND M.A. O’ CONNOR

National Museum of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.

O’CONNOR (1996) reported a number of galls new to the Isle of Man. Previous
literature on the Manx gall fauna is cited in that work. During a recent visit (29 June
to 6 July 1998), the authors collected several species new to the island. These are
reported here and are indicated by * in the text. In addition, the known distributions
of other species were greatly extended and this information is also included. The
material was determined using Docters van Leeuwen (1982), Stubbs (1986), Redfern
& Askew (1992) and Dauphin & Aniotsbehere (1993, 1994). The common names
are from Spooner & Delarge (1993).

Insecta

HEMIPTERA

*Prociphilus xylostei (DeGeer). Ballaugh Curraghs (SC3695), 1 July 1998, abundant on a
honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum L. Despite an intensive search in the area, no other
infested plants were found.

Psyllopsis fraxini (L.). Ballaugh Curraghs (SC3695), 1 July 1998, abundant on ash Fraxinus
excelsior L.; Laxey Wheel (SC4385), 3 July 1998, abundant on ash. Previously only known
from Ballaglass Glen and Tynwald (O’Connor, 1996).

DIPTERA

Chirosia betuleti (Ringdahl). Glen Helen (SC2984), 30 June 1998, abundant on lady ferns
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. This is the first record from the west of the island, the species
being only previously known from Ballaglass Glen and Laxey Wheel (O’Connor, 1996).

*Contarinia tiliarum (Kieffer). Douglas (SC3978), 5 July 1998, scarce on a lime Tilia at the
Onchan Pleasure Park. Popularly known as the lime leaf-petiole gall.

D. pustulans (Rubsaamen). Ballaugh Curraghs (SC3695), 1 July 1998, scarce on meadowsweet
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. This is the first record from the north of the island, the
species only being previously known from Port Erin in the south (O’Connor, 1996).

*D. violae (L6w). Laxey Wheel (SC4385), 3 July 1998, scarce on field pansy Viola arvensis
Murray. The host is locally frequent in the Northern Hills and the narrow, especially moist
lowland strip to the east (Allen, 1984).

*Wachtliella rosarum (Hardy). Port e Vullen (SC4792), 5 July 1998, abundant on a rose Rosa
in a hedgerow.

HYMENOPTERA

Andricus curvator Hartig. Douglas (SC3978), 5 July 1998, curved leaf galls abundant on an
oak Quercus at the Onchan Pleasure Park; Laxey (SC4383), 3 July 1998, curved leaf galls
abundant on an oak at the railway station. The species was previously only known from
Tholt-e-Will Glen (O’Connor, 1996).

A. fecundator (Hartig). Douglas (SC3978), 5 July 1998, hop or artichoke galls abundant on an
oak at the Onchan Pleasure Park. Previously known from Glen Tramman and Santon Gorge
(Garrad, 1976).

A. quercuscorticis (L.). Douglas (SC3978), 5 July 1998, bark galls scarce on an oak at the
Onchan Pleasure Park. The specimens were arranged around a stump left when a branch had
been cut off. Previously only known from The Raggatt (O’Connor, 1996).

150 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Phanacris hypochaeridis (Kieffer). Port Erin (SC1969), 2 July 1998, scarce on cats ear
Hypochaeris radicata L. beside a coastal foot-path. Previously only known from Andreas,
Chasms and Creglea (Garrad, 1976).

Acari

ERIOPHYOIDEA

*Eriophyes calycophthirus Nalepa. Laxey (SC4383), 3 July 1998, abundant on a birch Betula
at the railway station.

Eriophyes iteinus Nalepa. Ballaugh Curraghs (SC3695), 1 July 1998, abundant on Salix. This
is the first record from the west, the species being only previously known from near
Ballaglass Glen in the east (O’Connor, 1996).

Phyllocoptes goniothorax (Nalepa). Port e Vullen (SC4792), 5 July 1998, scarce on a hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. in a hedgerow. Known as the concealed erineum, this gall was
previously known from Ballaglass Glen and Tynwald.

References

Allen, D.E., 1984. Flora of the Isle of Man. The Manx Museum, Douglas.

Dauphin, P. & Aniotsbehére, J.C., 1993. Les galles de France. Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne
de Bordeaux 2

Dauphin, P. & Aniotsbehére, J.C., 1994. Les galles de France. Addenda et corrigenda. Bull. Soc.
linn. Bordeaux. 22: 145 - 160.

Docters van Leeuwen, W.M., 1982. Gallenboek. Thieme & Cie, Zutphen.

Garrad, L.S., 1976. Recent research on Manx wildlife, 1964- 74. Proc. Isle Man. nat. Hist. antiq.
Soc. 8: 71-80.

O’Connor, J.P., 1996. New gall (Insecta & Acari) records from the Isle of Man. Entomologist’ s
Rec. J. Var. 108: 203-205.

Redfern, M. & Askew, R.R. 1992. Plant Galls. Naturalists’ Handbooks No 17. Richmond
Publishing Co.

Spooner, B.M. & Delarge, F.B, 1993. A survey of common names and binomials used for British
plant galls. Cecidiology 8: 3-36.

Stubbs, F.B., (ed.), 1986. Provisional keys to British plant galls. British Plant Gall Society.

BOOK REVIEWS

Hoverflies of Surrey by Roger K. A. Morris. 244 pages, many distribution maps, 16 colour
plates. 220 x 155 mm, hardbound, ISBN 0 9526065 3 4. Published by the Surrey Wildlife
Trust, School Lane, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 OJN at £15 plus £2.70 UK postage and packing.

This is the first ever detailed account of hoverflies in Surrey and it provides a tetrad distribution
map for each recorded species as well as detailed species accounts which also include extensive
lists of flower visit records. The species accounts are also linked to Biodiversity planning and
conservation notes are provided. A particularly useful feature is that the background to the
distribution maps indicates the principal geological boundaries so that, for example, it is
possible in many cases to understand the restricted distributions of several species.

Being from “up north” the geographical positions and geology of the southern counties are not
my strong suit and Surrey, to me, has always been merely a place one gets close to on trips to
London. With this book from Roger Morris all of that has changed, however, and I now feel that I
have a reasonable understanding of the hoverflies and the influencing geological features of
Surrey and may even feel moved to go there at some stage! Well bound, with an attractive dust-
jacket, the book contains a writing style which is clear and concise and which leads the reader
directly to the “meat” of the work. The information contained within the pages has clearly been
well-researched over the thirteen years it took to gather the data, resulting in a publication which
is as accurate as it is comprehensive, yet still concise, to the point and always interesting.

BOOK REVIEWS 151

The publishers aspirations that this work may become a benchmark for other county
recording schemes will surely be realised. The book is the fourth in a series which now covers
butterflies, larger moths and dragonflies in addition to the hoverflies, all produced by the
Surrey Atlas Project and published by the Surrey Wildlife Trust. I look forward with eager

anticipation to the next in the series.
Lance Gorman

Unfinished Business: a supplement to the Lepidoptera of the Orkney Islands by R.I.
Lorimer. 78 pages, one colour plate. A5 paperback. ISBN 0 86096 026 9. Published by
Hedera Press and distributed by E.W. Classey. £15.

Ian Lorimer, the author of this book, died in 1994. He was one of the principal authors for the
noctuids in Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland (Harley Books) and also the captor
of the only British specimen of Caradrina flavirena Guenée, given the vernacular name of
Lorimer’s Rustic in his honour. However, during visits to Orkney accompanying his wife
Daphne, an archaeologist of some note, Ian began a study of the Lepidoptera of the islands,
which was to become his principal interest. Virtually all that was known prior to Ian’s work came
from the occasional visits of collectors hoping to find some of the unusual forms previously
discovered in Shetland. These visits soon stopped once it was realised that the Orcadian moths
were not as distinctive as those found further north. Ian, therefore, had the rare pleasure of being
a biologist in Britain in the latter part of this century who was breaking relatively new ground.

Ian published his initial results in 1983 (The Lepidoptera of the Orkney Islands E.W.
Classey) but Ian and Daphne retired and moved to Orkney soon afterwards, allowing more
time to be devoted to the study. As he became less mobile in his later years it was Ian’s
intention to update, revise and expand on his earlier work. Unfortunately, this task was never
finished, but enough of the manuscript was extant for his long-time colleague Eric Classey to
put out this poignantly titled volume.

Inevitably, the volume is a little bit of a hotch-potch as it was never finished as the author
intended. It is certainly a little odd to see the index to the first part appearing in the centre of
the book, followed by further text. The book itself includes a summary of the first supplement
to Ian’s original book, which appeared in the Entomologist’s Gazette in 1988, followed by
further additions, addenda and corrigenda for the Orkney list. This is followed by a chapter on
collecting methods, a short (and I suspect unfinished) chapter on future work and a chapter on
moths found in northern Scotland which have not been recorded in Orkney. This last section
has a short appendix by Martin Corley discussing further microlepidoptera covered in MBGBI
volume 3, which was not available to Ian. The short section on fieldwork is one I’m sure most
people can learn from and I will certainly be using one tip — a plastic snake keeps hungry
Wrens Troglodytes troglodytes and other birds out of a light-trap, even in islands where the
birds have never seen snakes!

I know Ian also intended to write an appraisal of Lepidoptera migration in the north of
Britain and this missing section is a great loss. Despite his reputation, Ian experienced
difficulty convincing some southern Lepidopterists of the extent of immigration to Orkney,
particularly in deciding which species were involved. A discussion of migration in northern
Scotland from someone of Ian’s experience would have been highly illuminating.

The price of £15 for just over 70 pages may seem rather steep, but this presumably reflects the
fact that the book is inevitably going to have a limited readership. The need for cross-reference
between the sections of this book and Ian’s earlier volume may suggest that a complete revision
of the Orkney list would have been more appropriate, but this is too large a task to have been
attempted without Ian’s assistance at least. However, anyone with an interest in islands or the
migration of Lepidoptera will find something of interest, while for those who knew Ian it is a
lasting reminder of how much more he could have told us if he was still around to ask.

Mike Pennington

152 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v.1999

Checklists of insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera (incorporating a List
of Irish Diptera) edited by Peter J. Chandler. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 12: xx + 234 pp. 296
x 209 mm, softbound, ISBN 0 901546 82 8. Royal Entomological Society, 1998. £21.00 +
postage & packing.

The last check list of British Diptera (with Siphonaptera) was published in 1976 and is
seriously outdated. This new list, of Diptera alone, is in a different format and has a much
larger content, making it much more comprehensive although more cumbersome. It is in A4
format in double columns, with annotations for many species and an index to genera and
species. The earlier list (Kloet & Hincks, 1976) had no annotations and the index did not
include species. There has been a great increase in the number of species of Diptera recorded
from the British Isles in recent decades: the first Kloet & Hincks (1945) included 5218 species,
Kloet & Hincks (1976) 5997 species and the present volume 6668 species. A total of 2832
species known to occur in Ireland are indicated by +.

There is a comprehensive introductory section with a history of British check lists and
numbers of species in each family. Some of the problems of nomenclature are discussed and
there is a very useful discussion of the problems of gender of scientific names. In the body of
the check list there is an introduction for each family explaining the recent taxonomic changes
and the state of the classification. Where changes have been made since the last list there is an
annotation against the name giving the reason for the change, a reference or the number of a
note. This detail is particularly important in Diptera since many species have changed both
genus and species names: any curator working on Chironomidae or Tachinidae, for example,
will find it much easier to locate species in old collections or find the correct current name. The
1976 check list did not indicate the reasons for all the changes since previous lists. Most of
these are given as annotations against the species name in this check list. The notes indicate
where there is a problem which requires further work. All names which have been used in
British literature have been included. The check list includes species known to occur in the
British Isles but not yet brought forward in the literature and also indicates where there are
undescribed species. At the end of each family there are the details for each note and the full
references. The classification below the family level is relatively conservative and where there
is dispute over subfamilies they are omitted and the genera arranged alphabetically (e.g.
Syrphidae).

Many of the changes since 1976 were first proposed in the Palaearctic Catalogue, published
in thirteen volumes from 1984 to 1993. However the Catalogue contained many errors and
omissions and the present check list required extensive checking by the 48 specialists and
advisors, including the writer. It is not free of errors: a notable one is the omission of the genus
Leptogaster (p. 79) and there are mis-numbered notes as Note 27 on Syrphidae, which is in the
body of the list as Note 26 but refers to Note 27 of the Notes, while the text of Note 26 is upon
a different subject and is not included in the body of the list. There are some wrong page
references in the index. These errors are minor considering the size and complexity of the
volume. The check list is an excellent production and will be immensely useful to dipterists
and other entomologists. It sets a high standard for the following volumes of the check list and
Peter Chandler is to be congratulated for his editorial work.

References
Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D., 1945. A check list of British Insects. 483 pp. T. Buncle & Company Ltd,
Arbroath.
— , 1976. A check list of British Insects. Second edition (completely revised). Part 5: Diptera and
Siphonaptera. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 11 (5): 1-139. ,
John W. Ismay

Book Reviews

HMovermesonsurrey by Roger KA, MOIS 2. cece oose were eS eee ee ee eee eee ees 150

Unfinished Business: a supplement to the Lepidoptera of the Orkney Islands by
aC TC eee UN eran ah ene acne Yaak yo elu dye thera tewtietsh aie Athos ors lees BA oe eae iLsyIl

Checklists of insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera (incorporating a
whisomumsioipiera)- edited: by Peter J. Chandler......7.:... sd) achane. seve oes 152

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD -— THE CURRENT POSITION

We are pleased to be in the position of having caught up with the previous backlog of papers
and notes on British Lepidoptera (although we still have a small delay in publishing larger
papers on other orders of British insects). Accordingly we can now offer rapid publication of
suitable material — both short notes and larger papers — on British species of moths and
butterflies. Notes submitted within a month of an issue appearing have a very high
probability of being included in the next issue (especially if sent on disk or via e-mail,
although this is not a condition) whilst papers (which require time to be refereed before
acceptance) could currently be published in the second or third issue following receipt.
Readers are therefore urged to take advantage of this opportunity and contribute articles on
their discoveries before the field season really gets under way. The clearance of the
Lepidoptera backlog now means that we can in particular entertain the idea of publishing
follow-up notes on articles which appeared in the issue immediately preceding — something
which several readers who completed the Reader Survey Questionnaire suggested they would
like to see as an improvement. This journal has traditionally been the place where important
observations are placed on permanent record — a fact reflected in our title — and I hope that
readers will take advantage of this new opportunity. Notes on new county records, previously
unreported larval food plants and on seasonally unusual appearances of moths are particularly
encouraged as are those which report interesting behaviour. The editor will be pleased to
discuss the worthiness of observations with first-time authors if they care to telephone him.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine

Caters for articles on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods, specialising in the
British fauna and groups other than Lepidoptera. Published March, July and November
(4 months per issue) — Annual subscription £30 ($65).

Entomologist’s Gazette

An illustrated quarterly, devoted to Palaearctic entomology. It contains articles and notes on
the biology, ecology, distribution, taxonomy and systematics of all orders of insects, with a
bias towards Lepidoptera. Caters for both the professional and amateur entomologist.
Published January, April, July and October. — Annual subscription £27 ($60).

Butterflies on British and Irish Offshore Islands

by R.L.H. Dennis and T.G. Shreeve
This new book provides an up-to-date synthesis of butterfly records for 219 of Britain’s and
Ireland’s offshore islands, 144 pages complete with bibliography, checklist of species,
figures and tables. Two appendices list rare immigrants and provide advice for making
observations on the butterflies of islands. — Price £16. Postage and packing £1 per copy.
Payments by cheque or Giro Transfer to account no. 467 6912.

For further details GEM PUBLISHING COMPANY
please write to: Brightwood, Brightwell,
Wallingford, Oxon OX10 0QD

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by JW. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents

Microlepidoptera review of 1997. J.R. Langmaid & M.R. Young ............000000.
Butterflies and dragonflies in northern Greece, 27 June - 9 July 1997. A. Wakeham-
Dawson, T.. BentongeV. Barnham. i. ssh) 5 stn de 6 ea oe 3 eee
The moths of Wimbledon: 1955-1997. JV. Dacian.) 2... 32. as eee
Stictopleurus punctatonervosus (Goeze, 1778) (Hem.: Rhopalidae) rediscovered in
Britain and new to Essex... P:-Bowdrey (9. files. oa -l ss. me en ee
Bush crickets and the Burren, with first records of Pholidoptera griseoaptera (De Geer)
(Orth: Tettigontidae). Martin‘ C.D) Speight’ 2 4. ae sa oe ee
Further gall (Insecta & Acari) records from the Isle of Man. J.P. O’Connor & M.A.
OO CONNOR ooo elect i ee ew a ellen 0 nab ot OP SES Sas oc See

Notes and observations

Further comment on Adela cuprella (D.&S.) (Lep.: Incurvariidae) in Berkshire. B.R. Baker
Range expansion in the Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae).
PR ORIN CGR aces, Sis 0) 55s, ohn dos os Eds ad che ee antag
Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi) (Col.: Coccinellidae) from malaise traps in Northants,
Norfolk and Hampshire. R. Colin Welch & Martin R. Jukes 0.1... 2290 e. ee
Update of early emergences of moths at Selborne. Alasdair Aston ..............24--
The 1998 season in my Cambridge garden. Brian O:C. Gardiner 7.207 32294- ee ee
Further observations on predation of hibernating Ag/ais urticae (Lep.: Nymphalidae) by
a Wrenw KP Bland 5. Shy sic Cee west elle a as as nol Ghote
Daldinia concentrica Ces. & De Not. as a foodplant of Apomyelois bistriatella (Hulst)
ssp: subcognata Rag. (ep-: Pyralidae). Paul Sokoloff «2. 3... eee
Further records of two species of Oedemera Olivier (Col.: Oedemeridae) in Kent.
Laurence Clemons iio Soiice J6 as Shypaitiee tes yee bie oid Op je eee
Collecting notes 19985 Di Bryan Oise cs ec oe he wo ee
Hazards of butterfly collecting — the finest bridge in Afghanistan — 1977. Torben B. Larsen
Swallowtail Papilio machaon L. (Lep.: Papilionidae) found dead in Bentley Wood,
Wiltshire: De Winokur «stiscgh oeele hd oa oo ess ee ee
Dryas julia (Fabr.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in West Sussex. Charles Dewhurst
Atomaria scutellaris Motschulsky (Col. Cyrptophagidae) at Porthcawl, Glamorgan. R.
Colin Welch : (ro5 8. hase oe shit elere o esdinths Ck Oe elton Stet

The ‘Marsh. Award 2 yebo0 ce aap eite oles oe seal as w oles ttevay/S a Sy bum, ose het
National: Moth Night = 17 July 1999)... 3. 032. hig Ge ee ole ee
Relative frequency of the banded form of the Riband Wave Idaea aversata (L.) (Lep.:
Geometridae): a.request for data. Koy Leverton’ 2.4.98... ee ee ee

Continued on inside back cover

SPECIAL NOTICE.
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THE

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by
C.W. PLANT, B.sc., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, F.R.E.S.

July/August 1999

ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.

Editor
C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.
Telephone: 01279 507697 E-mail: Colinwplant@compuserve.com

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., F.L.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., F.R.ES.

Editorial Panel

A.A. Allen, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. A.M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.ES.

N. L. Birkett, J.P., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S. J.A. Owen, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

J.D. Bradley, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. C.J. Luckens, M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.O.G.

J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S. B. Skinner

P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. P.A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.LBiol., F.R.E.S.

C.A. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

Registrar
R.F. McCormick, F.R.E.S. 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NR

Hon. Treasurer Official Photographer
CC Penney, F.R.E.S. 109 Waveney Drive, David Wilson, 9 Lode Lane, Wicken,
Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7QA Cambridgeshire CB7 5XP

WHERE TO WRITE
Papers, notes, books for review, notices, adverts etc — Editor Changes of address — Registrar
New subscriptions, renewals, donations, non-arrival of Journal — Treasurer

Back issues — Paul Sokoloff, 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Individual subscriber £28 Institutional subscriber £40

Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the
views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Editorial Panel or any party other
than the named author or authors.

Guidelines for contributors
This journal publishes original papers and notes from both amateurs and professionals. It is not necessary for contributors
to be subscribers. The emphasis of the journal is on British and European Lepidoptera but papers on other aspects of British
and European entomology are considered, particularly concerning species in Europe which may eventually reach Britain.

The preferred method of submission is by e-mail or on floppy disk — even for very short articles. However, we
acknowledge that these facilities are not available to everyone and we also accept typed or neatly hand-written
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E-mailed contributions are best sent as binary attachments so that formatting is preserved. Disks must be PC
compatible and the file format must be readable by Word for Windows version 7.0. A single paper copy should
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All authors should refer to this issue as a guide, particularly with regard to the format of dates, lists of references and
lists of species. Names of British Lepidoptera should follow Bradley, J.D. (1998. A checklist of Lepidoptera recorded
from the British Isles) and authors of species names should be given at the first mention. A full list of instructions may
be obtained by sending a stamped addressed envelope marked “Ent. Rec. Guidelines” to the Editor.

There are normally no page charges to authors for text or black and white photographs but authors wanting colour
photographs will normally have to defray the cost. Contact the editor in advance for details. All papers are subjected to
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Proofs of notes can be provided at cost and must be requested when submitting the manuscript.

The editor is always happy to discuss any aspect of this journal with authors or subscribers and may be e-mailed or
telephoned at the address given above.

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 Jia)

THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1996

BERNARD SKINNER! AND MARK PARSONS’
'5 Rawlins Close, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS.
? Butterfly Conservation, UK Conservation Office, Box 444, Wareham, Dorset BH20 SYA.

THE MARKED INCREASE of immigrant species noted in the previous year
continued in 1996 with most of the regular visitors such as Red Admiral Vanessa
atalanta (Linnaeus), Silver Y Autographa gamma (Linnaeus), Udea ferrugalis
(Hiibner) and Nomophila noctuella ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) being especially
abundant. However, the most prolific species was the Painted Lady Vanessa cardui
(Linnaeus) with record numbers beineg reported throughout the British Isles. The
first influx of primary immigrants appeared in early June and it is believed followed
by other sporadic invasions until the late summer which no doubt mingled with
home bred stock.

Less common migrant species including the Vestal Rhodometra sacraria
(Linnaeus), the Gem Orthonoma obstipata (Fabricius), Small Mottled Willow
Spodoptera exigua (Hiibner) and Scarce Bordered Straw Heliocoverpa armigera
(Hiibner), were all reported in above average numbers.

Of the rarer species, fourteen Tree-lichen Beauty Cryphia algae (Fabricius) were
recorded along the south coast of England with one exception from Hertforfordshire.
The fourth and fifth British examples of the Passenger Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus)
were captured in Kent and Dorset respectively; a pair of Lydd Beauty Peribatodes
ilicaria (Geyer), only previously recorded twice before, were captured on the Isle of
Wight and the example of the pyrale Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) reported from
St Agnes, Isles of Scilly, represents the fourth British record.

Four species deserve special mention for two of these, the Pale-shouldered
Brocade Chloantha hyperici ({[Denis & Schiffermiiller]) from Kent and the pyrale
Duponchelia fovealis Zeller from Norfolk were new to the British list. The third, a
well-travelled looking male Pine Lappet Dendrolimas pini (Linnaeus) from the Isle
of Wight in August, was the first British example for almost two hundred years and
finally the male example of the Marsh Dagger Acronicta strigosa ({Denis &
Schiffermiiller]) reported from Rye Harbour, East Sussex, in July may well have
been the first immigrant example of a species which was formerly resident in
England, but last noted in Cambridgeshire in 1933.

The downside of 1996 was perhaps the deterioration of the weather from early
September with the result that this month and October, traditionally considered to be
full of promise for immigrants, yielded very little of note; exceptions being the
Scarce Arches Luperina zollikoferi (Freyer) from West Sussex in early September;
the seventeenth British record and the first for almost thirty years and the fourth
example, in recent times, of the Red-headed Chestnut Conistra erythrocephala
({[Denis & Schiffermiilier]) recorded in late October, also from the Littlehampton
district.

In the hope of aiding the compilation of the immigrant reports for future years and
enabling a quicker publication it is requested that records should be stated clearly

154 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vii.1999

with as full details as possible and ideally the Watsonian vice-county should be
given. If it is not possible to give the vice-county, a six figure grid-reference would
aid the placing of the record within a vice-county at the compilation stage. The dates
given for the records should be the day of the sighting, or if from a light trap it
should be the date of the evening that the trap was operated. If the date given with
the records is for the following morning, this should be stated clearly so that the
records could be suitably amended to ensure a consistent approach.

The species listed in the annexes are laid out following Bradley & Fletcher (1979)
with additions interpolated at the appropriate position. The nomenclature has been
updated utilising Karsholt & Razowski (1996). Several records were supplied by
more than one contributor and it is possible that some duplication of records has
occurred, although every effort was made to eliminate this. Little attempt has been
made to interpret locality data and it is possible that the same site is occasionally
treated by different names. Records placed in square brackets either require
confirmation, are known to be releases or, for example the Cypress Carpet Thera
cupressata (Geyer), are of individuals that are considered to be resident but are
included for interest. The abbreviations listed below are used in Annex 1.

Abbreviations

E Exotic introduction/escape
I Primary immigrant

In Introduction

R Resident

R(i)_ Recent resident/Invader
R(t) Temporary resident
Vv Vagrant

ANNEXE 1: RECORDS OF “SCARCER” SPECIES

YPONOMEUTIDAE

Yponomeuta rorella (Hiibner) [I?/V?]

DORSET (9): Ame, 22.7 (PD); Higher Hyde, 7.8 (PHS per PD); Morden Bog, 26.7 - 11 (PD);
Portland Bird Observatory, 22.7 to 30.7 - 13 (including 26.7 - 6) (MC per PD); Trigon, 21.7 - 2;
5.8 - 3 (PD); Weymouth, 22.7 - 2 (PHS per PD); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): St. Martin’s, 7/8 -
1 (Austin 1997).

ETHMIIDAE

Ethmia quadrillella (Goeze) (=funerella (Fabricius)) [I?]
EAST SUSSEX (14): Holywell, 13.8 (MSP & CRP).
Ethmia bipunctella (Fabricius) [I?]

ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 21.8 (Knill-Jones 1998); EAST NORFOLK (27): Wheatacre,
19.8 (RH per Hipperson (1996)).

TORTRICIDAE

Epiblema grandaevana (Lienig & Zeller) [I?]
SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 7.6 (BS).

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 155

Cydia amplana (Hiibner) [I/R(t)?]

SOUTH DEVON (3): Abbotskerswell, 17.8 (Davey 1997); Beer, 17.8 - 1+; 18.8 (BH); Plympton,
18.8 - 1 male & 1 female; 19.8; 20.8 (RJH); Teignmouth, 7.8 (RMc per Agassiz et al (1998));
DORSET (9): Morden, 8.8 (PD); Portland Bird Observatory, 5.8 - 5; 7.8 - 4; 8.8; 18.8 - 3; 19.8 - 2
(MC per PD); Worth Matravers, 18.8 - 2 (MT); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey,
L’Ancresse, 18.8 - 2 (Austin 1997); Guernsey, St. John, 19.8 (Austin 1997).

Summary: (3): 8+; (9): 18; (113): 3.

PYRALIDAE

Euchromius ocellea (Haworth) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 24.10 (PS per MT’); SOUTH DEVON (3):
Plympton, 18.8 (RJH); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Swanmoor, 25.11 - 1 dead (B. Elliot per
BFS); EAST KENT (15): Greatstone, 10.8 (BB per SPC); [SHETLAND ISLANDS (112):
Eswick, 17.9 (Agassiz et al (1998)), reported in error, refers to 1995 record].

Pediasia aridella (Thunberg) [I?/V?]
SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Eswick 11.8 (TDR per Pennington (1997)).

Platytes alpinella (Hubner) [I?]
DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 22.7; 19.8 (MC); ANGUS (90): Lunan Bay, 7.8 - 4
(Goater 1997); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Eswick, 11.8 (TDR per Pennington (1997)).

Evergestis extimalis (Scopoli) [I?/V?]

Note: Records outside Thames Estuary and Breckland only.

WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 29.9 (MT’); St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 17.6 -
3; 27.7; 12.8; 17.8 JH & MH); SOUTH DEVON (3): Beer, 30.8 (BH); Branscombe, 13.6 (PB);
West Hill, Ottery St Mary, 18.9 (PB); DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 16.8 (MC);
Worth Matravers, 19.8 (MT); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 16.8 (SAKJ); SOUTH
HAMPSHIRE (11): Beaulieu, 14.8 (BIJ per BG); WEST SUSSEX (13): Pagham Harbour, 5.8
(BFS & MSP); EAST KENT (15): Densole, 9.8 (TR); Herne Bay, 2.9 (BM); EAST NORFOLK
(27): Rockland St. Mary, 7.8 (CR per Hipperson (1996)); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61):
Spurn, 11.8; 21.8 - 2 (BS); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, L’Ancresse, 27.7 (Austin
1997).

Summary: (1): 73.3): 339): 2; C10)? 15.11): 13.13) 45 G5): 2; (27): 1; GP)r3; (113): 1.

Evergestis limbata (Linnaeus) [I]
WEST SUSSEX (13): Walberton, 23.7 (JTR per CRP).

Loxostege sticticalis (Linnaeus) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): St Agnes, 18.8; 20.8 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 18.8 (DB, AG & RCK);
DORSET (9): Gaunt’s Common, 18.8 (PD); Worth Matravers, 19.8 (MT); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE
(11): Beaulieu, 14.8 (BIJ per BG); Lymington, 17.8 (Davey 1997); WEST SUSSEX (13):
Walberton, 23.8 (JTR per CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14): Holywell, 21.8 (CRP & MSP); Icklesham,
14.8 (IH per CRP); Peacehaven, 16.8; 29.8 (CRP); Rye Harbour, 20.8 (Davey 1997); EAST
KENT (15): Densole, 27.8 (TR); Dungeness, 20.8 (DW per SPC); Dymchurch, 7.6 (JO per SPC);
Greatstone, 23.8 (BB per SPC); New Romney, 13.8; 17.8 (KR per SPC); WEST KENT (16):
Gravesend, 7.8 (Agassiz 1998); SURREY (17): Betchworth, 9.8; 18.8 (CH); Centenary Fields,
Lingfield, 26.7 - 1 male (JHC); Lingfield, 24.8 - 1 female (JHC); NORTH ESSEX (19): St Osyth,
17.7 (RWA per BG’); CAMBRIDGESHIRE (29): Mepal, 15.8 (RP): EAST NORFOLK (27):
Barnham Broom, 23.8 (JG per Hipperson (1996)); WEST NORFOLK (28): Barney Wood nr.
Thursford, undated (MT’); Eccles, 17.8 (NB per Hipperson (1996)); NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE
(54): Gibraltar Point, 14.8 (as 15.8 (Davey 1997)) (KMSW per RJ); Roughton, 10.8 (JJ per RJ);
Scotterthorpe, 21.8 (RJ & W.J. Johnson); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 27.8 (BS);
SOUTH WEST YORKSHIRE (63): West Melton, Rotherham, 6.8 (H.E. Beaumont per Agassiz et
al (1998)); ISLE OF MAN (71): Callan Dhoon Maughold, 24.7 (LK per GDC);

156 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vii.1999

DUMERIESSHIRE (72): Connansknowe, Kirkton, 15.8; 20.8 (RM); MORAYSHIRE (95):
Findhorn, 13.8 - 1 female; 15.8 - 6 (JHC); Tulloch, Rafford, 14.8 - 1 female (JHC); ORKNEY
ISLANDS (111): Craigiefield, 16.8 (per SVG); North Manse, North Ronaldsay, 19.8 (N.
Riddiford & MG per SVG); North Ronaldsay, Lighthouse, 13.8 (MG per SVG); Quoyberstane,
17.8 (SVG); Smyril Stenness, 17.8 (ERM per SVG); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Baltasound,
11.8 - 2; 14.8 (Pennington 1997); Eswick, 13.8 - 3; 14.8; 21.8 (TDR per Pennington (1997)); Fair
Isle Observatory, 11.8 (M. Newell per Pennington (1997)); Foula, 13.8 (F. Ratter per Pennington
(1997)); 25.8 (MGP); Ocraquoy, 14.8 (G. Petrie per Pennington (1997)); Veensgarth, 13.8 - 2;
22.8 (P. Sclater per Pennington (1997)); Voehead, Bressay, 22.8 (J. Gammack per Pennington
(1997)) (as 21.8 per MGP).

Summary: (1): 3; O)r2; (1)? 2) °(13)2 73 4): 5; C15)26: (16)F 1; 17) 4529) ey eee:
(54)23; (61): 15:(63)2 1s C72) 2 Ts G72): 23 5)2 82 G11) 3621 12): 16:

Sitochroa palealis ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [I1?/R?/R(t)]

WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 2.8; 7.8 (SH & MH); SOUTH DEVON (3):
Starcross, 5.8 (AHD); NORTH SOMERSET (6): Folly Farm, 9.8 (D. Watts per Barnett,
Edmondson & Evans (1996d)); Oldbury Power Station, 8 (J. Martin per Barnett, Edmondson &
Evans (1996d)); WILTSHIRE: Berril Valley, 3.7 - 2; 9.8 - 5 (EGS & MHS); Ladywell, 10.8 - 2
(EGS & MHS); Zealand Cross, 3.8 - 2 (EGS & MHS); NORTH WILTSHIRE (7): Chittoe, 20.7
(EGS & MHS); SOUTH WILTSHIRE (8): Imber Village, 5.8 - 6 (EGS & MHS); Shrewton
Valley, 19.6 - 2 (EGS & MHS); Steeple Ashton, 8.7 - 2; 19.8 (EGS & MHS); Swindon, 14.8 (D.
Brotheridge per Agassiz et al (1998)); West Down, 17.8 - 4 (EGS & MHS); DORSET (9):
Portland Bird Observatory, 1.8 to 19.8 - 5 (MC); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Hamble Common,
4.8 - | flying in off sea by day (AHD); Hillhead, 1.8 (RWP); WEST SUSSEX (13): Pagham
Harbour, 5.8 - 2 (BFS & MSP); EAST KENT (15): Densole, 28.8 (TR); Dungeness, 27.7; 1.8
(DW per SPC); 5.8 (JB per SPC); 2.8; 12.8 (KR per SPC); 14.8 (SPC); Dymchurch, 10.8 (JO per
SPC); Littlestone, 13.8 (KR per SPC); Lydd-on-Sea, 10.8 (SPC); New Romney, 9.8 (KR per
SPC); SURREY (17): South Croydon, 27.7 (GAC); SOUTH ESSEX (18): Danbury, 13.8 (G.A.
Pyman per BG’); NORTH ESSEX (19): Beaumont-cum-Moze, undated (JBF per BG’);
Dovercourt, 7 (CG per BG’); MIDDLESEX (21): Parliament Hill Fields, Hampstead, 3.8 (R.A.
Softly per Agassiz et al (1998)); BERKSHIRE (22): near Aldworth, Berkshire Downs, 17.8 (B.R.
Baker & M. Storey per Agassiz et al (1998)); Long Wittenham, 7 - 6 (“certainly resident’) (MT);
OXFORDSHIRE (23): Yarnton, 8.8 to 18.8 - 3 (MT); NOTTINGHAMSHIRE (56): Mission
Training Range, 22.7 (S. Wright per Agassiz et al (1998)); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113):
Guernsey, Trinity Cottages, 28.7 (JH’ per Austin (1997)).

Summary: .(1): 2;.3):. 1; (6): 2;-Wiltshire: 11; (7): 1; (8): 16; (9)35;, dDa2; G3)s 2.05) diel:
£13): 9): 2. 21): Te). 7; 3): 32 OO)esk: Cl 13)8 4.

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiibner) [I?/R?]

WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 20.7 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 18.8; 19.8 (DB,
AG & RCK); SOUTH DEVON (3): Countess Wear, Exeter, 22.7 (PB’ per RMc); Starcross, 26.6
to 27.6 - 1 (AHD); DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 21.7 to 22.7 - 4 (MC); ISLE OF
WIGHT (10): Binstead, 24.7 (BJW); Freshwater, 26.6; 7.8 (SAKJ); EAST SUSSEX (14): Friston
Forest, 27.7 (MSP & CRP); SURREY (17): Raynes Park, 22.7 (MSP); WEST NORFOLK (28):
Eccles, 20.7; 26.7; 31.7; 1.8 (NB per Hipperson (1996)).

Summary: (1): 3; (3): 2; 9): 4; (10): 3; (14): 1; (17): 1; (28): 4.

Psammotis pulveralis (Hubner) [I]
EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 27.7 (DW per SPC); Greatstone, 30.7 (BB per SPC); Lydd, 25.7
(KR per SPC).

Udea fulvalis (Hiibner) [R(t)?/R(i)?]
ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 31.7; 2.8; 7.8; 9.8; 13.8 - 2; 20.8 (SAKJ).

Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (=testulalis (Geyer)) [I?/E?]
WEST KENT (16): Petts Wood, 27.7 (D. O’ Keeffe per Agassiz et al (1998)).

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 157

[Duponchelia fovealis Zeller [1(?)/E]
EAST NORFOLK (27): Thorpe St Andrew, 10.9 (D. Hipperson per Agassiz et al (1998)).]

Palpita unionalis (Hiibner) [T)

WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 19.10; 20.10 (MT”’); 19.10 (PS per MT”);
DORSET (9): Durlston, 14.10 (JEC); Gaunt’s Common, 22.10 (PD); Portland Bird Observatory,
19.8; 23.10 - 2 (MC); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Binstead, 19.8 (BJW); Freshwater, 3.11 (SAKJ);
SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Brockenhurst, 24.10 (JEC); Southsea, 20.8 (JRL per BG); WEST
SUSSEX (13): Littlehampton, 3.11; 11.11 (Mrs R.E. Pratt per CRP); Walberton, 1.11 (JTR per
CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 2.9 (SPC); Greatstone, 12.8; 19.10; 24.10 (BB per SPC);
Herne Bay, 24.10 (BM); Littlestone, 20.10 (KR per SPC); Lydd-on-Sea, 9.8 (SPC); New
Romney, 14.10 (KR per SPC); ISLE OF MAN (71): Callan Dhoon Maughold, 9.8 (LK per GDC).
Summary: (1): 3; (9): 5; (10): 2; (11): 2; (13): 3; (15): 8; (71): 1.

Conobathra tumidana ({Denis & Schiffermiller]) [I]

WEST SUSSEX (13): Walberton, 18.8 (JTR per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 9.8 (DW
per SPC, see also Clancy (1997)); 19.8 - 2; 20.8; 21.8 - 3 (KR per SPC, see also Clancy (1997));
17.8; 19.8; 22.8 (SPC, see also Clancy (1997)); Greatstone, 5.8 - 2; 18.8 - 3; 19.8 - 2 (BB per
SPC, see also Clancy (1997)); Lydd, 18.8; 19.8 (KR per SPC, see also Clancy (1997)); Lydd-on-
Sea, 19.8 (SPC, see also Clancy (1997)); New Romney, 11.8; 12.8; 13.8; 18.8 (KR per SPC, see
also Clancy (1997)).

Summary: (13): 1; (15): 24.

Sciota hostilis (Stephens) [I?]
EAST KENT (15): New Romney, 7.6 - 1 female (KR per SPC).

[Sciota adelphella (Fischer von Réslerstam) [R?/R(t)?/R(i)?]
Note: Does not include Kent records where species is considered resident.
NORTH ESSEX (19): St Osyth, 14.7; 9.8 (RWA per BG’)].

Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) [I?]
WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 20.7 (JH & MH).

Dioryctria abietella ((Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [I?/V?/R?]

WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 17.6; 15.8 (JH & MH); DORSET (9):
Portland Bird Observatory, 16.6 to 19.8 - 8 (MC); WEST SUSSEX (13): Pagham Harbour, 5.8 -
c.8 (BFS & MSP); EAST SUSSEX (14): Holywell, 13.8 (CRP & MSP); SURREY (17):
Banstead, 8.8 (S.W. Gale per Plant (1997)); Locality not given, 5.8 - 2; 9.8 (PAC); MIDDLESEX
(21): West Hampstead, undated (D. Rear per Plant (1997)); CAERNARVONSHIRE (49): Bangor,
6.8 (DL per CWP); Cors Bodgynydd, 13.7 (A.M. Davis per Agassiz et al (1998)); SOUTH-EAST
YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 21.8 (BS); EAST PERTHSHIRE (89): Kindrogan, 3.8 (BG per
Agassiz et al (1998)); ORKNEY ISLANDS (111): North Ronaldsay, 7.8 - 1 from a car
windscreen (MG per SVG); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Baltasound, 13.8; 18.8 - 2
(Pennington 1997); Easter Quarff, 9.8 (Pennington 1997); Eswick, 7.8 to 15.8 - 23 (Pennington
1997); Foula, 11.8 (Pennington 1997); Norwick, 12.8 - 6 (Pennington 1997); Upper Toft, Fetlar,
12.8 (Pennington 1997).

Summary: (1) 2; (9): 8; (13): 8; (14): 1; (17): 4; (21); (49): 2; (61): 1; (89): 1; (112): 35.

Ancylosis oblitella (Zeller) [1?/R(t)?/R?]

WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 5.9 (JH & MH); SOUTH DEVON (3):
Axmouth Saltings, 4.8 (McCormick 1997); Dawlish Warren, 19.7 (McCormick 1997); NORTH
SOMERSET (6): Wain’s Hill, Clevedon, 31.7 (per Barnett, Edmondson & Evans 1996c);
DORSET (9): Gaunt’s Common, 22.7 - 2; 19.8 - 2 (PD); Portland Bird Observatory, 18.7 to 6.9 -
10 (MC); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Southsea, 20.7; 22.7; 7.8; 18.8 - 2 (JRL); 18.8 (IRT per
BG); Warsash, 21.7 to 22.7 (PMP per BG); WEST SUSSEX (13): Pagham Harbour, 19.8; 2.9

158 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vii.1999

(JTR per CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14): Friston Forest, 18.8 (MSP & CRP); Holywell, 14.7 (MSP
& CRP); Icklesham, 20.8; 25.8 (IH per CRP); Peacehaven, 5.8 - 2; 20.8 (CRP); Rye Harbour, 6.6;
21.7; 22.7 - 2; 23.7 '=33 24.7;-25.7 = 5326.7 = 33-27-7602 287 -"3: 29772 317 (DIF aper CRB):
GLAMORGAN (41): Manselfield, Swansea, 23.7 (per DG); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61):
Spurn, 29.7 (BS).

Summary: (1): 1; (3): 2; (6): 1; 9): 14; (11): 7; (13): 2; (14): 34; (41): 1; (61): 1.

PAPILIONIDAE

[The Swallowtail Papilio machaon Linnaeus [In/I?]

Note: Subspecies was not stated for the following records.

Locality not given, undated - 2 “reported” (Bowles 1996b); EAST KENT (16): Dover, near
Eastern Docks, 28.8 (D.M. Batchelor per JM); SURREY (17): Wisley RHS Garden, 13.6 (?a
possible release) (A. Reid per Jeffcoate & Gerrard (1997)); DERBYSHIRE (57): Dronfield, 16.8
(? possible escape) (Frost 1996a); Woodlinkin, 7.9 (? possible escape) (Frost 1996a)].

PIERIDAE

Pale Clouded Yellow Colias hyale (Linnaeus) [I]

Locality not given, undated - positively identified (Bowles 1996c); [SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11):
Betley Station Meadow 3.8 - recorded as either hyale or helice form of croceus (B. & Mrs S.
Clark per Taverner (1997)); Bramshaw Telegraph, 10.8 (T. Bernhard per Taverner (1997));
Fletchwood Meadows, 9.6 - 1 female (Jenkins 1996) (all S. Hampshire records treated as
unconfirmed)]; WEST NORFOLK (28): Thompson Common, 15.8 (M. Densley & R.J. Densley);
Wells Wood, 18.8 (Davey 1997).

Berger’s Clouded Yellow Colias alfacariensis Ribbe [I]

[Locality not given, “reported” (Bowles 1996b) (record treated as unconfirmed)]; DORSET (9):
Martin Down, 12.6 - laying on horshoe vetch Hippocrepis comosa (F. Train per Batty (1996b);
[Westleton, Portland, 14.9 (Hill 1997); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Titchfield Haven, 18.8 (Hill
1997); EAST SUSSEX (14): Rye Harbour, 26.8 (Anon. per CRP), CRP considers this requires
confirmation; KENT: Locality not given, undated - | larva (not confirmed) (Bowles 1996b).]

[Berger’s Clouded Yellow Colias alfacariensis Ribbe or Pale Clouded Yellow Colias hyale
(Linnaeus) [I]

DORSET (9): Holton Heath, 3.8 (Davey 1997) (as 5.8 in (Hill 1997)); ISLE OF WIGHT (10):
Bembridge, 8.8 (AB & LB per Taverner (1997)).]

Clouded Yellow Colias croceus (Fourcroy) [I]

Summary only: The vice-county number is given in brackets, followed by the number of
individuals sighted in each vice-county (county or other geographic area). Where no numbers
were given for an individual record, it was taken to be 1. Hence, the totals are approximate. This
is followed by the monthly representation of the records. In several cases it was impossible to
assign a given record to an individual month. As with the totals for the vice-counties, the monthly
totals are, therefore, approximate. ;
Summary: Cornwall: Daubuz’s Moor, Truro: 2; (1): 50+; (2): 5+; (3): 35+; (Devon: 240 (Bristow
1997)); (5): 7+; (6): 1; (8): 74+; (9): 1204+; (10): 3474+; (11): 1164+; (10, 11 & 12): 1,000+ (per
Taverner (1997)); Sussex, Brighton: 7; (13): 280+; (14): 384+; (15): 602+; (16): 203+; (17): 70+;
Essex: 1; (18): approx. 143; (19): 14; (20): 9+; (21): 8; (22): 324; (23): 2; (25): 8; (28): 6; (30): 2;
(38): 1; (41): 14: (44): 11; (56): 1294; (57): 96; (58): 4; Lancashire: 1; (61): 20+; (63): 10; S.
Yorks: 3; (69): 6; (70): 15; (73): 1; (113): 86; Northern Ireland: 1.

May: 2; June: 195+; July: 80+; August: 1571+; September: 235+; October: 74; November: 11+;
December: 1+.

Earliest date: CHESHIRE (58): Locality not given, 31.5 (Bowles 1996b).

Latest dates: SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Hengistbury Head, 4.12 (MJG per Taverner (1997));
EAST SUSSEX (13): Beachy Head, 9.11 (P. Wilson per CRP).

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 159

Possibly significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): The Lizard, 19.8 - 1 at mv light (DB, AG
& RCK; SOUTH DEVON (3): Prawle Point, 7.6 - 1 to light (RMc); DORSET (9): Portland, 8 -
up to 50 a day (MC); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Hengistbury Head, a group of 5-10 stayed in
the same area through 11 to early 12; 16.11 - a mating pair (MJG per Taverner (1997)).

[Cleopatra Gonepteryx cleopatra (Linnaeus) [I?/In?]
Locality not given, 11 - probably an accidental introduction (Bowles 1997).]

[Black-viened White Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus) [I]
SUSSEX: Locality not given, 15.7 (Bowles 1996c).]

Bath White Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus) [I]
EAST KENT (15): Lade, Lydd-on-Sea, 8.8 (Dr A. Woiwod per Woiwod (1997)).

LYCAENIDAE

Long-tailed Blue Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): St Mary’s, 14.10 (Hill 1997); SOMERSET: Locality not given, 15.8
(Bowles 1996c); DORSET (9): Batcombe Down, 7.8 (A. Elliot per PD); MIDDLESEX (21):
Gillespie Park, 19.7 (D. Bevan per Plant (1997)).

NYMPHALIDAE

American Painted Lady Vanessa virginiensis (Drury) [I]
LEICESTERSHIRE (55): Rutland Water, 17.8 (Davey 1997).

Large Tortoishell Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus) [I]
CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Jerbourg, 7.6 (Austin 1997).

Camberwell Beauty Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus) [T]

Note: About 50 records of emerged hibernators (surviving from 1995) (Bowles 1996d).

Locality not given, 3 - 2; first week of 4 - 5; 14 sightings by end of 4 (Bowles 1996a); 5 - 7
(Bowles 1996b); WEST CORNWALL (1): Marazion Marsh, 19.8 (per D. Flumm per RDP & PP);
NORTH SOMERSET (6): Bath, 16.3 (per JM’? per MRH); NORTH SOMERSET/WEST
GLOUCESTERSHIRE: Locality not given, 10.3 (Bowles 1996a); ISLE OF WIGHT (10):
Arreton, 9.9 (D.L.H. Miller per Taverner (1997)); Freshwater Lake, 6.9 (D. Nash per SAKJ);
NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Fleet, 18.6 (Ms J. Nation per Taverner (1997)); WEST SUSSEX
(13): Ardingly, 7.9 (J. Howell per CRP); Chiddingfold Forest (as Kingspark Wood per CRP), 8.4
(Willmott 1997); Horsted Keynes, 17.7 (D. Sadler per CRP); Levin Down, 15.8 (D. Dell per
CRP); Worthing, 23.3 (J. Newnham per CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14): Hartfield, 8.5 (RH? per
CRP); EAST KENT (15): Bekesbourne, Canterbury, 18.7 (S. Elks per JM); Chatham, 6.9 (B.
Hooper per JM); Denge Wood, Ashford, 16.4 (L. Clemons per JM); 12.5 (M. & P. Riley per JM);
Dungeness, 15.9 (J. Bradley & S. Busuttil per JM); near Gillingham, 12.5 (PK per JM); Lydden
Village, 9.6 (AC per JM); north of Snodland, 21.8 (M.P. Sutherland per JM); Pegwell Bay, 8.4
(per R. Goy per JM); Rectory Gardens, Swalecliffe, 27.4 (M. Pamphilon per JM); Wye Crown,
9.6 (AC per JM); WEST KENT (16): Crockham Hill, near Sevenoaks, 14.9 (Ms R. Lewis per
GRE); SURREY (17): Addington, Croydon, 15.8 (J.D. Sims per MSP); Ashtead Common, 22.7 -
a probable sighting (S. Price per Jeffcoate & Gerrard (1997)); Coulsdon Common, 13.5 (R.
Hawkins per Jeffcoate & Gerrard (1997)); Croydon, 22.8 (Anon 1996a); Roehampton, 29.8 (Mrs
W. Matthews per GRE); SOUTH ESSEX (18): Hadleigh, 5.4 (G. Bailey per JF); Maldon, 14.9
(Hill 1997); Rayleigh, 12.8 (G. Bailey per BG’); Thundersley, undated (per MRH); NORTH
ESSEX (19): Jaywick, 19.9 (JY per BG’); Mistley, 15.9 (ICR per JF); Thorpe-le-Soken, 7.9; 14.9
(R. Wood per JF); 7.9 - 2 (J. Aird per BG’); HERTFORDSHIRE (20): Locality not given, 25.8
(Bowles 1996c); Hoddeston, 26.3 (Rev. T. Gladwin per MRH); MIDDLESEX (21): Locality not
given, 8.7 (Bowles 1996c); BERKSHIRE (22): Locality not given, undated (Bowles 1996d);
EAST SUFFOLK (25): Minsmere, 16 to 21.8 - at least 2 (Anderson & Wilson 1997); NORFOLK:

160 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.v1i.1999

Locality not given, undated (Bowles 1996d); EAST NORFOLK (27): Catfield Fen, 8 (Hill 1997);
Waxham, 7.9 to 9.9 (Hill 1997); Weybourne, 8; early 10 (Hill 1997); WEST NORFOLK (28):
Holkham, 15.9 (Hill 1997); CAMBRIDGESHIRE (29): Locality not given, 4 (having
overwintered) (Bowles 1996a); second week of 10 (Bowles 1996d); nr. Cambridge, undated - 1
hibernating (per JM’ per MRH); BEDFORDSHIRE (30): Flitton, Luton, 8 (M. Healy per MRH);
Locality not given, 15.8 (Bowles 1996c); WARWICKSHIRE (38): Midsummer Hill, 8 (Hill
1997); STAFFORDSHIRE (39): Cannock Chase, 4.4 (Hill 1997); Compton, Wolverhampton,
14.9 (P.A. Brown); Sandwell Valley, 4.9 (Hill 1997); LEICESTERSHIRE (55): Preston, 4.6 (P.
Willson per K.J. Orpe); NOTTINGHAMSHIRE (56): Chilwell, 2.4; 16.8; 17.8 (M. Walker);
DERBYSHIRE (57): Ashgate, Chesterfield, 26.4 (Frost 1996a); Bakewell, 6.9 (Frost 1996a);
Golden Valley, 19.4 (Frost 1996a); CHESHIRE (58): Macclesfield, 26.4 (Ms G. Pierce per SHH);
Locality not given, 5.9 (Hill 1997); SOUTH-WEST YORKSHIRE (63): Treeton Dyke, 29.7
(Frost 1996a); WESTMORLAND (69): Witherslack woods, 5 (I. Waller per DWK); FIFESHIRE
(85): Locality not given, 21.9 (Hill 1997); MID PERTHSHIRE (88): Ben Lawers, 5.4 (Bowles
1996a); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): [Burra, 16.8 - unconfirmed (Pennington 1997)]; Exnaboe,
South Mainland, 16.8 (MGP).

Summary: (1): 1; (6): 1; Som./Gloucs.: 1; (10): 2; (12): 1; (13): 5; (14): 1; (15): 11; (16): 1; (17):
5?; (18): 4; (19): 4 (or 5); (20): 2; (21): 1; (22): 1; (25): 2; Norfolk: 1; (27): 4; (28): 1; (29): 32;
(30): 2; (38): 1; (39): 3; (56): 3; (57): 3; (58): 2; (63): 1; (69): 1; (85): 1; (88): 1; (112): 1[+17].

Queen of Spain Fritillary Argynnis lathonia (Linnaeus) [I/R(t)?]

DEVON: Locality not given, undated (Bowles 1996c); WILTSHIRE: Locality not given, 22.7 to
16.8 - 2 regularly seen (Bowles 1997); SOUTH WILTSHIRE (8): Middleton Hill, Salisbury,
undated (Mrs B. Last per GRE); DORSET (9): Durlston Country Park, 20.7 (Anon 1996a); Locality
not given, 21.7 (Bowles 1996c), refers to Durlston Country Park (M. Gibbons per N. Bowles);
ESSEX: Locality not given, 29.7 (Bowles 1996c); EAST SUFFOLK (25): Burgh St. Peter, 23.8
(Hill 1997); Carlton Marsh, 18.8 (Hill 1997); Dunwich Heath, 21.8 (Hill 1997); Minsmere, 1.8; “up
to 5 could be seen from the middle of the month” (Hill 1997); 16 to 19.8 - 3 (R. Souter per MRH);
7.9 (JEC & JMS); EAST GLOUCESTERSHIRE (33): Shenberrow Hill, 17.8 (Dr S. Foster per
Woiwod (1997)); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Passiflora area, 26.7 (Austin 1997).
Summary: Devon: 1; Wiltshire: 2; (8): 1; (9): 2?; Essex: 1; (25): 8+; (33): 1; (113): 1.

The Monarch Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus) [I]

CORNWALL: Locality not given, 30.9 (Bowles 1996d); WEST CORNWALL (1): Crowan, 31.9
(Hill 1997); St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 1.10 (Hill 1997); St. Levan, 4.10 (Hill 1997); St. Mary’s.
6.10 (Hill 1997); DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 30.9 (MC per PD); 1.10 (MC);
Southwell, 2.10, possibly the same individual as that at Portland on 1.10 (MC); SOUTH
HAMPSHIRE (11): Lymington, 23.7 (Mrs R. Featherstone per Taverner (1997)); WEST
SUSSEX (13): Pagham, 1.9 (S. Knapp per CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14): Seaford, 2.10 (H. Palmer
per CRP); KENT: [Locality not given, undated - record requires confirmation (Bowles 1996d)];
EAST KENT (15): New Romney, 3.10 (A. Massey per JM); Whiteness, 1.10 (Hill 1997);
HERTFORDSHIRE (20): St Albans, 31.8 (B. Wilfridge per R. Haynes); DERBYSHIRE (57):
Matlock, 26.10 (Frost 1996a); WEST CORK (H3): Cape Clear, 10.10 (Hill 1997); CO. CORK:
Locality not given, 5.10 - 2 (Hill 1997).

Summary: Cornwall: 1; (1): 4; (9): 3?; (11): 1; (13): 1; (14): 1; Kent: [1]; (15): 2; (20): 1; (57): 1;
(H3): 2; Co. Cork: 2.

LASIOCAMPIDAE

Pine-tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini (Linnaeus) [I]
ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 12.8 (SAKJ).

DREPANIDAE

Dusky Hook-tip Drepana curvatula (Borkhausen) [I]
CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, L’ Ancresse, 10.8 (Austin 1997).

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 161

GEOMETRIDAE

Rest Harrow Aplasta ononaria (Fuessly) [1?/V?]

EAST KENT (15): Littlestone, 22.7 - 1 female (KR per SPC) (probably the same as Dungeness,
21 to 23.7 (Anon 1996a)); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Le Chene, 19.8 (TNDP per
Austin (1997)).

Blair’s Mocha Cyclophora puppillaria (Hubner) [I]
DORSET (9): Worth Matravers, 18.8 (MT).

Sub-angled Wave Scopula nigropunctata (Hufnagel) [I]
EAST SUSSEX (14): Icklesham, 7.8 (IH per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 22.7 - 1 male
(DW per SPC); Dymchurch, 12.8 (JO per SPC); Lydd, 12.8 - 1 female (KR per SPC).

Tawny Wave Scopula rubiginata (Hufnagel) [I]
SOUTH DEVON (3): Beer, 18.8 (BH); WEST NORFOLK (28): Stiffkey, 5.8 (TC per Hipperson
(1996)) (probably same as 4.8 (Davey 1997)).

Least Carpet Idaea rusticata ((Denis & Schiffermiuller]) [I?]

DORSET (9): West Bexington, 1.8 (RE per PD); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Brockenhurst, 23.7
(JEC); NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Selborne, 15.7; 22.7 (Aston 1997); EAST KENT (15):
Dungeness, 21 to 23.7 (Anon 1996a); EAST NORFOLK (27): Wroxham, 28.7 (NB per Hipperson
(1996)); Scole, 1.8 (M. Hall per Hipperson (1996)).

Portland Ribbon Wave Idaea degeneraria (Hubner) [I?]
WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 17.8 (JH & MH).

The Vestal Rhodometra sacraria (Linnaeus) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): between Lower Town & Middle Town, St Martin’s, Isle of Scilly, 31.5
(RDP & PP); Kennack Sands, 21.10; 23.10 - 2 (JHC); Meadow Dean, Ruan Minor, 23.10 (JHC);
Mullion, 18.8 to 26.8 - every night, max.: 19.8 - 3 (PAC); St Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 17.8 - 3; 18.8 -
7; 31.8 - 2; 29.10 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 18.8 - 5; 19.8 - 5 (DB, AG & RCK); 20.8 - 3 (DB);
SOUTH DEVON (3): Abbotskerswell, 21.10 (BH); Beer, 27.8 (BH); Dawlish, 2.10; 14.10 - 3;
15.10 - 5; 16.10; 23.10 - 2; 27.10 (AR per RMc); Plympton, 20.8 (RJH); Starcross, 18.8; 1.11 to
2.11 - 1 (AHD); West Hill, Ottery St Mary, 27.7; 13.10 (PB); SOUTH SOMERSET (5):
Staplegrove, Taunton, 2.8 (JMc); DORSET (9): Chardstock, 23.10 (AJ per RMc); Gaunt’s
Common, 13.10 - 11; 22.10 - 2 (PD); Portland Bird Observatory, 13.8 to 23.10 - 4 (MC); Worth
Matravers, 19.8 (MT); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 23.10 (SAKJ); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE
(11): Goatspen Plain, near Sway, 27.7 (Waring 1997); Kings Somborne, 13.10 (TJN per BG);
Rownhams, 25.10 (K. Godfrey per BG); Sparsholt, 6.8; 14.10 - 3; 31.10 (RAB); Warsash, 17.10
(PMP per BG); NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Selborne, 23.7 (AEA per BG); WEST SUSSEX
(13): Walberton, 28.7; 24.10 (JTR per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 20.10 (KR per SPC);
Greatstone, 24.10; 25.10 (BB per SPC); Littlestone, 23.7 (KR per SPC); Lydd-on-Sea, 22.10
(SPC); OXFORDSHIRE (23): Yarnton, 8.8 (MT); WEST GLOUCESTERSHIRE (34):
Stancombe, 23.8 (Ms B. Lumb per Barnett, Edmondson & Evans (1996d)); WARWICKSHIRE
(38): Charlecote, 12.10 (AG); 14.10 (DB); Pillerton Priors, 24.10 (C. Ivin per DB); Solihull, 15.10
(A. Pollard per DB); NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE (54): Willingham Forest, undated (CS per RJ);
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE (56): Retford, 2.11 (Elliot & Wright 1997); ISLE OF MAN (71):
Ballacriy Colby, 19.8 (IS & DS per GDC); Castletown, 28.8 (GDC); Dhoon Maughold, 20.8 - 3;
21.8; 6.9 (LK per GDC); DUMFRIESSHIRE (72): Connansknowe, Kirkton, 19.8; 20.8 - 5; 21.8 -
2; 22.8 - 3; 23.8 - 2; 25.8 - 2; 2.9; 4.9; 15.10 (RM); Locality not given, undated (Cheshire recorder
per RM); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, L’ Ancresse, 25.8 (Austin 1997); Guernsey, La
Broderie, 7.9; 8.9; 24.10 (PC per Austin (1997)); Guernsey, Trinty Cottages, 23.7 (JH’® per Austin
(1997)).

Summary: (1): 41; (3): 20; (9): 19; (10): 1; (11): 9; (12): 1; (13): 2; (15): 5; (23): 1; (34): 1; (38):
4494)? 125(56)2 1; 71): 73: 72)2-18; A113): 4.

162 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil. 1999

The Gem Orthonoma obstipata (Fabricius) [I]

Summary only: The vice-county number is given in brackets, followed by the number of
individuals sighted in each vice-county (county). Where no numbers were given for an individual
record, it was taken to be 1. Hence, the totals are approximate. This is followed by the monthly
representation of the records. In several cases it was impossible to assign a given record to an
individual month. As with the totals for the vice-counties, the monthly totals are, therefore,
approximate.

Summary: (1): 31; (3): 182+; (5): 3; Som./Gloucs.: 1; (7): 1; (8): 3; (9): 98; (10): 18; (11): 884;
(12): 7+;.€43): 29; (14): 14;°G5): 59; (16): 23.7 )-17;8); Tie G9) 23:22): i C4334 a)a:
(27): 1; (28): 1; (32): 1; (33): 5; (34): 1; (38): 12; (40): 1; (41): 11; (44): 3 (2+); (49): 1; (54): 1;
(55)? 1;'66)342°O7)? 63 61)23:.(69)237)G De G2) sess 12):-1-

May: 1; June: 176+; July: 116+ ; August: 125+; September: 22+; October: 97+; November: 3.
Earliest date: SOUTH WILTSHIRE (8): Steeple Ashton, 7.5 (EGS & MHS).

Latest dates: WARWICKSHIRE (38): Charlecote, 13.11 (AG).

Possibly significant records: SOUTH DEVON (3): Prawle Point, 7.6 - 100’s; 20.8 - “common”
(RMc).

[Cypress Carpet Thera cupressata (Geyer) [R(i)]

Note: Channel Islands records not included.
ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 24.10; 30.10; 13.11 (SAKJ).]

Barberry Carpet Pareulype berberata ({Denis & Schiffermiuller]) [I?]
EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 17.8 - 1 male (DW per SPC); Greatstone, 21.8 - 1 male (BB per
SPC):

[The Channel Islands Pug Eupithecia ultimaria Boisduval [R(i)]

SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Hayling Island, 30.7 - c.50 larvae; 31.7 - larvae (Langmaid 1996);
WEST SUSSEX (13): Atherington, 5.8 - c.40 larvae (MSP & BFS); Climping, 5.8 - c.40 larvae
(MSP & BFS); Selsey Bill, 5.8 - c.10 larvae (MSP & BFS); West Wittering, 5.8 - c.10 larvae with
1 beat of a tamarisk bush (MSP & BFS).]

Langmaid (1996) gives a summary of the history of the species in Britain.

Dusky Peacock Macaria signaria (Hibner) [I]
EAST SUSSEX (14): Beckley, 31.7 (DJF per CRP).

Lunar Thorn Selenia lunularia (Hiibner) [I?]
EAST KENT (15): Greatstone, 19.8 (BB per SPC); Littlestone, 10.8 (KR per SPC); Lydd, 21.8
(KR per SPC); New Romney, 9.8 (KR per SPC).

Lydd Beauty Peribatodes ilicaria (Geyer) (=manuelaria (Herrich-Schaffer)) [I]
ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Ninham, 14.8 - 1 male; 18.8 - 1 female (JR).

Barred Red Hylaea fasciaria (Linnaeus) [I?/V?]
WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 24.6 (JH & MH).

NOTODONTIDAE

Oak Processionary Thaumetopoea processionea (Linnaeus) [I]
DORSET (9): Worth Matravers, 18.8 (MT); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Le Chene,
19.8 - 2 (TNDP per Austin (1997)).

SPHINGIDAE

Convolvulus Hawk-moth Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus) [IT]
WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 24.10 (MT”’); 24.10 (PS per MT”); St. Agnes,
Isles of Scilly, 1.8 - 1 larva; 17.8; 18.8 - 7; 24.8; 3.9; 7.9 - 2; 18.9 - 1 by day; The Lizard, 18.8;

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 163

19.8 (DB, AG & RCK); SOUTH DEVON (3): West Hill, Ottery St Mary, 18.9 (PB); NORTH
SOMERSET/WEST GLOUCESTERSHIRE: Bristol, 27.7 (N. Tucker per Barnett, Edmondson &
Evans (1996b)); DORSET (9): Gaunt’s Common, 20.9 (PD); Portland Bird Observatory, 13.6;
19.8 to 4.9 - 4; 8 - 1 larva (MC); St Alban’s Head, 20.8 (PD); West Bexington, 26.8 - 2; 3.9 - 2;
5.9; 6.9; 10.10 (RE per PD); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Cranmore, 19.6 (Dr P. Waring per SAKJ);
SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Hayling Island, 26.9 (PIVS per BG); Upham, 3.8 - 1 at Nicotiana (I.
Judd per G.C. Yorke per BG); SUSSEX: Brighton, 11.7 (per Booth Museum of Natural History
per CRP); WEST SUSSEX (13): Horsham, undated (R. Edwards per CRP); Walberton, 24.8 (JTR
per CRP); Yapton, 5.9 (J. Knight per CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14): Eastbourne, 2.9 (DD & JP per
CRP); Holywell, 21.8 - 1 female (MSP & CRP); Rye Harbour, 12.6; 9.7; 3.8 (DJF per CRP);
Three Oaks, nr. Hastings, 27.8 (P. Newton per CRP); Uckfield, 15.8 (M. Stenning per CRP);
Woodingdean, 15.8 - 1 full-grown larva (AB’ per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 18.9
(DW per SPC); 1.9 - 2 males (TR); Herne Bay, 17.9 to 3.9 - 17 (including 26.8 - 3; 31.8 - 3);
13.10 (BM): Littlestone, 23.8 (KR per SPC); SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 4.10 - 1
female (SD); EAST NORFOLK (27): Salthouse Heath, 10.8 - 2 (TC per Hipperson (1996));
WEST NORFOLK (28): Eccles, 6.9 (NB per Hipperson (1996)); Holkham NNR, 10.8 (MT? &
TC); NORFOLK: Tuddenham, 1.8 (A. Bull per Hipperson (1996)) (this may refer to WEST
SUFFOLK (26)); EAST GLOUCESTERSHIRE (33): Longney, 3.9 (AS & SS per RG); SOUTH
LINCOLNSHIRE (53): Gedney Drove End, 23.8 (H. Matthews per GRE); GLAMORGAN (41):
Kenfig NNR, undated (per DG); NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE (54): Anderby Creek, undated (CS
per RJ); Dalby, 20.8 (Mrs M.E. Dawson per RJ); Gibraltar Point, 19.8 (KMSW per RJ);
Roughton, 6.9 (JJ per RJ); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 15.8; 8.9 (BS); ISLE OF
MAN (71): Ballacriy Colby, 14.8 - 2 IS & DS per GDC); Ballastruan Colby, 5.9 (R. Pressley per
GDC); Dhoon Maughold, 7.9 (LK per GDC); Glen Vine, 5.9 (R. Walker per GDC);
DUMERIESSHIRE (72): The Yett, Johnstonebridge, 27.8 (per RM); EAST INVERNESS-SHIRE
(96): Kingussie, 8 (SCP per SPC); ORKNEY ISLANDS (111): A total of 16 (per SVG) including,
Dale, Stronsay, 5.9 - 3 (J.F. Holloway per SVG); Egilsay, undated - 3 (T. Dean per SVG);
SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Baltasound, 12/13.8; 26.8; 28.8; 9.8 (Pennington 1997); Cullivoe,
Yell, 26.8 (Pennington 1997); Cunningsburgh, 30.8 (Pennington 1997); Eswick, 23.8 to 27.8 - 7
(Pennington 1997); fishing boat off Fetlar, 18.8 (Pennington 1997); Gulberwick, 25.8 (Pennington
1997); Haroldswick, 29.8 (Pennington 1997); Lerwick, 27.8 - 2; 28.8; 29.8; 30.8 (Pennington
1997); Scalloway, 28.8 (Pennington 1997); South Nesting, 12.8 (Pennington 1997); Stove in
Standwick, 26.8 (Pennington 1997); Sullom Voe, 22.8 (Pennington 1997); Sumburgh Head, 22.8
(Pennington 1997); Tingwall, 27.8 (Pennington 1997); Uyeasound, Unst, 15.8; 26.8; 28.8 to 3.9 -
2 (Pennington 1997); Voehead, Bressay 26.8 (Pennington 1997); West Burra, 29.8 (Pennington
1997); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, La Broderie, 19.6; 6.8 (PC per Austin (1997)).
Summary: (1): 17 & 1 larva; (3): 1; Som./Gloucs: 1; (9): 14 & 1 larva; (10): 1; Sussex: 1; (13): 3;
(14): 7 & 1 larva; (15): 22; (18): 1; Norfolk (or VC26?): 1; (27): 2; (28): 2; (33): 1; (41): 1; (53):
I; (54): 4: (61): 2; G1): 5: G2): 1; (96): 1: (111): 162 G12): 337 G13): 2.

Death’s-head Hawk-moth Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus) [I]

SOUTH DEVON (3): Prawle Point, 9.10 - pupa (AR per RMc); DORSET (9): Swanage, 21.7
(Anon 1996a); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Brockenhurst, 9.8 (HGHM & JTS per SPC); NORTH
HAMPSHIRE (12): Chattis Hill, near Stockbridge, early 10 - larva (moth emerged early 11) (H.G.
North per J.H. Taverner per BG); WEST SUSSEX (13): Findon, mid 8 - 1 larva (per DD per
CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14): Barcombe, 4.9 - 1 larva (Mrs Lundin per CRP); Jevington, 8.8 - 2
larvae (P. Hodge per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Littlestone, 21.7 - 1 male (KR per SPC) (probably
the same as Dungeness, 21 to 23.7 (Anon 1996a)); WEST KENT (16): Scadbury Park, undated - 1
larva (S. Hillier per BFS, from a newspaper cutting); WARWICKSHIRE (38): Sutton-under-
Brailes, 29.9 - 1 larva on potato (Ms M. Perkins per DB); GLAMORGAN (41): Hensol, undated -
6 larvae feeding on aubergines in a greenhouse (per DG); SOUTH LANCASHIRE (59): St.
Helen’s, 23.7; 26.7; 28.7 (Anon 1996a); ORKNEY ISLANDS (111): Quoys, Rousay, 16.6 (L.
Sutton per SVG); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, L’Ancresse, 13.10 (Austin 1997);
WEST CORK (H3): Locality not given, 6 (Ms H. Perry per Dr I.J. Kitching)

Summary: (3): 1 pupa; (9): 1; (11): 1; (13): 1 larva; (14): 3 larvae; (15): 1 (or 2?); (16): 1 larva;
(38): 1 larva; (41): 6 larvae; (59): 3; (111): 1; (113): 1; (H3): 1.

164 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil. 1999

Pine Hawk-moth HAyloicus pinastri (Linnaeus) [I?/V?]

DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 25.7; 19.8 (MC); West Bexington, 17.6 (RE per PD);
EAST KENT (15): Densole, 6.8 (TR); Orlestone Forest, 12.7 (TR); NORTH ESSEX (19): Dawes
Hall N.R., 20.7 (I. Grahame per BG’); Little Oakley, 27.7 (M. Henchman per BG’); Mistley, 13.7
(ICR per BG’); Saffron Walden, 5.7 (AME per BG’); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61):
Allerthorpe, 14.8 (ASE per SPC); Spurn, 8.8 (BS); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, La
Broderie, 31.7 (PC per Austin (1997)).

Humming-bird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum (Linnaeus) [I/R(t)?/R?]

Summary only: The vice-county number is given in brackets, followed by the number of
individuals sighted in each vice-county (county or other geographic area). Where no numbers
were given for an individual record, it was taken to be 1. Hence, the totals are approximate. This
is followed by the monthly representation of the records. In several cases it was impossible to
assign a given record to an individual month. As with the totals for the vice-counties, the monthly
totals are, therefore, approximate.

Summary: Cornwall, Truro: 1; (1): 74+; (2): 2; (3): 43+; (4): 4; (5): 4; (6): 2; (8): 3; (9): 45+; (10):
34+; (11); 44; (12): 8+; (a total of at least 115 between VCs 10, 11 & 12 (BG)); Sussex: Brighton
- 17; (13): 65; (14): 151+; (16): 3; (17): 16; (18): 53 (419 larvae); (19): 7; (20): 5+; (21): 3; (23):
5; (24): 7; (25): 2; Norfolk: “numerous” (Hipperson 1996); (29): 1;(30): 1; (32): 4; (33): 4; (34):
4; (37): 1; (38): 2; (39): 1; (40): 1; (41): 6; (44): 5; (49): 1 + 1 larva; (53): 4; (54): 15; (55): 24;
(56): 17; (57): 15; Midlands within 30 miles of Derby: 4 (Eames 1998); (58): 2; (61): 1; (63): 1;
(69): 1;.(70): 3; (81) 2; (72): 1; (112): 3; (213): 64; CH12): 1.

January: 1; March: 2; April: 6; May: 9+; June: 237+; July: 32+ (+ 2+ larvae); August: 175+ (+ 1+
larvae); September: 142+; October: 33+; November: 1.

Earliest dates: WEST CORNWALL (1): St Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 18.1 - 1, an example that was
hibernating in a porch took wing on this date (JH & MH); CAERNARVONSHIRE (49): Lleyn
Peninsula, 11.3 (D. Emley per CWP); WEST SUSSEX (13): Hove, 1.4 (R.M. Craske per CRP).
Latest dates: Worthing, 27.11 - 1 inside a house (D. Thorn per CRP); WEST SUSSEX (13):
Walberton, 23.10 (JTR per CRP).

Possibly significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 18.4 - 1 to mv
light (MT’); St Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 18.8 -1 to light; noted entering buildings in the last week of 10
(JH & MH); The Lizard, 9.10 - 1 at light (PB); SOUTH DEVON (3): Plympton, 6.9 - 1 at light
(RJH); DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, singles recorded at mv light on 10.6; 13.6; 15.9
(MC); EAST SUSSEX (14): Litlington, 19.6 - 6 (L. Rowney per CRP); Peacehaven, 17.6 - 5 (CRP);
SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 7.7 to 5.8 - larvae found (AJD & SD); DERBYSHIRE (57):
Eastwood, undated - 1 seen ovipositing on common cleavers Galium aparine (Elliot & Wright
1997); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 11.9 - 1 found at rest under a light (BS);
CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Le Chene, 18.6 - 1 to light (TNDP per Austin (1997)).

[Spurge Hawk-moth Hyles euphorbiae (Linnaeus) [I]

Locality not given, undated (K. Bailey per E.W. Classey); SOUTH DEVON (3): Dawlish Warren,
11.9 (example not retained) (M. Meehan per RMc); Exeter, 6 (per J. Woodland & Mrs J.
Woodland); EAST SUSSEX (14): Seaford, 22.9 - 1 at rest Mr Edmunds per per SC per CRP),
considered by CRP to require confirmation. ]

Bedstraw Hawk-moth Hyles gallii (Rottemberg) [I]

NORTH ESSEX (19): Jaywick, 18.7 (JW per BG’); Wivenhoe, 20.7 (M. Jackson per BG’); EAST
SUFFOLK (25): Bromswell near Felixestowe, 18.6 - 3 seen feeding at honeysuckle (per JN per
Waring (1996c)); Tunstall Forest, 9.8 - about 20 larvae (N. Sherman per Waring (1996c)); 12.8 - 2
larvae (JN per Waring (1996c)); Walberswick, 23.7 (DB); WEST NORFOLK (28): Holkham,
22.7 (Anon 1996a); Holkham NNR, 21.7 - (MT? & TC) (possibly same as previous record);
GLAMORGAN (41): Manselfield, Swansea, 16.7 (per DG); NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE (54):
Gibraltar Point, 19.8 (KMSW per RJ); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Eswick, 11.8 (TDR per
Pennington (1997)); Fair Isle, 5.7 (Pennington 1997); Norwick, Unst, 5.8 to 12.8 - 1 (Pennington
1997).

Summary: (19): 2; (25): 4 & c.22 larvae; (28): 1 (or 2); (41): 1; (54): 1; (112): 3.

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 165

Striped Hawk-moth Hyles livornica (Esper) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): Bass Point, The Lizard, 14.9 (CH); Church Cove, The Lizard, 22.9 (MT”);
Mullion, 22.8 (PAC); St Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 5.6; 7.6; 18.8 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 19.8 - 2 (DB,
AG & RCK); SOUTH DEVON (3): Countess Wear, Exeter, 6.6; 8.6 (PB’ per RMc); Prawle Point,
7.6 - 13 (RMc); Teignmouth, 21.8; 19.9 (RMc); West Hill, Ottery St Mary, 2.9; 3.9 - 2 (PB);
NORTH DEVON (4): Coryton, Okehampton, 8.6 (Ms J. Hale per RMc); NORTH SOMERSET (6):
Leigh Woods, undated - by day (Barnett, Edmondson & Evans 1996a); DORSET (9): Chalbury,
17.6 (S. Amos per PD); Holt Heath, 19.6 (M.M. Brooks); Portland Bird Observatory, 12.6; 18.8 to
21.8 - 3; 15.9 (MC); Swanage, 6.6 - 2 (AG); 7.6 - 8 or 9 (A. Kolaj per SPC); West Bexington, 6.6 -
2; 7.6; 14.6; 6.9; 16.10 (RE per PD); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Binstead, 14.6 (BJW); Chale, 13.8 - in
a conservatory (BJW); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Warsash, 5 or 6.6 (PMP per BG); WEST
SUSSEX (13): Atherington, 9.6 (A.J.L. Kemp per CRP); Bognor Regis, 12.8 (Mr Eaves per Waring
(1996c)); EAST SUSSEX (14): Crowborough, undated (MJS per SPC); Peacehaven, 1.9 (CRP);
EAST KENT (15): Kingston, Canterbury, 14.6 (K. Elks); Herne Bay, 8.6; 22.8 (BM); Dungeness,
7.6 (BFS); 10.6 (KR per SPC); 18.6 (DW per SPC); 25.6 (SPC); Lydd-on-Sea, 29.4 (SPC); New
Romney, 11.6; 14.6 (KR per SPC); SURREY (17): Milford, 8.6 (DWB per GAC); Nutfield, 7.6
(PAC); SOUTH ESSEX (18): North Chingford, 7.6 (B. Pateman per BG’); OXFORDSHIRE (23):
Bagley Wood, 18.6 - at flowers of honeysuckle (R. Louch & J. Gosling per Waring (1996b));
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (24): Chesham Bois, 7.6 (JEC & JMS); EAST NORFOLK (27): Caister,
early 6 - 1 found in an outbuilding (J. Hall per Hipperson (1996)); EAST GLOUCESTERSHIRE
(33): Longney, 14.6; 23.6 (AS & SS per RG); SHROPSHIRE (40): near Quatford, 26.7 - 1 larva
(4th instar, per APF) found on rosebay willowherb Chamaenerion angustifolium (Foster 1997);
GLAMORGAN (41): Manselfield, Swansea, 20.6 (per DG); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113):
Guernsey, L’ Ancresse, 8.6; 18.8 (Austin 1997).

Summary: (1): 8; (3): 20; (4): 1; (6): 1; (9): 23 (or 24); (10): 2; Hants.: 1; (13): 2; (14): 2; (15): 10;
G7)-2; 18): 1: (23): 1: (24): 1: (7): 15 G3): 2: 40): darva; 41) 1: (113): 2:

Silver-striped Hawk-moth Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus) [I]

SOUTH WILSTSHIRE (8): Pewsey, 8.6 (Prof. H. Kay per EGS & MHS); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE
(11): Fordingbridge, 15.6 (NH per BG); ANGUS (90): Forfar, 29.10 (Mrs S.M. Mather per L.E.
Rogers).

LYMANTRIDAE

Brown-tail Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Linnaeus) [I?/V?]

WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 17.7; 19.7 - 33; 20.7 - 8; 22.7 - 6 (JH & MH);
SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 7.8; 10.8; 11.8 (BS); ANGUS (90): Lunan Bay, 7.8 - 1
male (Goater 1997).

Black Arches Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus) [I?/V?]
CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Le Chene, 16.8 (TNDP per Austin (1997)).

Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) [I]

SOUTH DEVON (3): Dawlish, 18.8 (AR per RMc); Plymouth, 10.8 (A. Holgate per RMc);
DORSET (9): Chardstock, 22.8 - 1 very worn example (AJ per RMc); EAST SUSSEX (14):
Ringmer, 19.8 (AB’ per CRP); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Le Chene, 18.8 (TNDP
per Austin (1997)).

ARCTIIDAE

Hoary Footman Eilema caniola (Hiibner) [I?/V?]

DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 15.8 (MC); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Bonchurch, 13.8
(JH’); Freshwater, 11.8 (SAKJ).

Four-spotted Footman Lithosia quadra (Linnaeus) [I?/V?]
DORSET (9): Bere Regis, 8.8 (S. Barrett per PD).

166 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil. 1999

Speckled Footman Coscinia cribraria arenaria Lempke [I]
SOUTH ESSEX (18): Ongar, 6.8 (Woiwod et al 1996).

Crimson Speckled Utetheisa pulchella (Linnaeus) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): Penrose, 29.6; 13.7 (RH’ per MT”); Poltesco, 9.6; 15.6; 23.7 (RH? per
MT”); Ventomgimps (Callestick), 1.8 (S. Hutchings per BFS).

Jersey Tiger Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda) [1?/R(t)?/V?]

DORSET (9): Eype’s Mouth, 19.8 - 1 ab. Jutescens (APF); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Bonchurch, 8 -
15 (JH’ per SAKJ); Freshwater, 30.8; 2.9 (SAKJ); EAST SUSSEX (14): Eastbourne, 18.8 - 1
female (DD & JP per CRP).

NOLIDAE

Kent Black Arches Meganola albula ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [I?/V?]

EAST NORFOLK (27): Rockland St. Mary, 7.8 (CR per Hipperson (1996)); Winterton, 17.8 (per
Hipperson 1996); Winterton Dunes, 10.8 (MT’); WEST NORFOLK (28): Eccles, 26.7 (NB per
Hipperson (1996)); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Bridlington, 9.8 (ASE per SPC); Rudston,
12.8 (ASE per SPC).

Scarce Black Arches Nola aerugula (Hiibner) [I]
EAST SUSSEX (14): Rye Harbour, 28.7 (DJF per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dymchurch, 25.7
(JO per SPC).

NOCTUIDAE

Coast Dart Euxoa cursoria (Hufnagel) [I?/V?]
EAST KENT (15): Herne Bay, 27.7 (BM).

Great Dart Agrotis crassa (Hubner) [I]

Note: Channel Islands records not included.

DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory; 5.8 (MC); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 12.8
(SAKJ); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Beaulieu, 8.8 (BIJ per BG).

Purple Cloud Actinotia polyodon (Clerck) [I]
EAST SUSSEX (14): Crowborough, 11.6 (MJS per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 18.8
(JB per SPC).

Pale-shouldered Cloud Chloantha hyperici ({Denis & Schiffermiller]) [I]
EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 20.8 (Walker 1997).

Great Brocade Eurois occulta (Linnaeus) [1/V?]

DORSET (9): Swanage, 19.8 (R. Cox per PD); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Whitwell, 20.8 (S.
Colenutt per SAKJ); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Cosham, 2.9 (TJJ per BG); NORTH
HAMPSHIRE (12): Bentley, 7.8 (M. Christopher per BG); EAST SUSSEX (14): Icklesham, 20.8
(IH per CRP); Ringmer, 31.8; 2.9 (AB? per CRP); Rye Harbour, 14.8 - 2; 17.8 (DJF per CRP);
EAST KENT (15): Herne Bay, 15.8 to 3.9 - 10 (including 16.8 - 4) (BM); Densole, 14.8; 31.8
(TR); Dungeness, 15.8; 16.8 (DW per SPC); 16.8; 2.9 (JB per SPC); 15.8; 3.9 (KR per SPC);
Dymchurch, 18.8; 30.8 - 2 (JO per SPC); Greatstone, 17.8; 2.9 (BB per SPC); Kingsdown, 6.9
(DB); Littlestone, 3.9 (KR per SPC); Lydd, 2.9 (KR per SPC); New Romney, 17.8 - 2; 18.8 - 2;
22.8 (KR per SPC); Snargate, 4.9 - 1 to wine rope (TR); SURREY (17): South Croydon, 2.9
(GAC); SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 16.8 to 6.9 - 15 (inc. 16.8 - 6) (AJD & SD);
Theydon Bois, 30.8 (J. Green per Plant (1997)); NORTH ESSEX (19): Beaumont-cum-Moze,
20.8 (JBF per BG’); Dovercourt, 17.8 (CG per BG’); Jaywick, 19.6 (JY per BG’); 15.8 (JW per
BG’); Saffron Walden, 1.9 (given as 2 per BG’); 3.9 (AME per SPC); St Osyth, 2.9 (RWA per
BG’); HERTFORDSHIRE (20): Easneye, 15.8 (M. Pledger per Plant (1997)); MIDDLESEX (21):

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 167

Hampstead, 2.9 (RAS); BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (24): Lavendon, 16.8 - 2; 17.8 (G. Moss per
GEH); Slough, 30.8 (Hayward 1998); EAST NORFOLK (27): Barnham Broom, 16.8; 19.8 (JG
per Hipperson (1996)); Hainford, 16.8 (Hipperson 1996); North Tuddenham, 16.8 (B. Pummell
per Hipperson (1996)); Sheringham Park, 14.8 (K. Zealand per Hipperson (1996)); Wheatacre,
15.8; 16.8; 30.8 (RH per Hipperson (1996)); Winterton, 17.8 - 2 (per Hipperson (1996)); WEST
NORFOLK (28): Eccles, 17.8 (NB per Hipperson (1996)); Holkham NNR, 14.8 - 9; 5.9 - 3 (MT?
& TC); CAMBRIDGESHIRE (29): Welches Dam RSPB, 3.9 (RP); EAST GLOUCESTERSHIRE
(33): Cheltenham, 12.9 (R. Homan per RG); WARWICKSHIRE (38): Rugby, 2.9 (Dr D. Porter
per DB); GLAMORGAN (41): Llancadle, nr. Barry, 4.7 (per DG); NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE
(54): Gibraltar Point, 26.7 (DB); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Kilnsea, undated (P.A.
Crowther per BS); CUMBERLAND (70): Cockermouth, 23.9 (T. Dale per DWK); Milton, 19.8
(G.R. Naylor per DWK); ORKNEY ISLANDS (111): Craigiefield, 8.8 (per SVG); North
Ronaldsay, 29.8 (MG per SVG); Quoyberstane, 13.8 to 20.8 - 4 (SVG); Smyril, 16.8 (ERM per
SVG); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Baltasound, 6.8; 7.8; 12.8 to 14.8 - 20; 25.8 - 2
(Pennington 1997); Eswick, 12.8 to 14.8 - 108; 26.8; 27.8; 29.8; 31.8 (Pennington 1997);
Norwick, 12.8 to 14.8 - 32 (Pennington 1997); Ocraquoy, 12.8 to 14.8 - 20 (Pennington 1997);
Upper Toft, Fetlar, 12.8 (Pennington 1997); Veensgarth, 12.8 to 14.8 - 4 (Pennington 1997);
Voehead, 12.8 to 14.8 - 2; 29.8 (Pennington 1997); (also a few other records, but details not
given. A total of 345 recorded over the year) (MGP).

Summary: (9): 1; (10): 1; (11): 1; (12): 1; (14): 6; (15): 32; (17): 1; (18): 16; (19): 7 (or 8); (20): 1;
(21): 1; (24)::4; (27): 10; (28): 13; (29): 1; G3): 1; G8): 1; (41): 1; 4): 1; G1): 1; (70): 2; (111):
7; (112): 345.

White Point Mythimna albipuncta ((Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 14.9 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 9.10 (PB);
SOUTH DEVON (3): Beer, 20.8 - 2 (BH); Branscombe, 12.7 (PB); 12.7 - 2 (RMc); Dawlish, 21.8
(AR per RMc); Prawle Point, 20.8 (RMc); DORSET (9): Gaunt’s Common, 19.8 (PD); Portland
Bird Observatory, 16.8 to 15.9 - 41 (MC); West Bexington, 12.8; 16.8; 18.8 - 2 (RE per PD);
ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Binstead, 23.8; 5.9 (BJW); Bonchurch, 18.8 (JH’); Freshwater, 14.8; 22.8;
28.8; 2.9; 6.9; 24.9 (SAKJ); Knowles Farm, 20.6 (TS per BG); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11):
Beaulieu, 21.6 to 2.9 - 6 (BIJ per BG); Hayling Island, 31.8 (PIVS per BG); Park Shore, 5.9 (BG);
Southsea, 31.8 (JRL per BG); Warsash, 8 - 4; 9 - 5 (PMP per BG); WEST SUSSEX (13): Pagham
Harbour, 2.9 (JTR per CRP); Walberton, 22.8; 3.9; 22.9 (JTR per CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14):
Holywell, 13.8 - 2 (CRP & MSP); Icklesham, 14.8; 22.8; 30.8 (IH per CRP); Peacehaven, 14.8;
22.8; 26.8 (CRP); Pevensey, 2.9 (SC per CRP); Rye Harbour, 19.9; 11.8; 13.8 - 2; 18.8; 19.8 - 2;
20.8 - 2; 21.8 (DJF per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Densole, 1.6; 22.8; 23.8; 24.8; 30.8 (TR);
Dungeness, 7.8; 15.8; 16.8; 17.8; 19.8 - 3; 22.8; 14.9 (DW per SPC); 7.7; 8.7; 16.8; 19.8 (JB per
SPC); 10.6; 19.8 - 3; 21.8 - 4; 22.8 - 2; 23.8; 25.8; 26.8 - 2; 28.8; 30.8; 1.9; 11.9 (KR per SPC);
14.8; 23.8; 24.8 - 2; 29.8 (SPC); 1.9 (TR); Greatstone, 11.6; 20.8; 22.8 - 2; 16.9 (BB per SPC);
Herne Bay, 7.6 to 14.10 - 7 (including 31.8 - 2) (BM); Kingsdown, 6.9 - 2 (DB); Littlestone, 7.6
(KR per SPC); Lydd, 11.8; 26.8 - 2 (KR per SPC); Lydd-on-Sea, 19.8 (SPC); New Romney, 9.8;
20.8; 21.8; 25.8; 15.9 (KR per SPC); SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 11.6 to 22.9 - 12
(AJD & SD); NORTH ESSEX (19): Copperas Wood, 28.9 (PS? per BG’); Jaywick, 26.8 (JY per
BG’); EAST SUFFOLK (25): Landguard, 9 (Odin 1997); EAST NORFOLK (27): Norwich, 23.8
(R. Moore per Hipperson (1996)); WEST NORFOLK (28): Stiffkey, 27.7 (TC per Hipperson
(1996)); SOUTH LINCOLNSHIRE (53): Rippingale Fen, 16.8 (L. Lamin per RJ); CHANNEL
ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, 5 sites on 19 nights between 5.6 and 19.10 (Austin 1997); Sark, 27.6
(RL & ML per Austin (1997)).

Summary: (1): 2; (3): 7; (9): 46; (10): 10; (11): 18; (13): 4; (14): 19; (15): 65; (18): 12; (19): 2;
Ca). 27): 1:-(28); f 3): 1; 113): 20.

Delicate Mythimna vitellina (Hiibner) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): Bass Point, The Lizard, 14.9 (CH); Church Cove, The Lizard, 25.4;
6.10 - 16; 20.10 - 6 (128 recorded between 25.4 to 20.10; 48 in 9 and 79 in 10) (MT”); Coverack,

168 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vul. 1999

The Lizard, 11.10 - 4; 12.10; 13.10 - 3 (DB); Kennack Sands, 21.10 - 5 (JHC); Meadow Dean,
Ruan Minor, 21.10 - 4; 22.10 - 2; 23.10 (JHC); Mullion, 18.8; 19.8 - 2; 20.8 (PAC); St Agnes,
Isles of Scilly, 25.4; 27.4; 5.6 - 5; 6.6; 11.6; 17.6; 20.6; 24.6; 26.6; 3.7; 8.7; 19.7; 26.8; 31.8 - 2;
5.9 - 3; 10.9; 13.9 - 3; 14.9; 19.9 - 21; 21.9 - 17; 27.9 - 4; 2.10 - 2; 6.10 - 2; 9.10 - 2; 14.10; 19.10;
22.10; 29.10 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 19.8 - 8 (DB, AG & RCK); 23.9 - 7; 25.9 - 4; 26.9 - 10 (DB
& MT”); 9.10 (PB); SOUTH DEVON (3): Abbotskerswell, 15.5; 26.10 (BH); Branscombe, 19.10
- 8 (RMc); Countess Wear, Exeter, 7.10; 13.10 (PB? per RMc); Dawlish, 23.9; 2.10; 7.10; 10.10 -
2; 11.10; 12.10; 14.10 - 10; 16.10 - 7; 17.10 - 6; 21.10 - 5; 22.10 (AR per RMc); Prawle Point,
21.9 - 6 (RMc); Teignmouth, 27.9; 19.10 (RMc); West Hill, Ottery St Mary, 20.9, thereafter most
nights until end 10 (PB); SOUTH SOMERSET (5): Bishops Lydeard, 3.10; 14.10; 28.10 (MDB);
SOUTH WILTSHIRE (8): Steeple Ashton, 25.10 (EGS & MHS); DORSET (9): Durlston, 16.10
(JEC); 22.10 - 6 (DB & AG); 23.10 - 2; 24.10 - 3 (DB); 23.10 - 3 (PD); Portland Bird
Observatory, 7.6; 13.6 - 2; 11.8 to 22.10 - 55 (MC); St Alban’s Head, 6.10 - 2 (PD); Studland,
23.10 - 2; 24.10 - 5 (DB); West Bexington, 25.4; 20.9 - 2; 21.9 - 2; 30.9 - 2; 1.10; 2.10 - 2; 3.10;
4.10; 5.10; 6.10 - 2; 7.10 - 4; 8.10 - 3; 10.10 - 5; 16.10 - 10; 18.10 - 2; 19.10; 29.10 (RE per PD):
ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Binstead, 22.10 - 2 (BJW); Freshwater, 10.6 to 25.10 - 32 (SAKJ);
SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Brockenhurst, 12.10 (JEC); Cosham, 13.10 (TJJ per BG); Kings
Somborne, 12.10; 13.10 (TJN per BG); Southsea, 23.10 (JRL per BG); Sparsholt, 19.10 - 2; 28.10
(RAB); Warsash, 17.10; 20.10 (PMP per BG); NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Selborne, 18.10;
23.10 (AEA per BG); WEST SUSSEX (13): Atherington, 23.10 - 1 to ivy blossom (MSP);
Climping, 23.10 - 2 (DB); Walberton, 22.10; 27.10; 5.11 (JTR per CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14):
Icklesham. 24.10 - 2 (IH per CRP); Peacehaven, 3.10; 17.10; 18.10 (CRP); Rye Harbour, 24.7;
30.9; 20.10; 24.10 (DJF per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Densole, 12.10; 13.10; 14.10; 17.10 (TR);
Dungeness, 1.10 (JB per SPC); 28.9; 29.9 - 2; 30.9; 13.10; 14.10 - 4; 15.10 - 2; 21.10; 24.10;
25.10 - 2 (KR per SPC); 17.10; 24.10; 25.10 (SPC); Folkestone Warren, 24.10 - 3 (TR);
Greatstone, 1.10 (BB per SPC); Herne Bay, 8.10 to 5.11 - 11 (including 24.10 - 3) (BM);
Littlestone, 10.10 (KR per SPC); Lydd, 26.9; 30.9; 13.10 - 2; 19.10 - 2; 20.10; 24.10 (KR); New
Romney, 12.8; 25.9; 30.9; 14.10; 20.10 - 2 (KR per SPC); SURREY (17): Milford, 13.10; 21.10
(DWB per GAC); SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 17.10; 19.10; 23.10; 27.10 (AJD &
SD); NORTH ESSEX (19): Mistley, 17.10 - 2 (ICR per BG’); WARWICKSHIRE (38):
Charlecote, 24.10 (DB); ISLE OF MAN (71): Dhoon Maughold, 15.10; 17.10 (LK per GDC);
CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, 6 sites on 32 night between 8.6 and 2.11 (Austin 1997);
Herm, 8.10 (PHS per Austin (1997)); Sark, 24.6 (RL & ML per Austin (1997)).

Summary: (1): 262; (3): 58+; (5): 3; (8): 1; (9): 123; (10): 34; (11): 10; (12): 2; (13): 6; (14): 9;
(15): 53; (17): 2:;-(18): 4; 19): 2; G8)P 1; W1D)22213): 344:

L-album Wainscot Mythimna I-album (Linnaeus) [I?/V?/R?]
Note: A record from outside Dungeness, East Kent to Cornwall and not including the Channel

Islands.
EAST KENT (15): Folkestone Warren, 24.10 - 3 (TR).

White-speck Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): Bass Point, The Lizard, 14.9 - 2 (CH); Church Cove, The Lizard, 19.9 -
4; 8.11 (50 recorded between the two dates; 23 in 9; 26 in 10) (MT’); Coverack, The Lizard, 11.10;
12.10 (DB); Kennack Sands, 21.10 - 2 (JHC); Meadow Dean, Ruan Minor, 19.10 - 3; 20.10 - 5;
21.10 - 7; 22.10 - 5 (JHC); Mullion, 20.8; 24.8 (PAC); St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 18.1; 25.6 - 1 by
day; 6.7; 17.8; 18.8; 24.8; 26.8 - 3;.31:8:- 3;.3.9 -2; 5.9; 7.9 -.3;.10.9:- 3;,13.9 ~13;914/9 5:19 95,
3; 21.9; 27.9 - 3; 2.10 - 2; 6.10 - 2; 9.10; 18.10 - 3; 19.10 - 3; 22.10 - 6; 23.10 - 2; 29.10 JH &
MH); The Lizard, 18.8 - 5; 19.8 - 14 (DB, AG & RCK); 20.8 (DB); 23.9 - 2; 24.9 - 2; 25.9 - 2; 26.9
- 4 (DB & MT”); 9.10 (PB); SOUTH DEVON (3): Abbotskerswell, 7.10 (BH); Countess Wear,
Exeter, 18.9; 19.9; 22.10 (PB? per RMc); Dawlish, 16.8; 31.8; 5.9; 10.10 (P. Franghiadi per RMc);
22.9; 2.10; 10.10 - 2 (AR per RMc); Prawle Point, 20.8; 21.9 - 2 (RMc); Starcross, 10.6 (AHD);
Teignmouth, 1.9; 23.9 (RMc); SOUTH SOMERSET (5): Bishops Lydeard, 22.9 (MDB); DORSET
(9): Durlston, 22.10 (DB & AG); Gaunt’s Common, 23.10 (PD); Portland Bird Observatory,

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 169

15.6 to 24.6 - 5; 22.8 to 9.10 - 24 (MC); St Alban’s Head, 6.10 (PD); West Bexington, 22.8; 10.9;
19.9; 20.9; 22.9; 26.9; 2.10 - 3; 4.10 - 2; 7.10; 8.10 - 2 (RE per PD); ISLE OF WIGHT (10):
Binstead, 31.10 (BJW); Freshwater, 21.10; 22.10; 24.10 - 2 (SAKJ); Freshwater, The Causeway,
24.6 (D.B. Wooldridge per BG); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Woolston, 20.9 (ARC per BG);
EAST SUSSEX (14): Rye Harbour, 20.10 (DJF per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 13.10;
14.10; 19.10; 20.10 - 2 (KR per SPC); Greatstone, 16.10 (BB per SPC); Herne Bay, 15.10; 16.10
(BM); SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 7.10; 14.10 (AJD); NORTH ESSEX (19): Mistley,
27.7 (ICR per BG’); EAST SUFFOLK (25): Landguard, 9 - 3 (Odin 1997); WESTMORLAND
(69): South Walney, 7.9 (WM per DWK); ISLE OF MAN (71): Calf of Man, 2.9 (TB); Dhoon
Maughold, 6.10; 7.10; 15.10 - 6; 15.11; 16.11 - 3 (LK per GDC) CHANNEL ISLANDS (113):
Guernsey, L’Ancresse, 20.10 (Austin 1997); La Broderie, 6.9; 12.9; 9.10; 11.10; 24.10 (PC per
Austin (1997)); Le Chene, 12.9 (TNDP per Austin (1997)).

Summary: (1): 174; (3): 18; (5): 1; (9): 46; (10): 6; (11): 1; (14): 1; (15): 8; (18): 2; (19): 1; (25):
3:69) 12 1)? 13: C113): 7.

The Cosmopolitan Mythimna loreyi (Duponchel) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 27.9 - 2; 2.10; 6.10 - 3; 9.10 - 4; 10.10;
19.10; 24.10 (MT’); Coverack, 25.9; 26.9 (MT’); Kynance, 19.9 (MT’); Meadow Dean, Ruan
Minor, 21.10 - 1 female; 22.10 - 2 males; 23.10 - 2 males; 24.10 - 1 female (JHC); St Agnes, Isles
of Scilly, 6.6 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 19.8 - 2 (DB, AG & RCK); 25.9; 26.9 (DB & MT”);
SOUTH DEVON (3): Countess Wear, Exeter, 7.10 (PB’ per RMc); Dawlish, 4.9; 5.9 (AR per
Rmc) (possibly only one record); SOUTH SOMERSET (5): Staplegrove, Taunton, 16.9 (JMc);
DORSET (9): Guant’s Common, 12.10 (PD); Portland Bird Observatory, 13.6; 11.8 to 9.10 - 19
(MC); St Alban’s Head, 6.10 (PD); West Bexington, 3.9; 2.10; 11.10 (RE per PD); ISLE OF
WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 1.9 (SAKJ).

Summary: (1): 27; (3): 2 (or’3); (5): 1;:): 25; 10): 1.

Toadflax Brocade Calophasia lunula (Hufnagel) [I?]
SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Browndown/Alver Valley, 3.8 (SS* & DW? per SPC); Gosport, 18.8
(D. Walker per JRL per BG).

Golden-rod Brindle Lithomoia solidaginis (Hiibner) [I?]

NORTH ESSEX (19): Great Chesterford, 2.9 (JR); HERTFORDSHIRE (20): Bishops Stortford,
1.9 - 1 male (JR’ per CWP); Broxbourne Wood, 8.9 - | male (P. Jeffery per CWP); WEST
NORFOLK (28): Docking, 31.8 (R. Skeen per Hipperson (1996)).

Red Sword Grass Xylena vetusta (Hiibner) [I?]
EAST SUFFOLK (25): Landguard, 9 (Odin 1997); EAST NORFOLK (27): Holt, around 12.5
(per MT’); WEST NORFOLK (28): Swanton Novers Great Wood, nr Fakenham, 12.5 (MT”).

Flame Brocade Trigonophora flammea (Esper) [I]

Note: Channel Islands records not included.

DORSET (9): Durlston, 14.10 (JEC); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 14.10 (SAKJ); SOUTH
HAMPSHIRE (11): Sandy Point, Hayling Island, 14.10 (P. Selby per BG); EAST SUSSEX (14):
Eastbourne, 23.10 (DD & JP per CRP).

Red-headed Chestnut Conistra erythrocephala ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [I]

WEST SUSSEX (13): Atherington, 25.10 - 1 female to ivy blossom (MSP); CHANNEL
ISLANDS (113): Jersey, 12.6 to 14.6 - 1 (Woiwod et al 1996).

Marsh Dagger Acronicta strigosa ({[Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [1]
EAST SUSSEX (14): Rye Harbour, 22.7 (DJF per Waring (1996c)).

Scarce Dagger Acronicta auricoma ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [I]

SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Warsash, 7.8 to 9.8 - 1 (PMP per BG); EAST SUSSEX (14):
Icklesham, 14.8; 15.8 (IH per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Sholden, 8.8 (Davey 1997).

170 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vii.1999

Reed Dagger Simyra albovenosa (Goeze) [I?/V?]
SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 19.7 (BS).

Tree-lichen Beauty Cryphia algae (Fabricius) [I]

ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Ninham, 23.8 (JR); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Solent Court [Warsash],
7.8 to 12.8 - 4; 2.9 (PMP per BFS); WEST SUSSEX (13): Walberton, 5.8 (JTR per CRP); EAST
SUSSEX (14): Holywell, 13.8 (MSP & CRP); Peacehaven, 22.8 (CRP); Rye Harbour, 14.8 (DJF
per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 25.8 (KR per SPC); Littlestone, 20.8 (KR per SPC);
Lydd, 14.8 (KR per SPC); HERTFORDSHIRE (20): Bishops Stortford, 19.8 - 1 male (JR? & J.
Fish per CWP); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, La Croix, Forest, 31.8 (J. Brehaut per
Austin (1997)); Le Chene, 19.8 (TNDP per Austin (1997)).

Summary: (10): 1; (11): 5; (13): 1; 4):33 GS): 33:(20)3 bs G13): 2:

Marbled Grey Cryphia raptricula ({[Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [T]
EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 22.7 (K. Palmer per Waring (1996c)); 9.8 (SPC).

The Orache Trachea atriplicis (Linnaeus) [I]

Note: Channel Islands records not included.
ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 9.8 (SAKJ).

Angle-striped Sallow Enargia paleacea (Esper) [I/V?]

EAST SUSSEX (14): Rye Harbour, 19.8 (DJF per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Herne Bay, 17.8
(BM); Dungeness, 1.9 (TR); WEST NORFOLK (28): Swanton Novers Great Wood, nr.
Thursford, 7.9 (MT’); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Baltasound, 12.8 (MGP); Eswick, 12.8 - 3
(MGP); Unst, Skaw, 12.8 - at rest by day (MGP).

Summary: (14): 1; (15): 2; (28): 1; (112): 5.

Scarce Brindle Apamea lateritia (Hufnagel)
SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Norwick, 11.8 - to sugar; 12.8 (MGP).

Lyme Grass Chortodes elymi (Treitschke) [I?/V?]
ORKNEY ISLANDS (111): Craigiefield, 13.8 (SVG).

Mere Wainscot Chortodes fluxa (Hiibner) [I?/V?]
DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 5.8 - 3 (MC); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Gosport, 3.8
(Davey 1997); EAST KENT (15): Herne Bay, 5.8 (BM).

Dumeril’s Luperina Luperina dumerilii (Duponchel) [T]
DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 14.9 (MC).

Scarce Arches Luperina zollikoferi (Freyer) [I]
WEST SUSSEX (13): Pagham Harbour, 2.9 (JTR per CRP).

Small Mottled Willow Spodoptera exigua (Hiibner) [I]

Summary only: The vice-county number is given in brackets, followed by the number of
individuals sighted in each vice-county (county). Where no numbers were given for an individual
record, it was taken to be 1. Hence, the totals are approximate. This is followed by the monthly
representation of the records. In several cases it was impossible to assign a given record to an
individual month. As with the totals for the vice-counties, the monthly totals are, therefore,
approximate.

Summary: (1): 860; (3): 216+; (5): 27; (6): 1; (7): 2; (9): 998; (10): 53; (11): 954; (12): 23+; (13):
30; (14): 58; (15): 177; (17): 9; (18): 50;.(19): 3; (20): 4; (21): 1;.(22): 1;,.@4):.2; @5d)n2;27): 9;
(30): 1; (31): 1; (33): 5; (34): 2; (38): 20; (41): 6; (44): 4; (48): 1; (53): 2; (54): 3; (61): 4; (63): 1;
(69): 2; (71): 3; (72): 1; (111): 7; (112): 7; (113): 140+.

April: 1; June: 766+; July: 84+ ; August: 1,658+; September: 65+; October: 24+; November: 1.
Earliest date: SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Titchfield Haven NNR, 16.4 (Waring 1996a).

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 171

Latest date: EAST KENT (15): Herne Bay, 1.11 (BM).

Possibly significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): Mullion, 21.8 - 16 (PAC); St Agnes, Isles
of Scilly, 19.6 - 94; 22.6 - 67; 24.6 - 55; 26.6 - 43; 2.8 - 30; 4.8 - 49; 7.8 - 18; 12.8 - 64; 13.8 - 24;
15.8 - 69; 17.8 - 43; 18.8 - 35 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 18.8 - 45; 19.8 - 80 (DB, AG & RCK);
SOUTH DEVON (3): Dawlish, 5.8 - 22; 19.8 - 51; 22.8 - 21 (AR per RMc); Prawle Point, 7.6 -
20 + (RMc); Starcross, 12.8 - 21 (AHD); DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 6.6 to 6.10 -
749, a peak of 96 on 19.6 (including 21.6 - 35; 24.6 - 40; 26.6 - 46; 27.6 - 22; 5.8 - 20; 7.8 - 25;
11.8 - 18; 12.8 - 28; 13.8 - 46; 14.8 - 33; 15.8 - 23; 16.8 - 43; 17.8 - 18; 18.8 - 19; 19.8 - 20; 31.8 -
17 (MC per PD); Trigon, 17.8 - 15 (PD); West Bexington, 18.8 - 27; 19.8 - 17 (RE per PD);
Weymouth, 19.6 - 21 (PHS per PD); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, La Broderie, 21.6-
29 (PC per Austin (1997)).

Scarce Bordered Straw Heliocoverpa armigera (Hubner) [I]

Summary only: The vice-county number is given in brackets, followed by the number of
individuals sighted in each vice-county (county). Where no numbers were given for an individual
record, it was taken to be 1. Hence, the totals are approximate. This is followed by the monthly
representation of the records. In several cases it was impossible to assign a given record to an
individual month. As with the totals for the vice-counties, the monthly totals are, therefore,
approximate.

Summary: (1): 54; (3): 30+; (5): 6; (6): 1; (7): 1; (9): 85; (10): 14; (11): 28; (12): 12; (13): 6; (14):
22-5); 38: (17): 4: (18):-5: 20): 1: 4): 1: 5): 2: (27): 2; (28): 3; G3): 3; G8) 2: (41): 32 64):
2; (56): 2; (57); 4; (61): 1; (69): 1; (71): 1; 111): 1; (112): 1; (113): 24.

June: 26; July: 4 ; August: 144+; September: 84+; October: 46+; November: 2.

Earliest dates: SOUTH DEVON (3): Prawle Point, 7.6 - 6 (RMc); DORSET (9): Portland Bird
Observatory, 7.6 (MC).

Latest dates: SOUTH DEVON (3): Abbotskerswell, 3.11 (BH); BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (24):
Lavenden, 3.11 (G. Moss per GEH).

Possibly significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): The Lizard, 18.8 - 12; 19.8 - 25 (DB, AG
& RCK); SOUTH DEVON (3): Prawle Point, 21.9 - 5 (RMc); DORSET (9): Portland Bird
Observatory, 7.6 to 17.6 - 7; 8.8 to 2.10 - 41 (MC).

Marbled Clover Heliothis viriplaca (Hufnagel) [I?/V?]

NORTH WILTSHIRE (7): Chittoe, 17.8 (EGS & MHS); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater,
13.8; 14.8 (SAKJ); NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Crawley, 20.8 (RAB per BG); EAST
NORFOLK (27): Barnham Broom, 9.8 (8.8 per Davey (1997)); (JG per Hipperson (1996));
Salthouse Heath, 10.8 (per Hipperson (1996)); WEST NORFOLK (28): Stiffkey, 17.8 (Davey
1997).

Bordered Straw Heliothis peltigera ((Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [I]

Summary only: The vice-county number is given in brackets, followed by the number of individuals
sighted in each vice-county (county). Where no numbers were given for an individual record, it was
taken to be 1. Hence, the totals are approximate. This is followed by the monthly representation of
the records. In several cases it was impossible to assign a given record to an individual month. As
with the totals for the vice-counties, the monthly totals are, therefore, approximate.

Summary: (1): 138; (2): 1; (3): 145+ & 7+ larvae; (5): 20; (6): 4; (7): 1; (8): 1; (9): 528 (+ 1
larva); (10): 94; (11): 99+; (12): 36; (13): 21; (14): 206; (15): 338 & 1,000s larvae; (16): 2; (17):
Allc(as):-24; (19): 11: Q0): 2-221) v1; 1): 1: @22):1: 3): 5; (24): 102 (25): 41: 7): 20; (28):
12:,(29): 3;.(0): 2;.(31): 3; 2): 1; G3): 7;-B4: 5; (G8): 22341): 28: (44)2 2: (53): 2: G4): 13;
(56): 7; (57): 15; (61): 29; (69): 56; (71): 3; (112): 1; (113): 71; (H12): 1.

April: 1; June: 997+; July: 23+ (+ 1000’s larvae); August: 456+ (+ 1 larva); September: 78+;
October: 6.

Earliest date: WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 6.4 (JH & MH).

Latest dates: [NORTH SOMERSET (6): Timsbury, undated, 22.10 (recorded as Scarce Bordered
Straw (Heliothis peltigera)) (Barnett, Edmondson & Evans 1997)]; EAST KENT (15):
Dungeness, 19.10 (DW per SPC).

172 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vul. 1999

Possibly significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 17.6 - 15; 19.6 -
19; 20.6 - 11; 24.6 - 31 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 19.8 - 10 (DB, AG & RCK); SOUTH DEVON
(3): Branscombe Mouth, 19.8 - 1 larva on Ononis (BH); Codford St Mary, 17.6 - by day (PB);
Prawle Point, 7.6 - 100’s (RMc); Rosemmor RHS garden, undated - larvae on garden marigold
Calendula (PB); Shaldon, 13.7 - 4 larvae on Ononis (BH); Slapton, 16.7 - larvae abundant on three
species of thistle and scabious (PB); Tilshead, 17.6 - by day (PB); SOUTH WILTSHIRE (8): Great
Cheverell Hill, 18.8 - 1 nectaring in late morning from Centaurea (GRE); DORSET (9): Brownsea
Island, 20.8 - | flying by day (MT); Chesil Beach, 7.7 - larva on Ononis (JEC & RC); Durlston, 9.6
- 40 (DB & RCK); Gaunt’s Common, 7.6 - 10 (PD); Hambledon Hill, 13.6 - 1 by day (PHS per
PD); Lulworth Cove, 21.8 - 1 by day (MT); Portland Bird Observatory, 6.6 to 22.6 - 94 (including
9.6 - 10 (MC per PD)); 5.8 to 22.9 - 125 (MC); West Bexington, 16.6 - 16; 17.6 - 29 (RE per PD);
Swanage, 7.6 - 55 (AG); Worth Matravers, 18.8 - 20; 19.8 - 14 (MT); ISLE OF WIGHT (10):
Knowles Farm, 23.6 - 1 by day (per BG); St. Catherine’s Point 23.6 - 1 by day (TS per BG);
Ventnor Down, 20.8 - | feeding at heather blossom, a further 5 seen (JR); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE
(11): Eastney, 12.8 - several at lucerne by day (JRL per BG); 15.8 - 1 at Buddleia by day (IRT per
BG); Sinah Common, 20.6 - c.8 flying at around 6pm, nectaring at Echium vulgare and observed
Ovipositing on Ononis (GRE); SUSSEX: Hollington, 14.6 - feeding by day (T. Buttle per CRP);
WEST SUSSEX (13): Walberton, 15.6 - flying by day (JTR per CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14):
Blackcap, 14.6 - 1 swept by day (APF); Hollingbury, 7.8 - feeding by day (AB? per CRP);
Holywell, 13.8 - 27 (CRP & MSP); Peacehaven, 16.6 - feeding on valerian by day (CRP); Rye
Harbour, 12.6 - 12; 13.6 - 20; 15.5 - 15 (DJF per CRP); Westfield, 17.6 - feeding by day (RH’ per
CRP); EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 7 - larvae “in thousands” (SPC); SOUTH ESSEX (18):
Bradwell-on-Sea, 8.6 to 10.9 - 24 (inc. 6 by day) (AJD & SD); EAST NORFOLK (27): Winterton,
17.8 - 10 (per Hipperson (1996)); BEDFORDSHIRE (30): Potton Wood, 21.8 - nectaring on
Centaurea (Woiwod 1997); NOTTINGHAMSHIRE (56): Dukes Wood, 22.8 - netted off
knapweed (Elliot & Wright 1997); DERBYSHIRE (57): Beeley Moor, 20.8 - 12 (HGHM & JTS
per SPC); Spurn, 21.8 - 4 by day; 23.8 - 2 by day; 24.8 - 16 by day; 27.8 - 2 by day (BS).

Small Marbled Eublemma parva (Hubner) [I]

WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 24.10 - 1 female (MT”); The Lizard, 19.8
(DB, AG & RCK); DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 26.6 (MC).

Silver Barred Deltote bankiana (Fabricius) [I?/V?]

EAST SUSSEX (14): Rye Harbour, 23.7 (K. Palmer per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Bishopstone,
22.7 (Anon 1996a); Herne Bay, 22.7 (BM); Dungeness, 22.7 (KR per SPC); 22.7 (TR);
Dymchurch, 10.8 (JO per SPC); Minnis Bay, 23.7 (Anon 1996a); SOUTH ESSEX (18):
Bradwell-on-Sea, 8.8 (SD); NORTH ESSEX (19): Copperas Wood, 28.9 (PS? per BG’); St Osyth,
5.8 (RWA per BG’).

Pale Shoulder Acontia lucida (Hufnagel) [I]
DORSET (9): West Bexington, 18.8 (RE per Waring (1996c)); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11):
Linford, 19.8 (Cook 1997).

Golden Twin-spot Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) [I]
SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 23.9; 24.9 (AJD); EAST SUFFOLK (25): Languard, 20.9
(Odin 1997).

The Ni Moth Trichoplusia ni (Hiibner) [I]

Locality not given, 5.8 -2 (A.P.K. Torry per CWP); WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of
Scilly, 20.6 - 2; 12.8; 20.8 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 18.8; 19.8 - 28 (DB, AG & RCK); SOUTH
DEVON (3): Abbotskerswell, 5.8 (BH); Plympton, 27.6 (RJH); Prawle Point, 7.6 - 3 (RMc);
Teignmouth, 18.8; 22.8 - 2 (RMc); SOUTH SOMERSET (5): Bishops Lydeard, 5.8; 17.8; 3.9
(MDB) (a total of 4 is given in Bryan (1997)); Staplegrove, Taunton, 2.9 (JMc); NORTH
SOMERSET (6): Ashcott, undated (Anon 1996b); SOMERSET/GLOUCESTERSHIRE:
Bishopston, 25.8 (R. Higgins per Barnett, Edmondson & Evans (1996d)); NORTH WILTSHIRE

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 173

(7): Crudwell, 17.8 (APF); Wroughton, undated (D.J. Brotheridge per SPC); DORSET (9):
Abbotsbury, 15.8 - 2; 20.8 (D. Hallett per PD); Arne, 15.8 (NH per PD); Chardstock, 17. 8 to 19.8
- 3 (AJ per RMc); Gaunt’s Common, 6.6; 8.8; 18.8 (PD); Higher Hyde, 7.8 (PHS per PD);
Langton Matravers, 13.8 - 3 (P. Gray per PD); Portland, 14.8 - 2 (DB); Portland Bird Observatory,
7.6 - 2; 18.6; 2.8 to 2.9 - 13 (including 13.8 - 6 (MC per PD)) (MC); Portland, Freshwater Bay,
17.8 JJEC, JMS & RC); Swanage, 7.6 (AG); Trigon, 10.9 (PD); West Bexington, 7.9; 8.9 (RE per
PD): Weymouth, 15.8 (J. Powne per PD); Worth Matravers, 20.8 (MT); ISLE OF WIGHT (10):
Binstead, 16.8 (BJW); Bonchurch, 12.8 (JH? per SAKJ); 13.8 - 5 (JH’); Freshwater, 11.6 (SAKJ);
Godshill, 19.8 (P.J. Cramp per SAKJ); The Causeway, Freshwater, 3.8 (D. Wooldridge per
SAKJ); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Beaulieu, 14.8 (BIJ per BG); Brockenhurst, 11.8 (JEC);
Browndown/Alver Valley area, 5.8 (SS* & DW’ per SPC); Gosport, 5.8 (D. Walker per BG);
Solent Court [Warsash], 5.8 - 1; 12.8 - 3; 20.8 (PMP per Waring (1996c)); Southsea, 14.8; 1.9
(JRL per BG); Sparsholt, 29.7; 15.8; 3.9 (RAB); WEST SUSSEX (13): Pagham Harbour, 13.8 - 2
(DB); 19.8 (JTR per CRP); Walberton, 12.8 (JTR per CRP); EAST SUSSEX (14): Bexhill, 4.8;
6.8 (D. Hillman per CRP); Holywell, 13.8 - 2; 21.8 (CRP & MSP); Rye Harbour, 12.6; 17.6; 13.8;
16.8 (DJF per CRP); EAST KENT (15): Herne Bay, 22.8 (BM); New Romney, 22.6 - 1 male;
25.6 - 1 male (KR per SPC); SURREY (17): Addington, 21.8 (BFS); Betchworth, 3.8 (CH);
Woking, 9.8 (SCP per SPC); SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 8.8 (SD); NORTH ESSEX
(19): Saffron Walden, 17.8 (AME per SPC); EAST GLOUCESTERSHIRE (33):Longney, 4.8
(AS & SS per RG); WEST GLOUCESTERSHIRE (34): Slimbridge, undated (N. Woodward per
RG); WARWICKSHIRE (38): Charlecote, 9.8 (AG); 11.6; 23.6 (DB); Tile Hill, Coventry, 22.8
(AK per DB); GLAMORGAN (41): Roath, Cardiff, 19.8; 20.8 (per DG); Whiteford Point, Gower,
7.9 (per DG); DERBYSHIRE (57): Chesterfield, 10.8 (Elliot & Wright 1997); SOUTH-EAST
YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 22.8 (BS); WESTMORLAND (69): South Walney, 17.6 (WM per
DWK).

Summary: Locality not given: 2; (1): 32; (3): 8; (5): 5; (6): 1; Som./Glouc.: 1; (7): 2; (9): 39; (10):
10; (11): 14; (13): 4; (14): 9; (15): 3; (17): 3; (18): 1; (19): 1; (33): 1; (34): 1; G8): 4; (41): 3; (57):
1; (61): 1; (69): 1.

Dewick’s Plusia Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens) [I]
EAST SUSSEX (14): Rye Harbour, 19.8 (DJF per CRP); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Eswick,
12.8; 13.8 (TDR per Pennington (1997)).

Gold Spangle Autographa bractea ([Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [1?/V?]
SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Baltasound, 19.8 - 1 by day (MGP).

Scarce Silver Y Syngrapha interrogationis (Linnaeus) [I/V?]

SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 30.8 (AJD); NORTH ESSEX (19): Jaywick, 18.8 (JY per
BG’); WEST NORFOLK (28): Holme, 15.8 (Davey 1997); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112):
Eswick, 12.8 (MGP); Norwick, 12.8 - 7 (MGP); Ocraquoy, 12.8 (MGP).

Clifden Nonpareil Catocala fraxini (Linnaeus) [I]

ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 9.10 - 1 female (SAKJ); Gunard Marsh, 24.9 (Mr Downer per
SAKJ); EAST NORFOLK (27): Horsey, 18.9 (JRL & PHS per SPC).

[Catocala elocata (Esper)

EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 18.8 (SPC per Waring (1996c)) - reported in error. Corrected in
Waring (1996d).]

Dark Crimson Underwing Catocala sponsa (Linnaeus)

EAST KENT (15): Dungeness, 19.8 - 1 female (KR per SPC).

The Passenger Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus) [I]

DORSET (9): Portland, 14.8 (DB); WEST KENT (16): Gravesend, 31.7 (D.J.L. Agassiz per
SPC).

174 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vii.1999

Bloxworth Snout Hypena obsitalis (Hiibner) [I?/V?]

Note: Channel Islands records not included.

[SOUTH DEVON (3): Churston, 2.7 - larvae (McCormick 1997)]; DORSET (9): Portland Bird
Observatory, 5.8; 7.12 (MC).

Plumed Fan-foot Pechipogo plumigeralis (Hubner) [I]
EAST SUSSEX (14): Rye Harbour, 22.7; 8.8; 11.8 (P. Troakes & DJF per CRP, see also Clancy
& Honey (1997)); EAST KENT (15): New Romney, 8.8 (KR per Clancy & Honey (1997)).

ANNEXE 2: SELECTED RECORDS OF “COMMONER” SPECIES

This annexe gives the earliest and latest date for the more frequent immigrant species which are
not covered in Annexe 1. Other significant records or observations for 1996 which have been
received and were not covered in Annexe 1, such as large numbers of an individual species or
unusual records of resident species which may be the result migrant activity, are also given.
Penington (1997) lists several other species, which are not included here, recorded from the
Shetland Islands whose occurrence on the islands may be the result of immigrant activity.

YPONOMEUTIDAE

Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) [I]

Brief summary: Generally common, occasionally abundant, and widespread. Between 21.4 and
27.8 a total of 9,685 were recorded at Portland Bird Obsevatory, Dorset (9) (MC). Over the year a
total of 266 were recorded at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (10) (SAKJ) and a total of 607 were
recorded for the year at Peacehaven, East Sussex (14) (CRP).

Earliest dates: WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 21.3 (SH & MH); Church
Cove, The Lizard, 22.3 - 13 (MT”).

Latest dates: NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Selborne, 21.11 (AEA); ISLE OF MAN (71): Callan
Dhoon Maughold, 14.11 (LK per GDC); DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 13.11 (MC);
WARWICKSHIRE (38): Charlecote, 11.11 (AG).

Other significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 19.6 - 75; 24.6 - 45;
19.7 - 200; 15.8 - 200; 18.8 - 150 (JH & MH); DORSET (9): Durlston, 9.6 - 50 (DB & RCK);
Gaunt’s Common, 6.6 - 59 (PD); Portland Bird Observatory, 7.6 - 297; 26.6 - 465; 22.7 - 510
(MC per PD); 20.6 - 4,600, common thereafter throughout 9 and early 10 (MC); SOUTH
HAMPSHIRE (11): Solent Court, 22.4 - 43 (PMP per Waring (1996a)); NORTH HAMPSHIRE
(12): Farnborough, 14.6 - 50+ (RWP); Selborne, 7.6 - 120 (AEA); EAST SUSSEX (14):
Peacehaven, 7.6 - 283 (CRP); EAST SUFFOLK (25): Landguard, 8.6 - 1,857 (Odin 1997);
SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 7.6 - 286; 7.6 - “thousands were on the peninsula”;
25.7 - 24 (BS); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Locality not given, 11/12.5, up to 20-30 in half an
hour (MGP per CWP).

PYRALIDAE

Udea ferrugalis (Hubner) [I]

Brief summary: Generally common, occasionally abundant, and widespread. Between 25.5 and
27.8 a total of 1,443 were recorded at the Portland Bird Observatory, Dorset (9) (MC). A total of
161 were recorded over the year at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (10) (SAKJ); a total of 183 were
recorded at Peacehaven, East Sussex (14) (CRP), and a total of 175 recorded between 24.5 and
5.11 at Herne Bay, East Kent (BM).

Earliest date: CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, La Broderie, 4.4 - 4 (PC per Austin
(1997)); WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 22.4 (MT”); St. Agnes, Isles of
Scilly, 22.4 (JH & MH).

Latest dates: CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, La Broderie, 20.12 - 25 (PC per Austin
(1997); WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 30.11 - 16; 16.12; 18.12; 19.12

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 175

(MT?); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Binstead, 19.12 (BJW); SOUTH DEVON (3): West Hill, Ottery St
Mary, 23.11 (PB); ISLE OF MAN (71): Castletown, 15.11 (GDC); DORSET (9): Portland Bird
Observatory, 9.11 (MC); NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Selborne, 3.11- 3 (AEA); SURREY (17):
Betchworth, 2.11 (CH).

Other significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 12.8 - 56; 15.8 - 68;
17.8 - 59; 3.9 - 25; 7.9 - 54 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 18.8 - 500; 19.8 - 2,000 (DB, AG & RCK);
9.10 - larvae on Calendula (PB); SOUTH DEVON (3): Dawlish, 5.8 - 31; 16.8 - 23; 18.8 - 29;
19.8 - 57; 22.8 - 37; 25.8 - 41 (AR per RMc); Prawle Point, 7.6 - abundant (RMc); West Hill,
Ottery St Mary, 6.6 - hundreds (PB); DORSET (9): Durlston, 9.6 - 50 (DB & RCK); Freshwater
Bay, Portland, 29.8 - 200 to 300 (MSP); Portland, 14.8 - 50 (DB); Portland Bird Observatory,
16.8 - 157, numbers remained high in 9 and 10 (MC); 21.8 - 127 (MC per PD); NORTH
HAMPSHIRE (12): Farnborough, 4.6 - 30+ (RWP); WARWICKSHIRE (38): Charlecote, 25.8 -
45 (AG); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 5.9 - 20 (BS) CHANNEL ISLANDS (113):
Guernsey, La Broderie, 13.8 - 53 (PC per Austin (1997)).

Nomophila noctuella ((Denis & Schiffermiiller]) [I]

Brief summary: Generally abundant and widespread. Between 26.4 and 27.8 a total of 35,047
were recorded at the Portland Bird Observatory, Dorset (9) (MC). A total of 6,426 were recorded
over the year at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (10) (SAKJ); a total of 1,664 were recorded at
Peacehaven, East Sussex (14) (CRP); a total of 7,746 recorded between 19.4 and 31.10 at Herne
Bay, East Kent (15) (BM); a total of 785 recorded over the year at Spurn, South-east Yorkshire
(61), and a total of 468 recorded over the year on the Shetland Islands (112) (MGP).

Earliest date: WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 22.3 (MT? per Waring (1996a).
Latest dates: DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 15.11 (MC); SOUTH DEVON (3):
Dawlish, 11.11 (AR per RMc); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 9.11 (SAKJ); NORTH
HAMPSHIRE (12): Selborne, 7.11 (AEA); SURREY (17): Betchworth, 4.11 - 2 (CH); NORTH
ESSEX (19): St Osyth, 4.11 (RWA per BG?) NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE (54): Roughton, 1.11 (JJ
per RJ); CHESHIRE (58): Dean Row, 1.11 (B.T. Shaw per SHH).

Other significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): Kennack Sands, 21.10 - 40 (JHC); Kynance
Cove, 19.9 - 855 (MT”); St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 6.6 - 300; 17.6 - 430; 22. 6 - 300; 19.7 - 2,000;
20.7 - 3,000; 22.7 - 2,000; 4. 8 - 1,000; 12.8 - 2,000; 15.8 - 2,000; 5.9 - 300; 19.9 - 500; 21.9 -
1,200; 2.10 - 150; 14.10 - 235 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 18.8 - 800; 19.8 - 8,000 (DB, AG &
RCK); SOUTH DEVON (3): Countess Wear, Exeter, 7.6 - 63; 22.7 - 100+; 31.7 - 71; 12.8 - 50;
29.9 - 49; 10.10 - 48 (PB’ per RMc); Dawlish, 19.8 - 96 (AR per RMc); Prawle Point, 7.6 - 1,000s
(RMc); West Hill, Ottery St Mary, 6.6 - “traps full’ (PB); SOUTH SOMERSET (5): Bishops
Lydeard, 8.6 - 50+; 10.6 - 100+; 17.9 - 100+; 1.10 - 100+ (MDB); Crewkerne, late July, c.1000
per night (JR); DORSET (9): Chideock to Charmouth coast, 15.9 - 1,000’s (GRE); Durlston, 9.6 -
200 (DB & RCK); Gaunt’s Common, 6.6 - 330; 27.7 - 385; 7.8 - >200; 14.8 - >350; 18.8 - >200;
19.8 >250 (PD); Portland, 3.8 - 3,100 (MC per PD); 14.8 - 800 (DB); Portland Bird Observatory,
7.6 - 213; 26.7 - 1,204; 3.8 - 3,100; 7.8 - 1,174; 12.8 - 2,612; 13.8 - 3,500; 19.8 - 2,000; 21.8 -
1,850 (MC per PD); 11.8 - 3,670, common throughout 9 and 10 (MC); NORTH HAMPSHIRE
(12): Farnborough, 6.6 - 50+ (RWP); Selborne, 7.6 - 40; 8.6 - 70; 22.7 - 50; 23.7 - 105; 11.8 - 46;
12.8 - 116; 19.9 - 56; 20.9 - 66; 29.9 - 44; 8.10 - 65; 9.10 - 70 (AEA); WEST SUSSEX (13): East
Grinstead, 8.10 - 25; 11.10 - 40; 13.10 - 40 (JHC); Pagham Harbour, 14.6 - 25+; 5.8 - 100’s (BFS
& MSP); 13.8 - 150 (DB); EAST SUSSEX (14): Holywell, 13.8 - 100’s (MSP & CRP);
Peacehaven, 31.7 - 40; 2.8 - 164; 7.8 - 81; 11.8 - 65; 20.9 - 28; 27.9 - 45; 6.10 - 28; 13.10 - 23
(CRP); Rye Harbour, 2.8 - 2,980 (Davey 1997); EAST KENT (15): Densole, 7.6 - 1,000s (TR);
Dungeness, 8.6 - 20; 2.8 - 197; 7.8 - 228; 14.8 - 174; 27.8 - 110; 30.8 - 218; 25.9 - 273; 2.10 -
900; 7.10 - 500; 8.10 - 615; 21.10 - 150 (per SPC); Dungeness (separate trap site), 27.9 - 120;
29.9 - 300; 7.10 - 450 (per SPC); Folkestone Warren, 7.6 - 1,000s (TR); Herne Bay, 2.10 - 582
(BM); Littlestone, 8.6 - 45 (per SPC); New Romney, 8.6 - 50; 8.8 - 400 (per SPC); SURREY
(17): Betchworth, 6.6 - 21; 7.6 - 51; 6.10 - 25 (CH); Centenary Fields, Lingfield, 8.10 - 30 (JHC);
Lingfield, 26.9 - 25; 7.10 - 70; 8.10 - 100; 9.10 - 75 (JHC); Normandy, 27.7 - 200 (GAC);
MIDDLESEX (21): Hampstead, 9.6 - 25 (RAS); BERKSHIRE (22): Nettlebed Common, 9.6 -
100s flushed from grass etc. by day (MT); EAST SUFFOLK (25): Landguard, 3.10 - 699 (Odin

176 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil.1999

1997); CAERNARVONSHIRE (49): Bangor, 6.8 - 60 (DL per CWP); SOUTH-EAST
YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 29.7 - 26; 21.8 - 262; 7.10 - 38 (BS); ISLE OF MAN (71): Calf of
Man, 2.8 - 118 (TB); Callan Dhoon Maughold, 23.7 - 60 (LK per GDC); Castletown, 12.8 - 50
(GDC); ORKNEY ISLANDS (111): North Ronaldsay lighthouse, 14.8 - 30 (MG per SVG);
SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Eswick, 13.8 - 105 (Pennington 1997); CHANNEL ISLANDS
(113): Guernsey, Locality not given, 11.10 - 2,735 (PC per Austin (1997)).

NYMPHALIDAE

Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus) [I]

Brief summary: Generally common to very common and widespread.

Earliest dates: HAMPSHIRE: Winchester, 3.1 (B. Fletcher & Mrs M Fletcher per Taverner
(1997)); EAST SUSSEX (14): Ashdown Forest, 7.1 (A. Gillham per CRP); Seaford, 16.1 (per DD
per CRP); Westfield, 17.1 (D. Frost per CRP); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Cowes 12.1 (J. Caws per
Taverner (1997)); Arreton, 14.1 - 1 flying in a heated cucumber house (BJW per Taverner (1997));
Gurnard, 17.1 (Dr D.T. Biggs per Taverner (1997)); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Meon Valley,
14.1 (E.W. B. Baigent per Taverner (1997)); WEST KENT (16): Orpington, 14.1; 17.1 (Gann
1996); BERKSHIRE (22): Goring-on-Thames, 14.1 (Batty 1996a); OXFORDSHIRE: border, 14.1
(Batty 1996a); CAMBRIDGESHIRE (29): Cambridge, 14.1 (Gardiner 1996); EAST SUSSEX
(14): Seaford, 16.1 (Batty 1996a); SURREY (17): Leigh, 17.1 (Jeffcoate & Gerrard (1997).

Latest dates: ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Thorley, 11.12 - an individual possibly awakened from
hibernation (Miss M. Summers per Taverner (1997)); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Farlington
Marshes, 30.11 (C. Cockburn per Taverner (1997)); DORSET (9): Portland, 20.11 (MC);
CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Locality not given, 16.11 (Austin 1997); SURREY (17):
Denbies hillside, 13.11 (Jeffcoate & Gerrard 1997).

Other significant records: Larvae were observed at 2 localities (not given) from 11 (1995) to 4
(Bowles 1996a); WEST CORNWALL (1): The Lizard, 19.8 - 4 to mv light (DB, AG & RCK);
DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 27.7 - 1 to mv light; 12.8 to 28.8 - 11 to mv light (MC);
Studland Heath, 20.8 - many 1,000s (MT); ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Bonchurch landslip, 18.8 -
500+ (AB & LB per Taverner (1997)); Knighton Down, 10.6 - 500+ larvae (BJW per Taverner
(1997)); St. Catherine’s Down, 3.8 - 100+ (per Taverner (1997)); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11):
Emsworth, early 8 - 150 on one oak on several occasions (R. Hollins per Taverner (1997));
Mockbeggar Hill, 17.8 - 1,000+ (DD? per Taverner (1997)); Shedfield golf course, 5.8 - 50+
resting on a tree trunk (per Taverner (1997)); HAMPSHIRE: Winchester Canal, 5.8 - 100+ (J.H.
Taverner per Taverner (1997)); NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Farnborough, 4.6 - 30+ (RWP);
Noar Hill, 16/17.8 - 100+ (B. Giddings per Taverner (1997)); WEST SUSSEX (13): Amberley,
7.6 - c.30 (MSP); East Grinstead, 21.8 - abundant (JHC); SURREY (17): Centenary Fields,
Surrey, 26.7 - several trapped at light (JHC); ANGLESEY (52): Locality not given, 9.3 (Bowles
1996a); DERBYSHIRE (57): Chesterfield, 20.8 - 31 (Frost 1996a); Holbrook, 18.8 - 48 (Frost
1996a); CHESHIRE (58): Frodsham Marsh, 9.8 - c.800 (Frost 1996a); WESTMORLAND (69):
South Walney, 17.8 - an estimated 1,000+ (WM per DWK); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61):
Spurn, 19.8 - 65 (BS); SOUTH-WEST YORKSHIRE (63): Huddersfield, 20.6 - 1 to light
(Beaumont (1997); CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Locality not given, 7.6 - 100+; 10.6 -
200+ (Austin 1997); LONDONDERRY (H40): Locality not given, 7.3 (Bowles 1996a).

Painted Lady Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) [I]

Brief summary: Generally very abundant and widespread.

Earliest dates: ISLE OF WIGHT (10): Arreton, 18.3 (BJW per Taverner (1997)); DEVON:
Locality not given, 21.3 (Bowles 1996a).

Latest dates: SOUTH DEVON (3): West Hill, Ottery St Mary, 13.12 (PB); DORSET (9):
Portland, 15.11 (MC).

Other significant records: “Many millions ..... must have entered the country on an enormous
front” (Bowles 1996b); WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 22.3 - 1 to light trap
(MT”’); St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, late 4.6 & 5.6 - “Large influx involving hundreds if not
thousands” (JH & MH); The Lizard, 19.8 - 5 to mv light (DB, AG & RCK); 20.8 - 1 to mv light

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 177

(DB); CORNWALL: Truro, 8.6 - “by 2.00pm, well over 30 seen with one or two every few seconds
... but by 5.00pm the influx had stopped” (RDP & PP); 14.8 - 20 on small patch of thistles (RDP &
PP); SOUTH DEVON (3): Bere Alston, 30.5 - c.50; 7.6 - 20 in ten minutes (Bogue 1996); 5.8 -
“dozens” (R.W. Bogue); Branscombe, 13.6 - “Incredible quantities”; 3.7 - larvae on pellitory-on-the-
wall Parietaria (PB); Churston, 2.7 - larvae on pellitory-on-the-wall Parietaria (PB); Dartmoor, 8.6
- 2 “thousands”, over 100 counted in ten minutes (Bogue 1996); Kingswear, 2.7 - larvae on
pellitory-on-the-wall Parietaria (PB); Newton Abbot, 8.6 - crossing a 100m stretch of road at
40/min. (BH); Ottery St Mary, 3.7 - larvae on pellitory-on-the-wall Parietaria (PB); Plympton, 23.8
- | at light (RJH); Prawle Point, 7.6 - abundant (RMc); Tilshead, 17.6 - many hundreds (PB);
DORSET (9): Ballard Down, 7.6 - 30+ (AG); Portland, 6.6 to 7.6 - many thousands; early 8 - 10s of
1,000s; 3.8 - 19.8 - 16 to mv light (MC); Studland Heath, poss. 10-20,000 (MT); ISLE OF WIGHT
(10): Bembridge Down, 7.6 - 1,000+ (AB & LB per Taverner (1997)); Brading Down, 5.8 - 300+ -
(BJW per Taverner (1997)); Compton Down, 12.6 - 700+ (B. Ransome per Taverner (1997));
Knighton Down, 10.6 - 1,000s; 11.6 - up to 30 larvae per thistle plant; around 8.8 - 400+ (BJW per
Taverner (1997)); Luccombe, 17.8 - 1,500 to 2,000 behind the cliff (AB & LB per Taverner (1997));
SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Ibsley Gravel Pits, 28.7 - 500+ (DD’ per Taverner (1997)); Sopley,
29.7 - 250+ (M.J. Gibbons per Taverner (1997)); NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Farnborough, 5.6 -
30+ (RWP); HAMPSHIRE: St. Catherine’s Hill, Winchester, around 8.8 - 700+ (C. Piatkiewicz per
Taverner (1997)); WEST SUSSEX (13): Amberley, 7.6 - c.25 (MSP); EAST SUSSEX (14):
Locality not given, around 4.8 - “dozens on quite smale areas of Knapweed” (P. Roper per CWP);
The Crumbles, Eastbourne, 23.6 - c.30 (MSP); Peacehaven, 8.8 - 45; 11.8 - 38; 19.8 - 43; 27.8 - 32;
SURREY (17): Banstead, 9.6 - 50 (S.W. Gale per Plant (1997)); Centenary Field, Lingfield, 15.6 -
abundant (JHC); EAST KENT (15): Folkestone Warren, 7.6 - 100s (TR); SOUTH ESSEX (18):
Bradwell-on-Sea, “1000s of adults and almost certainly 100s of 1000s larvae. Recorded as an adult
from 27 April - 1 November’; 7.6 - 553+; 12.6 - at least 1,600; early 8 - at least 10,000 (AJD & SD);
BERKSHIRE (22): Besselsleigh and Cothill, 7 - larvae (all dead) on mugwort Artemisia vulgaris
(Cronin & McNamara 1996); Cothill, 7 - larva on comfrey Symphytum officinale (Cronin &
McNamara 1996); BERKSHIRE (22): Long Wittenham, 6 - larvae on mallow (MT); WEST
SUFFOLK (26): Icklingham Triangle, 25.6 - abundant (JHC); WEST NORFOLK (28): Holme
Dunes, 9.6 - “100,000 coming in off the sea” (Hill 1997); WORCESTERSHIRE (37): Little
Comberton, 9.6 - 110 in 30 minutes (Whitehead 1996); near Madresfield, 10.9 - over 100 on a small
meadow (Whitehead 1996); Upton-on-Severn, 9.6 - 90 in a couple of hours (Whitehead 1996);
larvae found on Cirsium vulgare, Carduus nutans, Onopordum acanthium, and 2 larvae on
Artemisia stelleriana (Whitehead 1996); WARWICKSHIRE (38): Charelecote, 9.8 - 1 to mv light;
15.8 - 1 to mv light (AG); Charlecote Gravel Pit, 9.8 - 35 to 40 (AG); ANGLESEY (52): Penmon
Church, 14.7 - larva on lesser burdock (SHH, IFS & D.J. Poynton); LEICESTERSHIRE (55):
Loughborough to Stanford on Soar, 5.8 - 117 (Frost 1996a); Rutland Water, 16.8 - 169 (Frost
1996a); Stanford on Soar, 5.8 - 103 (Frost 1996a); NOTTINGHAMSHIRE (56): several counts of
over 100 listed in Frost (1996a); Lound, 8.6 - 4,650 (Frost 1996b); DERBYSHIRE (57): several
counts of over 100 listed in Frost (1996a); Flagg, 16.8 - 30 (SHH); Lathkill Dale, 16.8 - 26 (SHH);
Longendale Trail, 5.8 - 171 (H.M. Perkins per SHH); Millers Dale Quarry, 12.8 - 80 (SHH); Monsal
Trail, 12.8 - 32 (SHH); Pin Dale, Castleton, 9.8 - 45+ (SHH); Welbeck, 8.7 - 40-50,000 larvae on a
thistle patch (Frost 1996b); CHESHIRE (58): Avro Golf Club, Woodford, 13.6 - about 50 (A.L.
Crudge per SHH); Bollin Valley, Prestbury, 17.8 - 35 (SHH); Frodsham Marsh, 9.8 - 6,000 (Frost
1996a); Ironbower, Longendale, 14.8 - 30 (SHH); Macclesfield Forest, 9.6 - 30+ (C. Caines per
SHH); Torgate Hill, 1.9 - 25+ (Ms G. Pierce per SHH); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn,
6.6 - 29; 7.6 - 79; 2.8 - 250; 3.8 - 800; 10.8 - 450; 17.8 - 98 (BS); SOUTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
(63): Huddersfield, 8.8 - 1 to light (Beaumont (1997); NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND (68):
Bamburgh Castle, 6.8 - abundant (JHC); Inner Farne, 6.8 - abundant (JHC); Ross, Bamburgh 6.8 -
abundant (JHC); WESTMORLAND (69): South Walney, 12.8 - an estimated 5,000+ (WM per
DWK); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Sumurgh Hotel, 13.5 (Pennington 1997); 25.8 - “almost 100
around Shetland” (MGP); Fair Isles, 13.8 and 14.8 - up to 60 (MGP); Sumburgh Head, Mainland,
13.8 and 14.8 - up to 30 (MGP); a total of 600+ recorded over the year (MGP); CHANNEL
ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, 7.7 - larvae of thistle and burdock (PC per Batty (1996b)); Guernsey,
locality not given, 7.6 - 100+ (Austin 1997).

178 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vii.1999

NOCTUIDAE

Dark Sword-grass Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) [T]

Brief summary: Generally a good year for the species. Occasionally common and widely reported.
Between 26.4 and 27.8 a total of 780 were recorded at the Portland Bird Observatory, Dorset (9)
(MC); a total of 61 were recorded over the year at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (10) (SAKJ); a total
of 8 were recorded at Peacehaven, East Sussex (14) (CRP), and between 19.4 and 30.10 a total of
248 were recorded at Herne Bay, East Kent (15) (BM); a total of 456 were recorded between 19.4
and 17.11 at Bradwell-on-Sea, South Essex (18) (AJD & SD).

Earliest date: WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 22.3 - 8 (MT’); ISLE OF
WIGHT (10): Freshwater, 22.3 (SAKJ); EAST SUSSEX (14): Peacheaven, 22.3 (CRP).

Latest dates: SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 17.11 (AJD & SD); ISLE OF MAN (71):
Dhoon Maughold, 16.11 - 4 (LK per GDC).

Other significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 6.6 - 30; 22.7 - 11;
15.8 - 30; 5.9 - 32; 13.9 - 30 (SH & MH); The Lizard, 18.8 - 100; 19.8 - 500 (DB, AG & RCK);
DORSET (9): Portland Bird Observatory, 13.8 - 135, numerous throughout 9 and 10 (MC); Worth
Matravers, 19.8 - c.30 (MT); EAST SUSSEX (14): Holywell, 13.8 - 20 to 30 (MSP & CRP);
EAST KENT (15): Herne Bay, 22.8 - 19 (BM); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 21.8 -
15 (BS); WESTMORLAND (69): South Walney, 14.6 - 19 (WM per DWK); ISLE OF MAN
(71): Dhoon Maughold, 12.6 - 10; 2.10 - 18; 7.10 - 20 (LK per GDC); ORKNEY ISLANDS
(111): North Ronaldsay, 26.9 - 75 to sugar (per SVG); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): Eswick,
16.6 - 14; 15.8 - 18; 16.8 - 18 (Pennington 1997).

Large Yellow Underwing Noctua pronuba [I?/R]

Possibly significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 19.9 - 406 JH &
MH); Lizard Point, 20.7 - >8,000 (RH’); EAST SUSSEX (14): Holywell, 14.7 - c.5,000 (MSP &
CRP); CAERNARVONSHIRE (49): Bangor, 6.8 - 458 (DL per CWP); SOUTH-EAST
YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 23.7 - 405 (BS).

Pearly Underwing Peridroma saucia (Hiibner) [I]

Brief summary: Generally a good year for the species. Occasionally numerous and widely
reported, though less common in the north of the country. Between 25.4 and 27.8 a total of 223
were recorded at the Portland Bird Observatory, Dorset (9) (MC); a total of 22 were recorded at
Peacehaven, East Sussex (14) (CRP); and between 24.5 and 30.10 a total of 295 were recorded at
Herne Bay, East Kent (15); a total of 456 were recorded between 9.6 and 17.1 lat Bradwell-on-
Sea, South Essex (18) (AJD & SD).

Earliest date: WEST CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 22.3 (MT?).

Latest dates: SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 17.11 (AJD & SD); NORTH HAMPSHIRE
(12): Selborne, 12.11; 13.11; 14.11; 15.11; 16.11; 28.11 (AEA); DORSET (9): Portland Bird
Observatory, 9.11 (MC); Worth Matravers, 1.11 (MT); SURREY (17): Lingfield, 8.11 (JHC);
SOUTH DEVON (3): Abbotskerswell, 3.11 (BH); DUMFRIESSHIRE (72): Connansknowe,
Kirkton, 2.11 (RM); WEST GLOUCESTERSHIRE (34): St. Briavels, 1.11 (RG); MIDDLESEX
(21): Hampstead, 1.11 (RAS).

Other significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): Kennack Sands, 21.10 - 14 SHC); Kynance
Cove, 19.9 - 136; 21.9 - 253 (MT’); Meadow Dean, Ruan Minor, 20.10 - 8; 21.10 - 18; 22.10 - 20
(JHC); St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 19.9 - 14; 21.9 - 16; 6.10 - 10; 22.10 - 11 JH & MH); SOUTH
DEVON (3): Branscombe, 23.10 - 10 (RMc); Prawle Point, 21.9 - 8 (RMc); DORSET (9):
Portland Bird Observatory, numbers increased and remained high throughout 9 and 10 (MC); 7.6 -
26 (MC per PD); EAST KENT (15): Herne Bay, 8.10 - 32 (BM).

The Nutmeg Dicestra trifolii (Hufnagel) [I?]

ORKNEY ISLANDS (111): 9 recorded in 1996 (per SVG); SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): about
150 recorded in 1996 (MGP).

Common Wainscot Mythimna pallens (Hibner)
SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): about 35 recorded in 1996 (Pennington 1997).

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 179

The Brick Agrochola circellaris (Hufnagel)
SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): just over 100 recorded in 1996 (Pennington 1997).

The Crescent Celaena leucostigma [I?]
SHETLAND ISLANDS (112): over 350 recorded in 1996 (Pennington 1997).

Silver Y Autographa gamma (Linnaeus) [I]

Brief summary: Generally abundant, often exceedingly abundant, and widespread. Between 21.4
and 27.8 a total of 15,554 were recorded at the Portland Bird Observatory, Dorset (9) (MC). A
total of 2,165 were recorded over the year at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (10) (SAKJ); a total of
2,009 were recorded at Peacehaven, East Sussex (14) (CRP), and between 21.4 and 18.12 a total
of 12,847 were recorded at Herne Bay, East Kent (BM); a total of 9,052 were recorded between
11.5 and 9.11 at Bradwell-on-Sea, South Essex (18) (AJD & SD).

Earliest dates: ISLE OF MAN (71): Castletown, 30.1 - 4 (GDC); WEST CORNWALL (1):
Church Cove, The Lizard, 22.3 - 3 (MT”).

Latest dates: CHANNEL ISLANDS (113): Guernsey, Locality not given, 20.12 (Austin 1997);
EAST KENT (15): Herne Bay, 18.12 (BM); SURREY (17): Chessington, 8.11 (J. Porter per
GAC); Lingfield, 4.11; 6.11 (JHC); Polesden Lacy, Dorking, 30.11 (JHC); ISLE OF MAN (71):
Castletown, 16.11 - 4 (GDC); Dhoon Maughold, 16.11 - 12 (LK per GDC); Kentraugh Rushen,
16.11 - 5 (GDC); NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Selborne, 11.11 (AEA); ISLE OF WIGHT (10):
Freshwater, 9.11 (SAKJ); SOUTH ESSEX (18): Bradwell-on-Sea, 9.11 (AJD & SD); WEST
CORNWALL (1): Church Cove, The Lizard, 8.11 (MT’); MIDDLESEX (21): Hampstead, 1.11;
5.11 - 2; 7.11 (RAS); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 1.11 (BS).

Other significant records: WEST CORNWALL (1): between Bedruthan and Porth Mear, 15.8 -
numerous, dozens every few yards (RDP & PP); St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, 17.6 - “A tremendous
influx ... involving thousands” (JH & MH); 20.7 - 48; 4.8 - 170 (JH & MH); The Lizard, 18.8 -
800; 19.8 - 8,000 (DB, AG & RCK); SOUTH DEVON (3): Countess Wear, Exeter, 31.7 - 59; 5.8
- 100+ (PB’ per RMc); Dawlish, 19.8 - 57 (AR per RMc); West Hill, Ottery St Mary, undated -
larvae on many garden plants including geranium, fuchsia, lettuce and runner beans (PB);
SOUTH SOMERSET (5): Bishops Lydeard, 8.6 - 100+; 5.8 - 200+; 19.8 - 100+ (MDB);
DORSET (9): Badbury Rings, 16.8 - 319 (PD); Brownsea Island, 21.8 - many 1,000s (MT);
Gaunt’s Common, 6.6 - 238; 6.8 - 350; 18.8 - >2,000 (PD); Portland Bird Observatory, 6.6 - 369;
26.7 - 173; 3.8 - 561; 4.8 - 400; 13.8 - 3,000; 19.8 - 2,000 (MC per PD); 12.8 - 3,400, thereafter
numerous throughout 9 and early 10 (MC); Studland Heath, 20.8 - estimate of 50,000 to 100,000
over whole area (MT); Swanage, 7.6 - 200 (AG); West Bexington, 4.8 - 1,000; 12.8 - 2,500 (RE
per PD); SOUTH HAMPSHIRE (11): Fleet Pond, 13.8 - 320 counted on a butterfly transect (C.R.
Hall per BG); Woolston, 5.8 - 262 (ARC per BG); NORTH HAMPSHIRE (12): Farnborough,
22.5 - 50+ (RWP); Selborne, 8.6 - 65; 20.8 - 57 (AEA); WEST SUSSEX (13): Pagham Harbour,
5.8 - c.3,000 (BFS & MSP); EAST SUSSEX (14): Holywell, 13.8 - c.1,000 in 1 trap after 1 hour
and c.3,000 in same trap after 3 hours (CRP & MSP); Peacehaven, 22.7 - 94; 2.8 - 233; 11.8 - 56;
13.8 - 82; 19.8 - 74 (CRP); EAST KENT (15): Densole, 7.6 - 1,000s (TR); Dungeness, 8.6 - 245;
26.7 - 270; 31.7 - 200; 5.8 - 300; 13.8 - 242; 14.8 - 460; 2.9 - 570 (per SPC); Dungeness Bird
Observatory (daytime estimates), 6.6 - 2,000; 7.6 - 5,000; 8.6 10,000; 9.6 - 10,000; 22.7 - 10,000;
23.7 - 5,000; 8.8 - 5,000 (per SPC); Folkestone Warren, thousands (TR); Greatstone, 7.6 - 363;
31.7 - 174; 4.8 - 222; 5.8 - 507; 13.8 - 138 (per SPC); Littlestone, 13.8 - 250 (per SPC); New
Romney, 7.6 - 190; 8.6 - 200; 5.8 - 1200; 17.8 - 250 (per SPC); SURREY (17): Lingfield, 23.7 -
56 (JHC); MIDDLESEX (21): Hampstead, 8.6 - 54; 6.8 - 164 (RAS); BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
(24): 7.6 - 100s (GEH); CAERNARVONSHIRE (49): Bangor, 6.8 - 76 (DL per CWP);
DENBIGHSHIRE (50): Blaen Y Weirglodd, 5.8 - abundant (SHH & IFS); Gors Maen Llwyd, 5.8
- abundant (SHH & IFS); DERBYSHIRE (57): Lathkill Dale, 16.8 - abundant (SHH); Millers
Dale Quarry, 12.8 - abundant (SHH); Monsal Trail, 12.8 - abundant (SHH); Pin Dale, Castleton,
9.8 - abundant (SHH); CHESHIRE (58): Crowden, 14.8 - abundant (SHH); Jacksons Brickworks,
Higher Poynton, 8.6 - 101 (SHH); SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE (61): Spurn, 6.6 - 150; 7.6 - 450;
21.7 - 60; 25.7 - 1,400; 3.8 - 500; 10.8 - 4,000; 15.8 - 25,000 (BS); NORTH

180 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil. 1999

NORTHUMBERLAND (68): Bamburgh, 5.8 - abundant (JHC); Bamburgh Castle, 6.8 - abundant
(JHC); Beadnell, 3.8 - abundant; 6.8 - abundant (JHC); Carshope, Coquet Dale, 9.8 - abundant
(JHC); Cragmill, 6.8 - abundant (JHC); Cragside, Rothbury, 9.8 - abundant (JHC); Elwick, 6.8 -
abundant (JHC); Farne Isles, 6.8 - abundant, “vast numbers of gamma were flying ot at sea heading
North” (JHC); Greenhil Rocks, 5.8 - abundant (JHC); Inner Farne, 6.8 - abundant (JHC);
Linkhouse, Beadnell, 5.8 - abundant (JHC); Ross, Bamburgh, 6.8 - abundant (JHC); Seahouses
Harbour and Town, 6.8 - abundant (JHC); St Aidan’s Dunes, 5.8 - abundant (JHC); ISLE OF MAN
(71): Calf of Man, 5.8 - 93; 5.8 - “several thousand seen over the island” (TB); Dhoon Maughold,
9.8 - 500 (LK per GDC); BANFFSHIRE (94): Well of the Lecht, Tomintoul, 15.8 - abundant
(JHC); MORAYSHIRE (95): Findhorn, 11.8 - abundant (JHC); Forres, 12.8 - abundant (JHC);
Tulloch, Rafford, 10.8 - abundant (JHC); ORKNEY ISLANDS (111): east coast, 6.8 - “comming
ashore in clouds” (per SGV); North Ronaldsay, 12.8 - 174 (MG per SVG); SHETLAND
ISLANDS (112): “everywhere”, 6.8 - “Clouds of them reported coming in off the sea or along the
coast” with the following estimate made - “arriving along the 120 km length of Shetland at a rate of
almost 3million per hour’ (MGP); 8.8 and subsequent days - “poor weather obviously affected ...
the tideline was littered with dead moths, while it appears everyone fishing inshore in small boats
was coming across rafts of moth corpses lying on the sea, with several large “slicks” of dead moths
reported on the sea around Fetlar’” (MGP); Locality not given, 12.8 - up to 50 on sugar patches
(MGP); 13.8 - an estimate of “60 million moths in the 1500 square kilometres of the islands”
(MGP); Eswick, 13.8 - 1,100; 18.8 - 5 larvae on lungwort Pulmonaria (Pennington 1997).

Initials of recorders

The recorders initials are listed alphabetically so that records can be extracted with
relative ease. It is possible that we have unwittingly failed to acknowledge some
contributors — if this is the case we would like to take this opportunity to apologize
for this oversight.

AB Dr A. Barker CR C. Reagan IRT LR. Thirlwell
AB? A. Batten CRP— CR. Pratt IS I. Scott

AC A. Cooper CS C. Smith JB J. Badley
AEA _ AE. Aston CWP C.W. Plant JBF J.B. Fisher
AG A. Gardner DB D. Brown JEC J.E. Chainey
AHD _ A.H. Dobson DD D. Dey JF J. Firmin

AJ A. Jenkins DD’ D. Dicks JG J. Geeson
AJD = A.J. Dewick DG D. Gilmore JH J. Hale

AME LtCol.A.M.Emmet DJF D.J. Funnell JH’ J. Halsey

APF AP. Foster DL D. Lloyd JH’ J. Hooper

AR A. Rosier DS D. Scott JHC DrJ.H. Clarke
ARC A.R. Cronin DW D. Walker JJ J. Jaines

AS A. Stevens DW’ _ D. Walker JM J. Maddocks
ASE ASS. Ezard DWB _ D.W. Baldock JM? J. Murray

BB B. Banson DWK __D.W. Kydd JMc J. McGill

BFS _ B.F. Skinner EGS EG. Smith JMS MsJ.M. Spence
BG B. Goater ERM _~ E.R. Meek JN J. Nichols
BG’ B. Goodey GAC G.A Collins JO J. Owen

BH B. Henwood GDC G_D. Crane JP J. Platts

BY B. Ivon-Jones GEH GE. Higgs JR J. Reeve

BJW B.J. Warne GRE GR. Else JR? J. Reid

BM B. Matlock HGHM H.G.H. Middleton JRL Dr J.R. Langmaid
BS B. Spence ICR I.C. Rose JTR J.T. Radford
CG: C. Gibson IFS I.F. Smith JTS J.T. Scanes
CH C. Hart IH I. Hunter JW J. Wilde

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 181

JY J. Young PC P. Costen RP R. Partyre
KMSW K.M.S. Wilson PD P. Davey RWA | R.W. Arthur
KR K. Redshaw PHS Dr P.H. Sterling RWP _ R.W. Parfitt
LB Mrs L. Barker PIVS P.I.V. Sewell SAKJ S.A. Knill-Jones
LK L. Kneale PMP P.M. Potts SC S. Curson
MC M. Cade PP P. Penhallurick SCP Rev S.C. Pittis
MDB M.D. Bryan PS P. Sharp SD S. Dewick
MG M. Gray PS? P. Smith SHH _ S.H. Hind
MGP_ M.G. Pennington RAB R.A. Bell SPC S.P. Clancy
MH M. Hicks RAS _ R.A. Softly SS S. Stevens
MHS M.H. Smith RC R. Cook So: S. Swift
MJG MJ. Gibbons RCK _ R.C. Kendrick SVG. .S.V. Gauld
MJS M.J. Simmons RDP _ R.D. Penhallurick TB T. Bagworth
ML Mrs M. Long RE R. Eden TC T. Crafer
MRH_ M_R. Honey RG R. Gaunt TDR _ T.D. Rogers
MSP M.S. Parsons RH R. Harvey TJJ T.J. Jennings
MT M. Townsend RH’ R. Hobbs TIN T.J. Norriss
MT” M. Tunmore RH? R. Howard TNDP_ T.N.D. Peet
NB N. Bowman RJ R. Johnson TR T. Rouse
NH N. Hutchinson RJH R.J. Heckford TS T. Steele
PAC PP. Cordell RL R. Long WM __ W. Makin
PB P. Baker RM R. Mearns

PB? P. Butter RMc — R. McCormick

Other contributors

Ms C. Allen; R.W. Bogue; N. Bowles; M.M. Brooks; P.A. Brown; D. Carter; E.W. Classey; M.
Densley; B. Dickerson; K. Elks; M. Elvidge; P. Fleming; T. Gabriel; R. Haynes; J.D. Holloway;
L.E. Rogers; Dr I.J. Kitching; K.J. Orpe; Dr M.J. Scoble; K.G.V. Smith; M. Walker; B.K. West;
W. & K. Wheatley; J. Woodland & Mrs J. Woodland.

Acknowledgements

We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of the above mentioned
contributors.

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Anon. 1996a. Insect reports. Birdwatch, 51: 55.
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182 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil. 1999

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IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1996 183

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White-marked Cerastis leucographa D.& S. (Lep.: Noctuidae) re-found in Devon

On 28 March 1998, a member of Devon Moth Group, Dr Adrian Henderson, decided
to run his lights at a site near to Great Torrington. Here he took six specimens of C.
leucographa but, mistaking them for something else, released all of them. When he

184 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111. 25.vii.1999

reported his findings to me, I realised that they could only have been this species;
they were recorded on the county moth database, but as there was no voucher
specimen I could not confirm the finding. On 1 April 1999, Adrian had two more
specimens of this moth, taken in his garden at Bideford. These were retained and are
now in his collection.

On 8 April 1999, Alan Jenkins and I visited the original site near to Great
Torrington and at around 23.30 hours the first C. Jeucographa came to light, with
two others following; two of these were males and the third a female, which
subsequently laid eggs which will, hopefully, be bred through.

A further male specimen of this species was captured by Frank Smith, to light at
Lower Washfield, near Tiverton, on 17 April 1999. This specimen has since been
confirmed by me and has been retained by Harry Wooltorton, from Exmouth.

According to South (1907. Moths of the British Isles) C. leucographa was “More
frequently taken in . . . and Devon’. Other records which I have to hand as Devon
moth recorder are: Lee Moor, near Plymouth, 1861 to 1865 (J.J. Reading); Exeter
and Barnstaple, circa 1870 (G.F. Mathew); Bishopsteignton, one to light 22 March
1953 (W.L. Coleridge) and Huntshaw, near Great Torrington (Rothamsted Insect
Survey light trap), two in 1972, four in 1974 and two in 1975, determined by Sue
Parker or Joan Nicklen.

The species seems to occur, mainly, in the Bideford-Great Torrington area, but
clearly could be more widespread.— Roy McCormick, 36 Paradise Road,
Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NR.

Cappadaridaceae: An unusual host-plant family record for the cabbage root fly
Delia radicum (L.) (Dip.: Anthomyiidae)

A sample of maggots submitted to Reading Museum Service in August of 1998 by
Mrs T. Aldiss of Chazey Road, Caversham, Berkshire (OS grid reference SU 7075)
had been found at the base of spider flower plants Cleome sp. (Cappadaridaceae) in
her garden where they had been eating away at the stems at and around ground level.
The larvae were reared on, producing flies in September and these were identified as
cabbage root flies Delia radicum (L.). They were slightly smaller than is normal for
this species, but this was probably because they were removed from their food
before they were fully grown. The cabbage root fly is well known as a pest of
cultivated Cruciferae including cauliflowers, cabbages, radishes, turnips and swedes,
feeding mainly on the roots but also tunnelling in the stems (Smith, 1989. An
introduction to the immature stages of British Flies. Handbooks for the identification
of British Insects 10(14)), so this host plant record is significant as it is a entirely
unrelated family from that normally attacked. Thanks are due to Brian Baker for
collecting the specimens and to Hugh Carter and Nigel Wyatt for identifying them.
Voucher specimens have been deposited with Reading Museum Service and The
Natural History Museum, London.— DAviID G. NoTTON, Museum of Reading,
Reading Museum Service, Blagrave Street, Reading RG1 1QH.

INCREASE AND SPREAD OF IDAEA RUSTICATA 185

INCREASE IN LOCAL ABUNDANCE AND EXPANSION OF
GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE IN THE LEAST CARPET IDAEA RUSTICATA
(D. & S.) (= VULPINARIA (H.-S.)) (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) AS INDICATED
BY ROTHAMSTED INSECT SURVEY LIGHT-TRAPS

ADRIAN M. RILEY AND How L. JONES
Entomology and Nematology Dept., IACR Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire ALS 2JQ.

Introduction

THE LEAST CARPET MOTH /daea rusticata was considered by 19th-century
Lepidoptera collectors to be a great rarity and was then known to breed in only a few
localities in Kent. Since that time, its stronghold has expanded into several counties
in south-east England where, in places, it is now fairly common. Investigation of
records on the Rothamsted Insect Survey (RIS) database reveals the species to be
increasing in abundance at those sites where it has been recorded for many years.
The records also show that its geographical range is considerably larger than
previously thought. For ease of reading, details of those RIS trapping sites
mentioned in the text are given in tabular form.

Brief history of the status in Great Britain

During the latter part of the 19th- and early 20th-centuries /. rusticata was
understood to be restricted as a resident species to Kent (Newman, 1869). There
were occasional records, often of single individuals, from Sussex, Dorset, Devon
and Suffolk (South, 1939). Skinner (1998) states that it is moderately common in
north Kent, East Sussex, the London area, Surrey and South Essex. He also
confirms the early records from Dorset (Isle of Portland) and cites an unconfirmed
record from The Hebrides (St. Kilda). He states that there are occasional
widespread records from the south coast of England and that, since 1991, the
species seems to have become established on the Isle of Wight and again at
Portland.

Recent local increases in abundance and possible range expansion

The RIS operates approximately 90 light-traps of standard design throughout the
British Isles. Samples are collected daily and the resulting database holds 1,591
records of rusticata from 39 sites in 16 counties (including the Channel Islands of
Jersey and Guernsey) for the period 1968 to 1996. Two of these sites, Sheppey and
Guernsey, catch the species regularly and have long time-series data-sets which
coincide for the period 1981 to 1996. Over this period, rusticata has become more
abundant at both of these sites — particularly at Sheppey (Fig. 1). These increases are
linear on a logarithmic scale and represent a 3.3-fold increase per 10 years at
Guernsey and a 15-fold increase at Sheppey.

The difference between the small increase at Guernsey and the relatively large
increase at Sheppey suggests a general expansion of range during which the species
thrives at new localities in the absence of its usual predators or diseases. In the case

186 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vii.1999
of /. rusticata, this possibility is supported by the recent capture at several long-

running RIS light-trap sites from where the species had not previously been recorded
(Table 1).

Site name Year trap First capture of
started I. rusticata

Ewingswode

Hamstreet
Lydd

Rothamsted (Barnfield)
Sheppey

Warehorne

Winchester

Yarner Wood

Table 1. Long-running RIS sites with year trapping started, year of first Idaea rusticata record
and total J. rusticata caught to 1996.

Idaea rusticata has now been recorded in RIS light-traps in 14 mainland counties
plus the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey between 1968 and 1996 (Table 2).
The number of sites where it has been recorded in each county is given, along with
the number of individuals caught. This list represents a significant increase in our
knowledge of the distribution of the species in Britain.

@ Sheppey

™@ Guemsey
== = Linear (Sheppey)
Linear (Guemsey)

Totals Logio (n+1)

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Year

Figure 1. Annual totals of Jdaea rusticata at Sheppey and Guernsey, 1981-1996. Regression
equations (a) for Sheppey: log (catch + 1) = 0.12 year + 0.28 (R2 = 0.89) and (b) for Guernsey:
log (catch + 1) = 0.05 year + 0.18 (R2 = 0.40).

INCREASE AND SPREAD OF IDAEA RUSTICATA 187

Kent

Essex
Hertfordshire
Guernsey
Jersey

Surrey
Middlesex

Hampshire
Leicestershire
Huntingdonshire
Bedfordshire
Berkshire

E. Sussex
Devon

Somerset
Monmouthshire

en ee Oe LO ee On Ot LO ee Se am)

rer rR NWN NO ~

Table Two. Counties from which /daea rusticata has been recorded in RIS light-traps, with
the number of sites and number of individuals caught.

Ewingswode Huntingdonshire TL 200 797
Hamstreet East Kent TR 004 334
Lydd East Kent TR 044 203

Rothamsted (Barnfield) Hertfordshire TE132 135
Sheppey East Kent TQ 949 739
Warehorne East Kent TQ 988 346
Winchester Hampshire SU 517 339
Yarner Wood Devon SX 786 788

Table 3: details of RIS light-trap sites mentioned in the text. A further location is not on the
Ordnance Survey grid reference system: Guernsey (Channel Islands) - States Horticultural
Advisory Service, St. Martins.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are extended to the operators of all the traps cited above. [ACR Rothamsted
is partly funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.

References
Newman, E., 1869. The Natural History of British Moths. Allen, London.
Skinner, B., 1998. Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking, Harmondsworth.
South, R., 1939. Moths of the British Isles, Vol. Two. Warne, London.

188 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vul. 1999

Early emergence of Currant Pug Eupithecia assimilata Doubleday
(Lep:. Geometridae)

A single male Eupithecia assimilata was caught in the Rothamsted Insect Survey
(RIS) light-trap at Lanhydrock, Cornwall (Site No. 550, O.S. grid reference SX
099636) on 9 March 1999. First generation adults of this normally bivoltine species
usually appear in May and peak during the first week of June (Riley, A.M. & Prior,
G., in press, British and Irish Pug Moths. Harley Books, Colchester). This individual
has, therefore, emerged two months prematurely.

Thanks are extended to the National Trust staff for operating the trap at
Lanhydrock.— ADRIAN M. RILEY, Entomology and Nematology Department, IACR -
Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ.

Sclerocona acutellus Eversmann (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Devon

An example of Sclerocona acutellus was seen by P. Butter at Exeter, on the evening
of 13 June 1999, but the moth escaped after Mr Butter had realised it was
“something different’. Fortunately, he captured a further specimen to light that same
night. The following evening, he and I, together, took a further specimen at dusk.
These constitute the fourth and fifth British records and the first for Devon. All the
specimens looked fresh.

The first British record of this species was at Leckford, North Hampshire on 18
August 1988 by D.H. Sterling (Ent. Rec.101: 153, 226), also mentioned in Ent. Gaz.
40: 1-3, Ent. Rec.102: 140 and Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. 5: 8. Subsequent records are
Virginia Water, Surrey, 3 June 1989 by P. Baker (Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. 7: 35) and
Henley-on-Thames, 20 June 1995 by D. Wedd (Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. 9: 225). A
colour photograph of the species may be found in Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. 3: plate [V).—
Roy McCormick, 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NR.

SUBSCRIBER NOTICE

Relative frequency of the banded form of the Riband Wave Idaea aversata (L.)
(Lep.: Geometridae): a request for data

The ratio between the typical, banded form of the Riband Wave /daea aversata and
its plain form remutata varies regionally in Britain. In some areas, such as north-east
Scotland, the banded form seems not to occur at all. There may also be substantial
differences between sites even within the same vice-county, perhaps related to
habitat. I would welcome accurate counts of the two forms from any observer who
catches adequate sample sizes of this species. Please give location, vice-county and a
simple description of the habitat, for instance “suburban garden” or “mature
deciduous woodland”’.— Roy LEVERTON, Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Cornhill, Banffshire
AB45 2HS.

CERAMBYCIDAE OF FLINTSHIRE 189

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE LONGHORNS (COL.: CERAMBYCIDAE)
OF FLINTSHIRE

RAYMOND R. UHTHOFF-K AUFMANN
13 Old Road, Old Harlow, Essex CM17 OHB.

FLINTSHIRE IS THE smallest county in the Welsh mainland; it is also the most
densely populated part of North Wales. Its coastline, largely industrial, faces the
River Dee estuary and includes a narrow tongue of land along the Wirral Peninsula
on the opposite shore. The hinterland is very hilly and mostly rural.

Prior to its absorption, together with adjacent counties into the administrative region
of Clwyd in the 1970s, Flintshire also included a small, peculiar enclave, known as
“Part of Flint”, sandwiched between the counties of Denbigh and Salop, but in fact
within the borders of the latter: upon regaining its county status in 1996, it went to
Denbigh; otherwise, Flintshire’s boundaries are much as they were prior to 1970.

That said, Flintshire seems to have been woefully neglected where the longicorn
Coleoptera are concerned. Records are few and compare unfavourably with those of
its neighbouring Welsh counties. Indeed, before 1947 nothing on the county’s
Longhorns appears to have been published, save a much later reference by Sir Eric
Ansorge to the occurrence of Prionus coriarius in Flintshire as long ago as 1908.

The present catalogue of cerambycids is the shortest one in the Principality, and
suggests, not so much a paucity of these most attractive beetles as, perhaps, a lack of
visiting coleopterists. Whatever the reasons, the number of species found up to the
present is less than a dozen strong and so these records have been assembled pour
encourager les autres!

The current list, detailed as far as is known, is as follows:

CERAMBYCIDAE
PRIONINAE

Prionus coriarius (L.) — “Flintshire, 1908”, noted by Ansorge some 60 years later but without
further information (vide text supra); Tremeirchion, 8.ix.1968 (Mrs S. Evans); Bodfari, 1970
(W.O. & S.O. Conney).

Again, these last two captures lack more precise particulars.

ASEMINAE (SPONDYLINAE)

Asemum striatum (L.) — Cefn Bychan , circa 1947 and also in 1949 — not uncommon in cut
Scots Pine logs (M.G. Fraser ); Pantybearth, 14.v.1949 (M.G. Fraser).

Asemum Striatum (L.) v. agreste F. — Cefn Bychan, 1949 (M.G. Fraser). Found with the above;
Pantybearth, 15.v.1949 — similarly captured (M.G. Fraser).

LEPTURINAE

Rhagium bifasciatum F. — Cefn Bychan, 29.iii.1946 — common (G. deC. Fraser ); Cefn Bychan,
vili.1947 — very common; numerous larvae, pupae and adults were found in fallen Scots
Pine logs. A large number of pupae was reared, but no varietal forms were produced (E.A.J.
Duffy, M.G. Fraser & R.R.U-K.); Bodfari, 1962 (L.W. Hardwick); Pen-y-maes, 12.iv.1987
(G. Griffiths ); Hoseley, 1993 — Several in old pine logs (B. Formstone).

190 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil. 1999

R. mordax (Deg.) — Cefn Bychan, 29.111.1946 (G. deC. Fraser) and vii.1946 — common on
dogroses (M.G. Fraser).

Stenocorus meridianus (L.) v. chrysogaster Schrank — Cefn Bychan, vii.1947 — a dead female
under bark (M.G. Fraser ).

Grammoptera ruficornis (F.) — Cefn Bychan, 6.vii.1946 (G. deC. Fraser). Common on flowers;
Dd6l Uchaf NR, 1972, 1.vii.1984 & 6.vii.1989 (the last — Mrs M.J. Morgan & H.N. Michaelis).

Strangalia maculata (Poda) — Bodfari, prior to 1962 (W.O. Conney); Overton, 30.vi.1990,
several (B. Formstone).

S. quadrifasciata (L.) — Bettisfield, 24.vi.1957, in coll. University College of North Wales;
Fenn’s Moss, 8.vii.1992 (B. Formstone).

CERAMBYCINAE

Clytus arietis (L.) — Cefn Bychan, 4.v.1944, vii.1946 and 1947 - on beech logs (M. G. Fraser);
Ddél Uchaf NR, 1972 (anon.) and 21.vi.1980 (Mrs M. J. Morgan); Caergwele, 18.v.1992 (M.
Newstead); Bryn tirior Hall, 1993 (M. Newstead); Bangor-on-Dee, 1991-1995 (B. Formstone).

LAMIINAE
Pogonocherus hispidulus (Pill.& Mitt.) — Talacre Warren, 24.iv.1993 (S. McWilliam). This is
noted in the records kept by the Liverpool Museum.

Finally, it may be of interest to state that a specimen of Aromia moschata (L.) was
captured sometime before 1963 near Whixall, Salop, within a mile of the Flintshire
border. That suggests that this species may possibly occur in Flintshire.

Acknowledgements
Grateful thanks for their information and help are extended to D. Evans, S.P. Fernley,
B. Formstone, the late Mrs M.J. Morgan, Miss D. Proctor and Dr P.F. Twinn.

References

Ansorge, E., 1966. Some Coleoptera from Wales. Entomologist’ s Gaz. 17: 69-71.

Conney, W.O., 1966. Exhibits. Proc. Trans. Lancs. & Cheshire Ent. Soc., 1966: 85-87.

Fraser, M.G., 1949. Meeting held at Pantybearth, Mold. Raven Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. Report, 1949: 18.

Hyman, P.S. & Parsons, M.S., 1992. A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great
Britain, part 1. UK Nature Conservation number 3: JNCC.

Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D., 1977. A checklist of British insects: Coleoptera and Strepsiptera.
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects XX (3). Royal Entomological Society of London.

Miles, P.M., 1979. The Longicorn beetle Strangalia quadrifasciata (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
in Wales. Nature in Wales 16:171-172.

Morgan, M.J., 1996. Some Cerambycidae (Col.) from North Wales. Entomologist’s mon. Mag.
132: 287-289.

Uhthoff-Kaufmann, R.R., 1947. Supplementary notes on the Longicorn Coleoptera of Wales.
Entomologist’ s Rec. J. Var. 59: 70-71.

— , 1948. Second supplement on the Longicorn Coleoptera of Wales. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.
60: 69-70.

— , 1948. Notes on the distribution of the British Longicorn Coleoptera. Entomologist’s mon. Mag.
84: 67-85.

— , 1993. The Longhorns (Cerambycidae) of Wales. Coleopterist 2: 46-47.

INFESTATIONS OF APHIS VERBASCI 191

INFESTATIONS OF APHIS VERBASCI SCHRANK (HEM.: APHIDIDAE)
ON BUDDLEJA AND VERBASCUM

A.J. HALSTEAD! AND B.M. SPOONER?’

' RHS Garden, Wisley, Woking, Surrey GU23 6QB.
31 Balmoral Crescent, West Molesey, Surrey KT8 IQA.

A SEVERE infestation of Buddleja davidii Franchet by an ant-attended aphid
producing copious honeydew was noted in 1996 and 1997 in the garden of B.MLS. at
West Molesey, Surrey. This pale green or yellow aphid was present in huge numbers
and formed dense clusters, particularly on the underside of leaves. It was identified
by A.J.H. as Aphis verbasci Schrank, an uncommon but perhaps now spreading
species which is widespread in Europe and typically has species of Verbascum as its
host plant. This infestation, noted in late summer, was on two bushes, both five to six
years old and two to three metres high, and resulted in severe blackening of stems
and branches with sooty mould, causing death of many of the inner ones by late
season. No attempt at insecticidal or other control of the aphids was attempted, nor
is the source of the infestation known.

Aphis verbasci was first recorded in the British Isles from Ilford, Essex, on
Verbascum phlomoides L. in July 1952 (Doncaster 1954); Stroyan (1984) knew of
no other British records. However, further records on Buddleja, a host also known
for this aphid in Europe, have been made in Britain in recent years indicating a
spread of the species. The first British record of A. verbasci on Buddleja davidii
was made by Badmin (1995). In 1992 and 1993 he found it on a plant at
Woodstock, near Sittingbourne, Kent. He also refers to heavy infestations on
Verbascum thapsus L. at Hoo Salt Marsh Island in the Medway estuary in
September 1982 and at Great Culand Pit, near Maidstone, Kent in July 1993.
Stroyan (1984) also gives Verbascum sinuatum L. as a host plant but gives no
further details of what is presumably a continental record. Other more recent
records, all on garden plants, made by A.J.H. are on Buddleja davidii at
Petersham, Surrey on 1.vii.97 and at Goldsworth Park, Woking, Surrey on
15.vi.98; on Verbascum phoeniceum L. at Knaphill, near Woking, Surrey on
2.vi1.97; on Verbascum sp. probably blattaria L. at Loseley House, near Guildford,
Surrey on 3.ix.97; on Verbascum pulverulentum Vill. at RHS Garden, Wisley,
Surrey on 5.viii.97. On the last-mentioned plant the infestation persisted until mid
November. Aphis verbasci is a distinctive aphid with a globular body that is
usually golden yellow with long black siphunculi. The aphids found on V.
pulverulentum in August were of the typical colour but by November they had
become pale green with a light whitish waxy coating. It reappeared in small
numbers on the underside of V. pulverulentum leaves in mid April 1998, again in
the pale green colour form. On 15.vii.98 the aphid was found on Buddleja
salviifolia, also at RHS Garden.

Buddleja davidii (Buddlejaceae) is an exotic shrub, native to China and Japan and
introduced as a garden plant into Britain a century ago. It is now also widely
naturalised and common, especially on waste ground, throughout much of central

192 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil. 1999

and southern England. Flowers of Buddleja are rich in nectar (Owen 1991), and the
value of this plant as a source of food for insects has earned it the well-deserved
popular name of “butterfly bush”. It is attractive to many butterflies and is also
visited by various moths such as Silver Y, many hoverflies including species of
Eristalis, Helophilus and Rhingia (Owen 1983), and some solitary bees such as
Halictus calceatus (Scop.) (Chinery 1977). It is also utilised in various ways by a
range of other invertebrates and Owen (1991) has referred to it as the “most widely
used plant species in the garden”. Owen D.F. and Whiteway (1980) praise it as a
rare example of an alien plant that is a welcome addition to the British flora because
of its value to wildlife. Various polyphagous moths are known to feed as larvae on
the leaves and Owen D.F. (1983) cites 23 species as known from this host, as well
as the holly blue butterfly. It is also host to a number of other polyphagous pest
species although, amongst aphids, only Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Owen
1991) and the ubiquitous Aphis fabae Scop. (Stroyan 1984) appear to have been
recorded. There are no true gall-causing invertebrates associated with Buddleja,
although leaf and flower distortion by the polyphagous nematode Aphelenchoides
ritzemabosi (Schwartz) may occur (Alford 1991; Buczacki & Harris 1981). In
addition, leaves may be damaged by capsid bugs, particularly Lygocoris pabulinus
(L.), and the weevil Otiorhynchus singularis (L.) may also cause damage (Alford
1991). Finally, the spider-mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is known to cause
chlorotic leaves, with silk webbing in severe outbreaks (Alford 1991). Owen D.F.
and Whiteway (1980) also record the polyphagous common froghopper, Philaenus
spumarlius (L.).

Of particular interest is the evident chemical similarity between Buddleja and
some members of the Scrophulariaceae (Owen 1983, 1991), as shown by otherwise
monophagous and specific feeders on plants of the Scrophulariaceae being able to
utilise Buddleja. Aphis verbasci is an example of this; others include the mullein
moth Cucullia verbasci (L.), and the weevils Cionus alauda (Herbst) and C.
scrophulariae (L.); the last two are occasionally found on Buddleja globosa Hope
(A.J.H. personal observation) and B. davidii (Williams 1974). The leaf-mining fly
Amauromyza verbasci (Bouché), normally on species of Verbascum and
Scrophularia, is also notable and is the only leaf-miner known on Buddleja in Great
Britain.

Interesting observations on Buddleja as a foodplant for insects are given by Owen
(1983, 1991).

References

Alford, D.V., 1991. A Colour Atlas of Pests of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers. Wolfe
Publishing Ltd., London.

Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1981. Collins Guide to the Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Garden
Plants. Collins, London.

Badmin, J.S., 1995. A new hostplant in Britain for Aphis verbasci Schrank (Hem., Aphididae).
Entomologist’s Mon. Mag. 131: 18.

Chinery, M., 1977. The Natural History of the Garden. Collins, London.

Doncaster, J.P., 1954. Two aphids new to Britain. Entomologist 87: 127-128.

INFESTATIONS OF APHIS VERBASCI 193

Owen, D.F., 1983. Lepidoptera larvae feeding on the leaves and flowers of Buddleia davidii.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 95: 20

Owen, D.F. & Whiteway W.R., 1980. Buddleia davidii in Britain: History and development of an
associated fauna. Biological Conservation 17: 149-155.

Owen, J., 1983. Garden Life. Chatto & Windus, London.

—, 1991. The ecology of a garden. The first fifteen years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Stroyan, H.L.G., 1984. Aphids — Pterocommatinae and Aphidinae (Aphidini) Homoptera,
Aphididae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 2 (6). Royal Entomological
Society, London.

Williams, S.A. (1974). Two species of Cionus (Col.: Curculionidae) on Buddleia davidii Franch.
Entomologist’s Mon. Mag. 110: 63.

Hazards of butterfly collecting — A bad day in Oyster Bay, Tanzania, 1977

I had spent three weeks with a Ugandan colleague, Wilson Okwenje, reviewing the
programmes of UMATI, the Tanzanian Family Planning Association. We had criss-
crossed Tanzania, but with little chance of butterfly collecting, except a brief and
rather embarrassing visit to the upland forest of Uluguru Mountains (see 1992. Ent.
Rec. 104: 253-255). So, I was looking very much forward to a day’s collecting in the
well-known lowland forests of Pugu, just inland from Dar es Salaam — or Dar as it is
usually known.

This was in the bad old days before portable computers, so the manuscript of our
report had been written in laborious longhand, ready for a typist in Nairobi during a
brief stay for debriefing — on my way for another review mission to Ghana. But
Sunday was for butterfly collecting in the Pugu Forests.

We had an amicable discussion with the UMATI Board on Friday afternoon; there
would not be that much revision to be done during Saturday. We duly repaired to a
choice restaurant at Oyster Bay, a Dar suburb. Wilson and I grabbed our briefcases.
No, no, no!, said out hosts, we’ll lock them in the boot of the car. We had a very fine
meal indeed.

Coming back to the car, we saw the lid of the boot flapping listlessly in the wind.
Closer inspection showed that my briefcase was missing. Wilson’s was still there;
the thief obviously had not wanted to wander off carrying two briefcases. “Anything
important in the briefcase?’’, asked our hosts. Well, yes, actually! Passport, credit
card, driving licence, health certificates, airline ticket, travellers cheques, currency
declaration form, and — of course — a 300 page manuscript summarising the
experience of two people after three weeks of hard work!

We went back to the restaurant to take stock. I had heard Danish spoken and went
over to inquire — a young, blonde woman turned out to be a secretary to the

194 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil. 1999

Embassy. She said the First Secretary usually checked the telex machine early
Saturday morning (yes, 1977 was also before routine fax, not to mention e-mail).
She promised to consult and later called to confirm that I could have a new passport
in the morning. The Oyster Bay Police were willing to take a statement that evening.
Wilson had enough cash to buy me a ticket to Nairobi. Maybe we could still stay on
schedule.

I reported to the Danish Embassy in the morning — just opposite my hotel. The
First Secretary thought that the police report would act as an exit visa. A new
passport was prepared: And now for a photograph? Ah! Photographs were, of
course, in the stolen briefcase. I’1l run down and have some done — but that was not
an option on a Saturday in the Dar of 1977. I suddenly remembered. In my hotel I
had a copy of my book on the butterflies of Lebanon, intended as a present for
someone in Nairobi. On the dust-jacket was a photograph. Ten minutes later I was
back from my hotel. “Not very usual to have a passport photo of someone smoking a
pipe”, said the First Secretary while carefully cutting it out, “but under the
circumstances, I suppose it will do!”. In the meantime Wilson had bought me a new
ticket and we went back to make notes on revisions to the report.

I made it to Pugu on the Sunday, my first visit to the very interesting coastal
forests of East Africa. The total fauna is just some 250 species, many common and
widespread, but there are also many endemic butterflies that can be found nowhere
else. There is even one endemic genus, Eresinopsides (Lycaenidae). It is one of the
most threatened habitats in Africa, with Arabuko-Sokoke and the Shimba Hills in
Kenya, the lowland Usambaras and the Rondos in Tanzania, and reputedly some
larger areas in Mozambique. A most interesting day was had.

Monday, the secretary in Nairobi had a very different job from that expected,
as Wilson and I reconstructed the basic framework and the main
recommendations of the report. Wednesday saw me with another colleague
beginning work in Accra, Ghana. I had never been there before. Conditions were
not easy. Any place with an official exchange of 10 cedis to the dollar and a street
exchange of more than 90 is in very serious trouble. Every evening I struggled
with the reconstruction of the Tanzania report, as if getting to grips with Ghana
was not difficult enough in its own right. The occasional total blackout of the
flickering electricity provided pause only for frustration, not for reflection. We
started writing the Ghana report the day after I finished the Tanzania one. I hope I
never again have to do two such reports simultaneously, even under the best of
circumstances.

For the next few years my passport was the subject of amusement, suspicion, or
hostility by hordes of immigration officers in dozens of countries. The only place the
photo was ignored was in Zaire, where the routine immigration check at the time
was: Tu as quelque chose pour moi, chef? (You have something for me, boss). I was
actually quite relieved when a North African Embassy managed to mislay the
passport and, more surprisingly, agreed to pay for its replacement!— TORBEN B.
LARSEN, 5 Wilson Compound, 2811 Park Avenue, Pasay City, Metro-Manila, The
Phillipines.

MALES OF DINOCAMPUS COCCINELLAE 195

MALES OF DINOCAMPUS COCCINELLAE (SCHRANK)
(HYM.: BRACONIDAE: EUPHORINAE)

MARK R. SHAW!, IRENE E. GEOGHEGAN’ & MICHAEL E. N. MAJERUS?

‘National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF.
? Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 SDA.
3 Department of Genetics, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH.

IN VIEW OF the rarity of males (Geoghegan, Majerus & Majerus, 1998) of
Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank), a parasitoid of adult Coccinellidae, and the
apparent lack of an adequate outline description of this sex in the literature (but see
Wright, 1978), it is worth recording that a further three males have become available
and that the four specimens now seen are closely similar to their females in general
appearance and colouration, such that species level recognition should pose no
problems. |

The three males that have been available for detailed examination have been
compared with 21 females selected at random from the same two rearing cohorts,
arising from a heavily parasitised population of Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus
collected at Invergowrie, Dundee. From the date of collection, the insects were
reared in an insectary at 18-20°C and 16:8 L:D, resulting in precocious development
of the parasitoids (which would otherwise have overwintered inside their hosts). The
first cohort comprised 50 ladybirds collected from raspberry, Rubus idaeus cv., at
Invergowrie on 18.1x.97, of which 23 proved parasitised, giving rise to 19 viable
cocoons ca 16.x.97, and 16182 D. coccinellae on about 27.x.97. The second cohort
comprised 85 ladybirds collected in the same place on 13.x1.97, of which 61 proved
parasitised, giving rise to 53 cocoons on about 7.xii.97, and 2¢51¢ D. coccinellae
on around 18.xii.97. Overall 71 2 2 (50 parasitised) and 64 6d (38 parasitised)
ladybird hosts were involved. The three male parasitoids all resulted from female
hosts.

Morphologically, Dinocampus coccinellae is a distinctive euphorine (Shaw,
1985), being the only known species in the genus Dinocampus Foerster, which itself
is amply characterised by the rugo-punctate sculpture of its first metasomal tergite,
together with the disposition of the vein dividing the first discal and first submarginal
cells in the forewing (RS+M sensu Shaw & Huddleston, 1991; 1-SR+M sensu van
Achterberg, 1993), which is directed strongly downward so that there is a distinct
second abscissa (2-SR+M sensu van Achterberg, 1993), i.e., between its junction
with the “recurrent” or transverse mediocubital vein (1 m-cu sensu Shaw &
Huddleston 1991; m-cu sensu van Achterberg, 1993) and the radical sector (IRs
sensu Shaw & Huddleston, 1991; 2-SR sensu van Achterberg, 1993). Both
characters apply equally to the two sexes.

In colour, the male is black; but head largely (except for black stemmaticum and
dorsolateral borders of occiput), mouthparts, fore coxae below, fore tibiae and
femora, mid and sometimes hind femora centrally, and their tibiae obscurely,
orange-brown; prosternum (sometimes) and all tarsi dark brown; wing membrane

196 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vu1.1999

weakly infumate and most of venation (except for black pterostigma) brownish.
Females differ in colour principally in having the metasoma more or less extensively
orange-brown posterolaterally (wholly black, except for a small brownish mark in
the spiracular region of tergite 2, even in life in the three males so examined), and on
average slightly lighter leg colouration. The three males examined in detail, possibly
in contrast with the specimen recorded by Geoghegan, Majerus & Majerus (1998;
see also Wright, 1978), which is no longer available for examination, are comparable
with the females from the same locality in body proportions or even a little stouter
(e.g., post-petiole often wider and more rectangular, because spiracles situated on
more pronounced angulations — but very variable in the females seen, some of which
are markedly asymmetric), and their second metasomal tergites have an appreciably
more extensive development of scattered weak striate to rugo-punctate sculpture
than in the females. In this population at least, the number of antennal segments
seems to be highly conserved, but there is a small sexual difference. The three males
whose antennal segments could be counted all had 23, one less than all 21 of the
females examined from the same reared cohorts. The shapes of the antennal
segments in the two sexes are broadly similar. It is worth noting in passing that of 13
other females with at least one intact flagellum in the National Museums of Scotland
that had been reared from C. septempunctata in various parts of Britain, eight have
24 segments and five have 23. Two females reared from the markedly smaller host
Coccinellae undecimpuncata L. have 22 segmented antennae, and one female
supposedly reared from Adalia bipunctata (L.), but lacking host remains, has 23.
Some of these counts are, however, rather arbitrary owing to the sometimes
somewhat ambiguous separation of the apical segment.

At various times over several days, these males were observed apparently courting
females with which they were confined along with diluted honey, exhibiting the
behaviour recorded by Geoghegan, Majerus & Majerus (in press) for the earlier
individual, and experiencing the same rejection. These three males have now been
deposited in the National Museums of Scotland.

References

Achterberg, C. van., 1993. Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen 283: 1-189.

Geoghegan, I.E., Majerus, T.M.O. & Majerus M.E.N., 1998. A record of a rare male of the
parthenogenetic parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hym.: Braconidae).
Entomologist’ s Rec. J. Var. 110: 171-172.

Shaw, M.R. & Huddleston, T., 1991. Classification and biology of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 7(11): 1-126.

Shaw, S.R., 1985. A phylogenetic study of the subfamilies Meteorinae and Euphorinae
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomography 3: 277-370.

Wright, E.J., 1978. Observations on the copulatory behaviour of Perilitus coccinellae
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 109: 22

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 1g

The Phasiinae (Dip.: Tachinidae) of Kent - corrigenda and addenda

Since the submission of my earlier paper (antea: 27-35) there have been further
records of some of the rarer species together with the discovery of one additional
species. Two errors have been detected and these are dealt with first.

Cinochira atra Zett. (p. 27). It was wrongly assumed that Yerbury’s name
Melanophora atra pertained to this species. Wainwright, 1928 (The British
Tachinidae. Trans. Ent. soc. Lond. 76: 227) stated that M. atra is a synonym of
Melanophora roralis L. Hence the record from Bearsted actually refers to a species
of Rhinophoridae.

Litophasia hyalipennis (Fallén) (p. 29). Dr Ismay’s record was from Middlesex
(Staines Reservoir) and not South Essex.

R.K.A. Morris, 1997 (The status of Gymnosoma rotundatum (L.) (Diptera,
Tachinidae) in southern England, Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist., 10: 12) depicted the recent
occurrence of Gymnosoma rotundatum (L.) near Dover in East Kent. The origin of
this record was based upon an initial misidentification of the 1985 Lydden Hill
specimens of G. nitens Mg. by myself and it seems that subsequent communications
to the relevant interested parties were not heeded.

Catharosia pygmaea (Fallén)

This species was added to the British list by Falk, 1998 (Catharosia pygmaea
(Fallén) (Diptera: Tachinidae) new to Britain. Br. J. Ent. nat. hist., 11: 1-5) from a
male and female taken in the Lower Stoke area of Coventry on 17 July 1996. On 25
July 1998 I obtained a single male whilst sweeping an open patch of dry, chalk
downland at Wrotham Water O.S. grid reference TQ6260. At the spot were
numerous, low growing plants of Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. and it is possible that
the specimen was feeding upon the flowers.

Gymnosoma nitens Mg.

A further single male of Gymnosoma nitens was taken by general sweeping at
Darenth Park TQ569724 on 26 July 1998. The site largely consists of chalk and flint
and contains much marjoram Origanum vulgare L. This record adds to the
association with calcareous soils.

Litophasia hyalipennis (Fallén)

At about 12.30 hrs. on 15 July 1998, a single male was taken by sweeping at East
Blean Wood TR193644. This Kent Wildlife Trust managed reserve is typical mixed
deciduous woodland, largely chestnut coppice with oak standards, situated on the
London Clay. The precise spot was dominated by bracken Preridium aquilinum (L.)
Kuhn. and the vast numbers of wood ant Formica rufa L. dictated against looking
for a possible heteropteran host. The habitat represents a substantial departure from
that of the previously recorded sites.

Phasia hemiptera (F.)

On 1 May 1998, Mr Ian Fergusson presented me with a female obtained earlier that
day at Keston Common (TQ 4163). The specimen had been beaten from the lower
branches of a conifer and represents the earliest recorded date for the species in Kent.

198 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vil. 1999

Only three other phasiines were personally recorded by me during 1998. Single
males of Phania funesta (Mg.) were found at Romney Sands TR 0823, coastal sand
dunes, on 17 May and at Wrotham Water Downs TQ 6360, open chalk downland, on
25 July. A single male Phasia obesa (F.) was swept on 28 June from an area of
calcareous grassland at Bredhurst TQ 79956175 whilst P. pusilla Mg. occurred at the
same locality and also at Park Gate Down TR 168459 on 7 July.— LAURENCE
CLEMONS, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

Synchronised capture of The Vapourer Orgyia antiqua L. (Lep.: Lymantriidae)
at lights in England and France?

As a day-flying insect, the male Vapourer is rather infrequently captured in nocturnal
light traps, and then usually only if physically dislodged from a nearby perch (or
perhaps confused by the mv light into thinking it is daylight?). The females are, of
course, flightless. I was, therefore, rather surprised to attract seven or eight males to
my lights at Tambrum’s Farm, near Battlesbridge, South Essex on the night of 2 July
1999. The traps involved were located on, or just behind, the sea-defence wall of the
River Crouch which separates the narrow strip of saltmarsh and tidal mud from the
adjacent arable desert. I thought little more of this until the following evening, 3rd
July, when I received a telephone call from Michael Marney at his home in Graddé,
in the Département du Tarn of south-west France. Whilst discussing his previous
night’s captures he mentioned in passing that he had taken “several” male Vapourer,
and that he was equally surprised to see them there. Michael’s garden is surrounded
by the Grésigne Forest, an ancient oak forest on limestone geology.

The synchronised emergence of insects is a well-known phenomenon, and in
itself is not unusual. However, it does seem rather odd that an infrequent visitor to
light should suddenly appear, in number, at separate two light traps on the same
night, particularly when they are such a great distance apart. It can be clearly stated
that at neither site was there agitation of the adjacent vegetation and so in both
cases the moths appear to have arrived without artificial stimulation. I would be
interested to know if other readers may have had a similar experience on or around
the same date. — COLIN W. PLANT, 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire
CM23 3QP.

Least Black Arches Nola confusalis (Herrich-Schaffer) (Lep. Nolidae) in
Hertfordshire

In May or June 1998, I took a specimen of Least Black Arches Nola confusalis at
Mardley Heath, Welwyn, Hertfordshire. The county recorder, Colin Plant,
confirmed that this was, at that time, a new county record, though since then the
presence of the moth since 1987 on the Rothamsted Estate at Harpenden has been
published in this journal (Riley, antea: 71-94). My specimen was not identified
until the end of the season, since it had been overlooked as a “micro” and no
capture date was available.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 199

On 11 May 1999, and again on 25 May, I was delighted to record this species
again at the same place. It was netted at around 22:30 as it flew out of oak woodland
towards mv light set up at the wood edge. Apart from Harpenden, the nearest known
other records are in Essex (where a strong colony is known at Epping Forest, largely
consisting of the dark form ab. columbina Image), and a very recent record from
Ruislip Woods in Middlesex.

The moth is regarded as widely distributed, but rather local, throughout the British
Isles by Skinner (1984. Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles),
although recent records may suggest that it is spreading.

Mardley Heath consists of oak-hornbeam woodland (some of which is regarded as
ancient), and large areas of birch woodland which has grown over shallow chalk
extraction pits. Other noteworthy species recorded at this site in 1998 include Poplar
Lutestring Tethea or D.&S., Birch Mocha Cyclophora albipunctata Hufn., Brindled
White-spot Parectropis similaria Hufn., Scarce Prominent Odontosia carmelita Esp.
and Buff Footman Eilema depressa Esp.— ROB SOUTER, 54 Willowmead, Hertford,
Hertfordshire AL14 2AT.

Least Black Arches Nola confusalis (Herrich-Schaffer) ab. columbina Image
(Lep.: Nolidae) found outside Epping Forest

Examining the contents of my Skinner mv trap on 25 May 1999 I noticed a first for
my garden in Bengeo, Hertfordshire (TL 324137) in the form of a Least Black
Arches Nola confusalis. This is a moth of decidedly local distribution in the county,
being recorded only from Harpenden (Riley, antea 71-94) and Mardley Heath
(Souter, antea 198). Further examination of what was a rather greyish specimen
suggested that it could be of the form ab. columbina previously only recorded from
Epping Forest some 25 km to the south east in Essex. The nearest woodland is 1 km
away. Colin Plant kindly confirmed this was indeed ab. columbina after examination
of the specimen and a photograph I had taken. - ANDREW Woop, 93 Bengeo Street,
Hertford, SG14 3EZ.

Brimstone butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Lep.: Pieridae) egg-laying on dock
Rumex sp.

Whilst walking along a country lane through an area of farmland near Pagham,
Sussex, on 26 May 1999, I was most surprised indeed to encounter a female
Brimstone butterfly in the act of oviposition on a dock Rumex plant. Altogether a total
of four eggs were laid whilst I watched, on the under-surface of the leaves. As far as I
am aware, buckthorn Rhamnus catharticus and alder buckthorn Frangula alnus are
the only recorded food plants of this butterfly’s larvae and this is confirmed in Emmet
(1989. Moths of Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 7 (1): p. 97) who repeats the
observation of Frohawk (Entomologist 73: 68-69) that introduced Rhamnus alaternus
and R. alpina may also be accepted.— PETER MAy, 6 Aigburth Avenue, Aldwick,
Bognor Regis, West Sussex PO21 3DA.

200 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.vii.1999

BOOK REVIEW

World Catalogue of Insects, Volume 1. Hydraenidae (Coleoptera) by Michel Hansen. 168
pages. 240 x 170 mm, hardbound. ISBN 87 88757 27 7 and ISSN 1398 8700 for the series. 290
Danish Kroner plus postage (a 10% discount is offered if subscribing to the entire series).
Apollo Books, Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771 Stenstrup, Denmark, 1998.

This is the first volume of a collection aiming to catalogue the insects of the World, a most
welcomed, if ambitious, initiative. It is admittedly a book to be consulted and not to be read. A
brief introduction (six pages) gives the minimal information necessary to understand the
catalogue, and then it goes directly to what matters: a list of all species of Hydraenidae known
so far (although some species described in 1998 are included, it comprehensively covers up to
1997), with information on type localities, full synonymies and distribution by countries. The
catalogue also includes four fossil species of extant genera, an exhaustive list of references and
a taxonomic index. The taxonomic ordination of the family follows Perkins (1997), with no
modifications.

The family Hydraenidae is probably one of the most actively researched at the moment,
and a continuous stream of new species can be expected to be described in the years to come.
This does not undermine the value of Hansen’s catalogue, which will become an obligate
reference for future hydraenid workers. It is true that the book will be of limited use for
those not specifically interested in Hydraenidae, or for those mostly interested in the British
fauna, as only 30 of approximately 1,150 species listed occur in the British Islands. Some
changes in nomenclature affect one of these species, however: Hydraena minutissima
Stephens should now be named H. flavipes Sturm, as apparently Stephens did not described
a species with this name, but referred to Elophorus minutissimus Weber & Mohr, which is in
fact within the Ptiliidae. Other changes with respect to standard use are the acceptation of
Aulacochthebius and Enicocerus as valid genera (following Perkins, 1997), each of them
with one British species (A. exaratus (Mulsant) and EF. exsculptus (Germar) respectively).
These changes are likely to be long-lasting, but the status of other subgenera of Hydraena
(Hadrenya, Calobius and Cobalius) is more contentious, and no definitive solution can be
offered yet.

The research job behind any World catalogue of this kind is impressive. The assessment of
its accuracy and comprehensiveness can only be done through the detailed examination of the
small fauna you are more familiar with. This may be unfair, as this is likely to be a small and
probably not representative sample, but Hansen’s work passed the test with honours: of the
Iberian fauna of hydraenids (with approximately 140 species), the one I know best, only two
species are missing (one of them described in an obscure journal and never found again) and I
could only spot one wrong date and some misspelled Spanish author names. But I have to
confess that I had to modify my own particular catalogue with a few more corrections! The risk
for minor oblivions and errors like these to be “frozen” after they appear in a major reference
work can only be avoided with the publication of future updatings of the catalogue, something
that will be highly desirable.

In summary, a high quality work that will be most useful for all interested in Hydraenidae,
but also to all researchers in need of updated and accurate data on the diversity and
biogeography of an important family of Coleoptera. Let’s hope that subsequent volumes of the
collection maintain the same standards.

References
Perkins, P.D., 1997. Life on the effective bubble: exocrine secretion delivery systems (ESDS) and the
evolution and classification of beetles in the family Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annals of
Carnegie Museum 66: 89-207.
Ignacio Ribera

WANTED — COMPUTER GENIUS

The Editor would be very keen to hear from anyone who feels sufficiently competent to offer
voluntary advice to the Entomologist’s Record concerning the possibility of establishing a web
page for the journal. Please e-mail me at Colinwplant@compuserve.com if you are man (or
woman) enough for the job!

BENHS EXHIBITION 1999

The 1999 Annual Exhibition of the British Entomological and Natural
History Society will be held on Saturday 27 November at the usual
location in Imperial College, Exhibition Road, London SW7.

This is an excellent opportunity for entomologists of all levels to meet
and discuss their subject. If you have never been, then rest assured that
it is an informal affair and that you are welcome to come along —
hopefully bringing an exhibit — even if you do not belong to the Society.

For a free copy of other events in the programme or a membership
application form, please send an A5d-sized, stamped, self-addressed
envelope with your written request to Dr lan McLean, Indoor Meetings
Secretary, BENHS, 109 Miller Way, Huntingdon PE18 8TZ.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine

Caters for articles on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods, specialising in the
British fauna and groups other than Lepidoptera. Published March, July and November
(4 months per issue) — Annual subscription £30 ($65).

Entomologist’s Gazette

An illustrated quarterly, devoted to Palaearctic entomology. It contains articles and notes on
the biology, ecology, distribution, taxonomy and systematics of all orders of insects, with a
bias towards Lepidoptera. Caters for both the professional and amateur entomologist.
Published January, April, July and October. — Annual subscription £27 ($60).

Butterflies on British and Irish Offshore Islands

by R.L.H. Dennis and T.G. Shreeve
This new book provides an up-to-date synthesis of butterfly records for 219 of Britain’s and
Ireland’s offshore islands, 144 pages complete with bibliography, checklist of species,
figures and tables. Two appendices list rare immigrants and provide advice for making
observations on the butterflies of islands. — Price £16. Postage and packing £1 per copy.
Payments by cheque or Giro Transfer to account no. 467 6912.

For further details GEM PUBLISHING COMPANY
please write to: Brightwood, Brightwell,
Wallingford, Oxon OX10 0QD

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents

The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1996. Bernard Skinner & Mark
PAFSONS 05 eb Oued Sek oe Eee IE OE
Increase in local abundance and expansion of geographical range in the Least carpet
Idaea rusticata (D.& S.) (= vulpinaria (H.-S.)) (Lep.: Geometridae) as indicated by
Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps. Adrian M. Riley & Huw L. Jones ...........
A preliminary list of the longhorns (Col.: Cerambycidae) of Flintshire. Raymond R.
Ohthoff-Kaujmann 2 .o..ac 8S. eb 4a ee es be ee ee eee
Infestations of Aphis verbasci Schrank (Hem.: Aphididae) on Buddleja and Verbascum.
A-J. Halstead & BM: SPOON? wuss n wis oh in se Oe os ok we ee
Males of Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hym.: Braconidae: Euphorinae). Mark R.
Shaw, Irene E. Geoghegan & Michael EN. Majerus’... =... 4. s5 ee ee

Notes and observations

White-marked Cerastis leucographa D.& S. (Lep.: Noctuidae) re-found in Devon. Roy
MOCOrmick <2 psi chs G0 sic nk eh Oe a RO
Cappadaridaceae: An unusual host-plant family record for the cabbage root fly Delia
radicum (L.)\(Dip:: Anthomyiidae);DavidiG Notion... 22. ..4-. a. eee
Early emergence of Currant Pug Eupithecia assimilata Doubleday (Lep.: Geometridae).
Adrian: M cRil@yiy ya fa vst ae oe ee Cee sane a ee ee eee
Sclerocona acutellus Eversmann (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Devon. Roy McCormick ........
Hazards of butterfly collecting — A bad day in Oyster Bay, Tanzania, 1977. Torben B.
LOPS CM 655. a Eo cee totes on 1S Fd a sh adeoeudiong deed sila da Has ve eA oe
The Phasiinae (Dip.: Tachinidae) of Kent — corrigenda and addenda. Laurence Clemons
Synchronised capture of The Vapourer Orgyia antiqua L. (Lep.: Lymantriidae) at lights
in Englandiand France? Colin W. Plants. 7.0.22... eos ha See
Least Black Arches Nola confusalis (Herrich-Schaffer) (Lep.: Nolidae) in Hertfordshire
ROD SOULE = wie 5 a cosa aed Bede pense shie eye Cae An Gee eee nee
Least Black Arches Nola confusalis (Herrich-Schaffer) ab. columbina Image (Lep.
Nolidae) found outside Epping Forest Andrew Wood 2... 55... 242 eee
Brimstone butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Lep.: Pieridae) egg-laying on dock Rumex
Sp. Peter My. yi es ak Passe hatte halle inn ee Sle Wea ca, eee ag epee Oe ot pce

Subscriber notice

Relative frequency of the banded form of the Riband Wave Idaea aversata (L.) (Lep.:
Geometridae): A request fordata: Koy Leverton’ 2)..25..- 2... a2 oe ee eee

Book Reviews
World Catalogue of Insects, volume 1: Hydraenidae (Coleoptera) by Michel Hansen .. .

SPECIAL NOTICE.
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ENTOMOLOGIST $ RECORD

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JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by
C.W. PLANT, B.sc., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, F.R.E.S.

September/October 1999

ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation: Entomologist’ s Rec. J. Var.

Editor
C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.
Telephone: 01279 507697 E-mail: Colinwplant@compuserve.com

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., F.L.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., F.R.ES.

Editorial Panel

A.A. Allen, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. A.M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.

N. L. Birkett, J.P., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S. J.A. Owen, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

J.D. Bradley, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. C.J. Luckens, M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.O.G.

J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E:S. B. Skinner

P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R.ES. P.A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.

C.A. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

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This journal publishes original papers and notes from both amateurs and professionals. It is not necessary for contributors
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YARROW PUG IN EAST ANGLIA 201

THE YARROW PUG EUPITHECIA MILLEFOLIATA ROESSL.
(LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE), NOW APPARENTLY WIDESPREAD
AND LOCALLY COMMON IN EAST ANGLIA

JIM REID
7 Flambards Close, Meldreth, Royston, Hertfordshire SG& 6JX.

UP TO THE early 1990s, I had considered Eupithecia millefoliata to be a very
local species, resident around the Thames estuary and a few locations near to the
coast of Kent, Sussex and Hampshire, but occurring as an occasional vagrant
elsewhere. This was based initially on the distribution maps produced by the
Biological Records Centre at Monks Wood. When, in 1992, I found larvae at
Icklingham, in Suffolk, I thought I had made a significant discovery until, on
checking my literature, I found that G.M. Haggett had already reported established
colonies around Thetford and the Stamford Training Area in Norfolk (Haggett,
1992). I also learned that A.M. Emmett and others had found the Icklingham site
in 1991.

Haggett also mentioned the late Prof. Colin Smith’s record from Cambridgeshire
in 1979. I was aware of this, but attributed it to the species’ habit of turning up
unexpectedly in widely scattered locations around the south-east. This view was
certainly influenced by my previous experience, having found larvae in my back
garden in Royston, in 1981. Following this, I spent many fruitless hours, failing to
find any further evidence of the species in the Royston area during that season or the
next.

My interest in the species was re-awakened when I found larvae in good numbers
at Santon Downham, Suffolk, during the last week of September 1998. A striking
feature was the range of sizes present — extending from early second instar to pre-
pupal. I attributed this to the indifferent summer and well-spaced periods of warmth.
Taking a slightly circuitous route back home, I found seven further colonies of
larvae near Brandon, Lakenheath, Cavenham and Herringswell.

I wondered how much more widely the species may be found in the East Anglian
area. Taking the totality of sites known to me into consideration, I concluded that the
best sites for this species would have light to sandy soil, with Achillea growing in
fairly thin, fine grassland fully exposed to the sun. My thoughts turned to the aptly
named Sandy Heath, in Bedfordshire, although I noted that the recently produced
County List (Arnold et al., 1997) had no records. From the Ordnance Survey map it
was obvious that there were a lot of lanes and bridleways that may need to be
examined, so I decided to take a bike. This was an excellent decision, for in this
intensively agricultural area, it took me three hours cycling to find just two good
patches of Achillea, one on the Heath and the other near Everton. Both had larvae,
but generally small and not as abundant as in the Breck. Vic Arnold, and county
recorder, Len Field, confirm that they have no unpublished records since the book
was produced, which makes this a new county record. Encouraged by this, I decided
to investigate further the breeding status of the species on the western side of East
Anglia.

202 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.ix.1999

Following Smith’s record, Cambridgeshire was an obvious choice. The soil
around the south-west of the city of Cambridge is fairly variable, but light in
places and I soon found larvae in good numbers at Trumpington and
Grantchester. Within this county, larvae were also found at Sawston,
Whittlesford, Duxford, Ickleton, Fowlmere, Barrington and Chrishall Grange, the
latter being a bit of an exception in that it was the only site on which larvae were
found over a distinctly chalky soil. Most other sites were loam or sandy loam.
There is no recent county list for Cambridgesire, but county recorder, Ray Revell,
took a specimen at light on 23 July 1978, at a chalk pit near the Gogs golf club
and a further specimen was taken by John Dawson at Little Wilbraham Fen on 28
July 1998.

In Essex, the range has expanded since distribution maps were produced by the
Biological Revords Centre. It now appears well established in South Essex (Emmet
& Pyman, 1985; Plant, 1993), and there has been some expansion northwards in the
east of the county, but two moths taken by Maitland Emmett in 1992 and 1995 were
previously the only records north and west of Colchester (Brian Goodey, pers.
Com.). As in Bedfordshire, suitable sites were very hard to find in the area of North
Essex which I examined. An area was covered around Saffron Walden and towards
Haverhill, but most of the few patches of Yarrow found were on rather heavier soils
and no larvae resulted. I had tended to consider roadside verges as generally
unfavourable and in Essex this was certainly true, as most had been cut at least once
since mid-summer. Achillea on narrow, uncut strips within the splash zone at the
side of the road was unproductive at the few locations sampled. In Cambridge,
however, cutting had been restricted to the edges of some wide verges and at the
backs of these verges larvae were quite prolific. Thus, near Saffron Walden, I
eventually found some such verges and a single larva resulted at one site on the
eastern side of the town. Larvae were more abundant at Audley End and a few were
also found at Wendens Ambo and Hadstock.

In Hertfordshire, a thorough search was conducted of lanes, roadside verges and
paths within the area bounded by Royston, Barley, Barkway, Buntingford, and
Baldock. Some excellent patches of Achillea were found along the broad verges of
the A505 road and locally elsewhere within the area, including parts of Royston
Heath, but no E. millefoliata larvae were found anywhere within this area. Despite
this, a number of sites had good populations of larvae of EF. icterata. As in Essex, a
large proportion of verges had been cut at a time that rendered them useless to E.
millefoliata.

In conclusion, it seems that E. millefoliata is now resident and widespread over
a considerable part of East Anglia and abundant where conditions are ideal. In the
more intensely agricultural areas and on heavy soils, it may be difficult to find
good patches of Achillea anywhere other than roadside verges and these may
contain larvae only if the cutting policy permits. The fragility of roadside verge
populations was sadly illustrated by the fate of four sites within this survey, which
were destroyed by cutting within days of discovery. The fate of most others is
unknown.

YARROW PUG IN EAST ANGLIA 203

The management of roadside verges has moved on from the days when they were
routinely sprayed with lawn weedkillers, but it is still far short of perfect. Much is
now sub-contracted by councils to local farmers and timing is thus governed by the
farming calendar. In general, a single cut in late spring and another in late autumn
will retain order and floral diversity. Restricting any summer cutting of broad verges
to the roadside edge and the inside curve of bends provides good flora over a
prolonged period, as many of the species present in the uncut area will flower at a
reduced height and later period in the cut area. If the autumn cut is delayed until
November, then most Lepidoptera larvae will be off the taller plants and the flowers
will have time to set seed, benefiting the continued diversity of wildlife in the verge.
Even so, smaller species of plants will continue to struggle against the thick thatch,
which is often left smothering the verge after the autumn cut. Is it any wonder that
only coarse grasses and tough perennials survive in so many of our verges? Better
management of the best verges in an area may need to involve local conservation
groups but it is unlikely to be easy to achieve.

References

Emmett, A.M., Pyman, G.A. and Corke, D., 1983. The Larger Moths and Butterflies of Essex.
Essex Naturalist (new series) 8: 67-68.

Haggett, G. M., 1992. Eupithecia millefoliata Roessl. in Norfolk. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 104:
156-157.

Plant, C.W., 1993. Larger Moths of the London Area. LNHS.
Arnold, V.W., Baker, C.R.B., Manning, D.V. & Woiwod, I.P. 1997. The Butterflies and Moths of
Bedfordshire. Beds. Nat. hist. Soc.

Some records of Lepidoptera from Westmoreland (VC69)

The year 1998 was one of the worst on record in my experience — an experience
extending over 60 years. True, I was not able to do much field work — age is catching
up on me so that most of my collecting and observations are now restricted to my
own small garden in Grange-over-Sands. I operate a m.v. moth trap when conditions
(to the human senses) seem likely to be productive. Last year numbers, both of
species and individuals, were well down on those of recent years. In spite of this I
noted three species of macrolepidoptera that I had never seen in this district before,
and believe these may be worth recording.

Polygonia c-album (L.) — A fresh specimen was observed nectaring on a Buddleja
bush in my garden on 31 July. My wife first noticed the specimen and we had it
under observation for about five minutes. This species appears to be experiencing
one of its phases of expansion of range. I have heard of other specimens having been
observed in this district at about the same date.

204 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

Eublemma parva (Hb.) — A fine, fresh, male specimen was taken in my trap on 4
July. It is a specimen with very pale facies and faint markings and would be var.
pallida Tutt (vide Tutt, J.W. The British Noctuae and their Varieties Vol. IV: p.11).
There are very few records of this species for northern England. Being a small
species, it could be readily overlooked — and to the collector of macroplepidoptera
could well be mistaken for a “micro”. So, its apparent scarcity may well be only
apparent.

Lithophane leautieri ssp. hesperica Boursin. A specimen of this was taken in my
trap on 2 October. It was one of only two moths in the trap (the other was
Aporophyla nigra (Haw.)). So far as I know, this is only the second record for
leautieri in VC69; I understand one was taken in Kendal in October 1996 (W.D.
Kydd pers. comm.).

While moth numbers in the trap were fewer than usual, social wasps (Vespula sp.)
were far too numerous, so that sorting the catch was often a hazardous procedure.—
NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, Beardwood, Carter Road, Grange-over-Sands LA11 7AG.

Plant-bugs (Hemiptera) on Woolwich Common, south-east London

I was much surprised to sweep an example of the Bishop’s Mitre shield-bug Aelia
acuminata (L.) (Pentatomidae), from low mixed herbage at the edge of a strip of
semi-woodland in the above locality on 19 September 1998. Officially, this grass-
feeding species is no rarity; it may be, or may have been, common enough in some
other parts of the country, but this is only the second specimen I have met with, and
the first was not here.

Another pentatomid, the striking Eurydema oleracea (L.) — already recorded from
here in this journal (Allen, 1992: 79-80; 1994: 30) — may be mentioned here on
account of the plant on which it occurred. The usual host on Woolwich Common is
horseradish Armoracia, but on 19 May 1999 one was brushed off hoary pepperwort
Cardaria draba, which grew in thick masses at the spot. I have no doubt that this is a
foodplant; there was no Armoracia nearby and in fact it had scarcely begun to appear
above ground.

On the same day an example of Rhopalus subrufus (Gmel.) (Rhopalidae) was
swept from a variety of low plants. Its most usual host, Hypericum, was nowhere
near. This too is regarded as a common bug, but certainly cannot be so now in the
London area, where I had never before seen it. Close by, the coreid Coriomeris
denticulatus (Scop.) was on its chief foodplant Medicago lupulina, as rather often in
previous years.

Also in evidence was the curious small hopper Asiraca clavicornis (F.)
(Delphacidae). This grass-feeder used to be considered a very local rarity, but has
proved to be far from uncommon in my district.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

MORDELLISTENA ELUDENS SP.N. 205

ANOTHER NEW SPECIES OF MORDELLISTENA COSTA
(COL.: MORDELLIDAE) IN BRITAIN

A.A. ALLEN
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.
Mordellistena eludens sp. n.

A SMALL SPECIES of the group of M. parvula Gyll. Body black, pubescence
short, close, shining yellowish-ashy. Front of head, mouthparts, first four segments
of antennae, apical segment of maxillary palpi, and anterior femora, brownish-
testaceous; rest of palpi clearer testaceous, of the form normal for the group.
Antennae stouter than in the male of M. parvula and with apical segment more
elongate, longer than the preceding. Hinder half of pronotal side-margins only
slightly sinuate in lateral view; hind angles, from above, more than 90° but sharp.
Elytra, legs, and pygidial spine normal for the group; accessory spur of hind tibia
very short and small. Outer face of hind tibia with two not quite parallel ridges
besides the small subapical one (Fig.3), appearing as usual a little different in
different lights. Male parameres charateristic (Figs. 1, 2). Length 3mm or rather less.

Holotype male in the captor’s collection.

This species is mainly to be known by the distinctive parameres of the male
genitalia; the female, unknown as yet, may well be difficult to separate from females
of allied species. Adopting the orientation of Ermisch’s (1969) figures: the ventral
(or inferior) branch of the right arm of the right paramere is remarkably elongate,
being much longer than the left arm, somewhat as in M. falsoparvula Erm.; it also
reaches far beyond the apex of the dorsal (superior) branch — not the case in the last-
named, which further has a quite different left paramere. The right one may be
likened also to that of M. bicoloripilosa Erm., but there the left one, again is quite
different. These points taken together will readily distinguish M. eludens, in the male
sex, from all mid-European species dealt with in the above work.

1 2 3

Figures 1-3: Mordellistena eludens sp.n.
1. left paramere; 2. right paramere; 3. outer face of right hind tibia.

206 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

The unique specimen was taken by general sweeping on open flowery ground on
Mount Caburn, a chalk hill two miles south-east of Lewes in East Sussex, on
19.vi.1993, by Mr R.A. Jones, and submitted to me. Much effort by him and Mr P.
J. Hodge at and near the spot has so far failed to yield further material — whence
the name I have chosen. Attempts to contact the Mordellistena specialist in
Prague, Dr Jan Horak, in connection with this insect, have unfortunately met with
no success.

The occurrence of yet another member of this genus in England should not
Occasion great surprise. I know of a further species, likewise apparently unique as
British, not yet published.

Reference
Ermisch, K., 1969. In Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A., Die Kafer Mitteleuropas: 175,177.
Goecke & Evers, Krefeld.

Some observations on pigment stability in the wing markings of Graphium
weiskei (Ribbe) (Lep.: Papilionidae)

Hanging in a display case on my wall are two specimens of Graphium weiskei, both
taken by myself in Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea in 1976. Originally these
were easily discernible as being of two varieties; one normal and the other having
the pink colour of the sub-basal patch replaced by pale-blue. Both of these varieties
are illustrated in Parsons (1999. The Butterflies of Pupua New Guinea: Their
systematics and biology. Academic Press, London). Now they are indistinguishable
from each other as, over a period of about ten years, the blue in the one and the
mauve in the other have oxidised to bright pink so that only two colours remain in
the wing spots and sub-basal patch — green and pink.

Haugum and Samson (1981. Notes on Graphium weiskei. Lepid. Gp. of 1968
Newsl, (Suppl.) 1-12) postulated that the colour forms of G. weiskei probably
resulted from the “degree of photochemical oxidation (or similar influencing factors
affecting the live insect)”. There now would appear to be three main objections to
that hypothesis, namely:

a) Colour varieties are already apparent in fresh imagines (Parsons loc. cit.)
b) Colour changes require a long time to occur photochemically, (albeit in dead
G. weiskei)

c) such a mechanism would appear to require blue to be the original colour of the
pigment on emergence and would, in the case of the two varieties considered
here, make the blue form much more common than indeed it is. (I have
estimated its frequency in the wild to be in the order of 0.001.)

— J.B. JoBe, 13 Willow Walk, Ripon, North Yorkshire HG4 2LS.

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA 207

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES CAUGHT IN
ROTHAMSTED INSECT SURVEY LIGHT-TRAPS IN 1993 AND 1994

ADRIAN M. RILEY

Entomology & Nematology Department, IACR Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire ALS 2JQ.

Introduction

THE ROTHAMSTED Insect Survey (RIS) operates approximately 90 light-traps of
a standard design (Williams, 1948), as part of a national network established during
the 1960s to study insect population dynamics and the effects of environmental
change (Taylor, 1986; Woiwod & Harrington, 1994). From the daily samples
collected by these traps, all macrolepidoptera and some microlepidoptera are
identified and counted and the records of species of particular individual interest to
lepidopterists are regularly published (e.g. Riley, 1993).

Readers of this journal will be familiar with the annual reviews of immigrant
Lepidoptera (e.g. Skinner & Parsons, 1997; 1998) which present collated records
submitted by Lepidoptera recorders and collectors throughout the British Isles. In
order to complement these reports it is considered desirable to publish records of
immigrant species caught in the RIS light-traps as soon as all data are available. It is
proposed to do so annually starting with an account of 1993 and 1994.

For the less common species, individual records are cited giving date and site of
capture, numbers caught and other details. For ease of reading, the localities of each
site are tabulated at the end of the paper. Details of thé more common species are
tabulated with comparative information from previous years. Unless otherwise
stated, all identifications were made by the author. The nomenclature follows that of
Bradley (1998).

Records of less common immigrant species in 1993

Numbers caught and identifiers other than the author are given in brackets.

GEOMETRIDAE
The Vestal Rhodometra sacraria (L.) — Jersey, 19.8 (one); 27-30.8 (one).

ARCTIIDAE
Speckled Footman Coscinia cribraria (L.) ssp. arenaria (Lempke) — Guernsey, 16-18.7 (one).
(W. Angel)

NOCTUIDAE

Great Brocade Eurois occulta (L.) — Castle Eden Dene II, 14.8 (one) and 11.9 (one); Chopwell,
2-4.9 (one.) (T.C. Dunn); Sparsholt, 1.11 (one). (A. Dobson).

The Delicate Mythimna vitellina (Hb.) — Guernsey, 24-26.9 (one). (W. Angell). This species is
now suspected of being resident in Guernsey (R. Austin, pers. comm.).

Flame Brocade Trigonophora flammea (Esper) — Guernsey, 5-7.10 (one) and 27.10 (one). This
species is caught regularly in the RIS trap in Guernsey and may now be resident there.

Orache Moth Trachea atriplicis (L.) — Jersey, 13-29.7 (five). This species is now suspected of
being resident in Jersey (R. Burrow, pers. comm.).

208 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.ix.1999

Records of less common immigrant species in 1994

GEOMETRIDAE

The Vestal Rhodometra sacraria (L.) — Alice Holt, 4.8 (one); Llysdinam, 24.8 (one); Starcross,
8.8 (one); 23.8 (two); 26-29.8 (one) (A. Dobson); Yarner Wood, 31.7 (one), 10.8 (one);
Ewingswode, 3.8 (one); Wisley, 19.8 (one) (A. Halstead); Denny Lodge, 1.8 (one); Sheppey,
23.8 (one) (G. Burton); Winchester, 22.8 (one), 27-28.8 (one); Lydd, 22.8 (one); Warehorne,
3.8 (one), 2.9 (two); Sparsholt, 5.8 (one), 6.8 (one) (A. Dobson); Bentley Wood, 23.8 (one)
(B. Fox); Aberporth, 5-9.8 (one) (I. Tillotson); Jersey, 5-7.9 (one); Porton Down, 4.8 (one),
22.8 (one).

The Gem Orthonama obstipata (Fabr.) — Lydd, 24.9 (one); Jersey, 10/11.5 (one); Lanhydrock,
21.8 (one), 6.11 (one).

SPHINGIDAE
Hummingbird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) — Rhandirmwyn, 6.8 (one).

NOCTUIDAE
Great Brocade Eurois occulta (L.) — Stainton, 20.7 (one), 23.7 (one), 2.8 (one) (T.C. Dunn)

Flame Brocade Trigonophora flammea (Esper) — Guernsey, 11.10 (one), 13.10 (one), 14-16.10
(one) (W. Angell).

Bordered Straw Heliothis peltigera (D.& S.) — Spurn Head, 14.7 (one) (B. Spence); Starcross,
18.8 (one) (A. Dobson); Wisley, 25.8 (one) (A. Halstead); Cockayne Hatley, 3.8 (one) (I.P.
Woiwod); Perry Wood, 7.9 (one) (J. Badmin); Lydd, 30.8 (one), 27.9 (one).

1,849] 72 | 25.68] 6,706| 74

Rusty-dot Pearl : 18

Rush Veneer

Table 1. Immigrant Lepidoptera in Rothamsted Insect Survey light-traps in 1993 and 1994.

H = Highest annual total, 1970-1990. L = Lowest annual total, 1970-1990; AM = Annual mean
per site examined, 1970-1990; N = Annual totals, 1993 and 1994; S = Number of sites
examined, 1993 and 1994; M = mean per site examined, 1993 and 1994.

Records of common immigrant species

The Silver Y Autographa gamma (L.), Diamond-back Plutella xylostella (L.), Rusty-dot Pearl
Udea ferrugalis (Hb.) and Rush Veneer Nomophila noctuella (D.& S.) are usually caught in
RIS light-traps in numbers large enough to make the listing of individual records impractical.
However, it is important to record them as they give a general indication of the strength of

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA 209

migrant activity. Further, the Silver Y and the Diamond-back are known to be agricultural
pests (Carter, 1984). Many collectors and recorders do not operate traps every night and are
often not prepared routinely to count large numbers of individuals, whereas the standard
equipment and methodology employed by the Rothamsted Insect Survey lends accuracy to this
exercise. For each species the annual mean per site and the highest and lowest annual totals for
the twenty-year period 1970 to 1990 is given in Table 1. These figures offer a useful yardstick
by which to compare the general extent of immigration in any given year.

The four frequently-recorded immigrant species clearly were relatively scarce in 1993 but
more common than usual in 1994. This generally stronger immigration in 1994 is also reflected
by the substantially larger numbers of scarcer species caught compared with 1993.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are extended to all the operators of the traps listed above for their invaluable
participation. Special thanks are due to Rich Austin and Bob Burrow for their
expertise on the status of Lepidoptera in Guernsey and Jersey respectively. The
author also acknowledges the help of Ian Woiwod and Jim Crawley for their help in
preparing the manuscript.

IACR Rothamsted is partly funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences
Research Council of Great Britain.

References
Bradley, J.D., 1998. Checklist of Lepidoptera Recorded from the British Isles. Privately published.

Carter, D., 1984. Pest Lepidoptera of Europe with Special Reference to the British Isles. Junk,
Lancaster.

Riley, A.M., 1993. Important Lepidoptera records from the Rothamsted Insect Survey national
light-trap network. Entomologist’ s Gaz. 44: 173-177.

Skinner, B. & Parsons, M., 1997. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1993.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 109: 217-226.

— , 1998. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1994. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.
110: 1-19.

Taylor, L.R., 1986. Synoptic dynamics, migration and the Rothamsted Insect Survey. Journal of
Animal Ecology 55: 1-38.

Williams, C.B., 1948. The Rothamsted light trap. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society
of London (A) 23: 80-85.

Woiwod, I.P. & Harrington, R., 1994. Flying in the face of change: The Rothamsted Insect
Survey. In: Leigh, R.A. and Johnson, A.E. (eds.) Long-term Experiments in Agricultural and
Ecological Sciences. CAB International, Oxon.

Appendix 1. Localities of trap sites referred to in the text. The RIS site number and
the identifier (if not the author) are given in brackets.

Aberporth 498 Cardiganshire SN 240 521 (fan Tillotson)
Alice Holt 46 Hampshire SU 803 428 (Tim Winter)
Bentley Wood 487 Wiltshire SU 253 324 (Barry Fox)
Castle Dene II 484 Durham NZ 427 393 (Tom Dunn)

Chopwell 481 Durham NZ 136 582 (Tom Dunn)

210 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999
Cockayne Hatley 336 Bedfordshire TL 253 494 (lan Woiwod)
Denny Lodge 268 | Hampshire SU 333 056 (lan Tillotson)
Embleton 464 Northumberland NU 232 227 (Betty Dodd)
Ewingswode 277 Huntingdonshire TL 200 797

Lanhydrock 550 Cornwall SX 099 636

Llysdinam 111 Radnorshire SO 009 582

Lydd 462 Kent TR 044 203

Perry Wood 451 Kent TR 046 562 (John Badmin)
Porton Down 555s Wiltshire SU 204 372

Rhandirmwyn 346 Carmarthenshire SN 782 441

Sheppey 370 ~=— Kent TQ 949 739 (Geoff Burton)
Sparsholt 483 Hampshire SU 426 318 (Tony Dobson)
Spurn Head 131 Yorkshire TA 419 150 (Barry Spence)
Stainton ByAll Durham NZ 072 187 (Tom Dunn)
Starcross 149 Devon SX 972 821 (Tony Dobson)
Warehorne 478 Kent TQ 988 346

Winchester 379 Hampshire SU 517 339

Wisley 289 Surrey TQ 065 579 (Andrew
Halstead)

Yarner Wood 266 Devon SX 786 788

Two further traps are cited which are not on the Ordnance Survey Grid Reference
system: Jersey (Site 547), Howard Davis Farm, Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands.
Guernsey (Site 252), States Horticultural Advisory Service, St. Martin’s, Guernsey,
Channel Islands.

Two unusual micro moths for Somerset

On 9 July 1999, I caught an example of the pyralid moth Calamotropha paludella
(Hb.) at Berrow, North Somerset (vice-county 6). Goater (1986. British Pyralid
Moths. Harley Books) does not list Somerset for this species; he states that it is
found in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Kent, Hampshire, Dorset and the
Isle of Wight, with occasional wanderers turning up elsewhere. This record would
appear to be the first for Somerset and it is interesting to note that the species was
also recorded as new to Gloucestershire at around the same time this year (see
Newsletter of the Gloucestershire Moth Group).

On 5 July 1998, D.F. Miller brought me a moth which I identified as Monochroa
palustrella Douglas (Gelechiidae). This species is generally restricted to the south-
east in England, although there is a 1965 record from South Somerset at Selworthy,
made by the late Dr H.M. Chappel of Minehead and published in Proc. Somerset
Arch. nat. Hist. Soc. for that year (John Robbins, pers. comm.).— BRIAN E. SLADE, 40
Church House Road, Berrow, Somerset TA8 2NQ.

KEY TO EUROPEAN XYLOTINI 211

A KEY TO EUROPEAN XYLOTINI (DIP.: SYRPHIDAE)

MaRrtTIN C.D. SPEIGHT
Research Branch, National Parks & Wildlife, 7 Ely Place, Dublin 2, Ireland.

IT IS NOW some years ago that this journal published a key to the British Xylotini
(Speight, 1981). The present key is an updated version of that key, expanded to
include the other species of Xylotini known in Europe. Some taxa have been omitted
because of their doubtful status, or because they occur only on the far eastern fringe
of Europe. Those omitted are Brachypalpus meigeni Schiner, B. nigrifacies
Stackelberg and Chalcosyrphus nitidus (Portschinsky).

The most comprehensive of recent European keys to the Xylotini is that of Bradescu
(1991). Bradescu’s keys include B. meigeni, but do not cover Chalcosyrphus jacobsoni
or C. nigripes, Xylota suecica or X. triangularis, which are included here. Andersson’s
(1988) key to Swedish Xylotini species is also helpful. I have incorporated information
from both these sources into the present key. It has proved necessary to key out males
and females of a number of species separately, and the females of X. florum and X.
triangularis have each been keyed out twice, due to their variability.

In western Europe, it is possible that Chalcosyrphus eunotus and C. jacobsoni are
still being confused and that Xylota meigeniana is still confused with X. abiens, X.
coeruleiventris and X. tarda, to judge from existing records. In central Europe,
similar confusion remains possible between Chalcosyrphus femoratus, C.
pannonicus, C. rufipes and C. valgus. In particular, the range of C. rufipes may be at
present underestimated, due to confusion with C. femoratus or C. valgus. In Britain,
the distinct possibility exists that X. meigeniana could occur, but would remain
unrecognised using existing literature.

Species accounts are not provided here for the species covered by the key, but are
provided for most of the western and central European species by Speight (1998).

The full list of genera and species (in alphabetic order) covered by the present key
is as follows:

Brachypalpoides Xylota

lentus (Meigen, 1822) abiens Meigen, 1822
coeruleiventris Zetterstedt, 1838
florum (Fabricius, 1805)
ignava (Panzer, 1798)
meigeniana Stackelberg, 1964
segnis (L., 1758)

Brachypalpus
chrysites Egger, 1859
laphriformis (Fallén, 1816)
valgus (Panzer, 1798)

Chalcosyrphus suecica (Ringdahl, 1943)
eunotus (Loew, 1873) sylvarum (L., 1758)
femoratus (L., 1758) tarda Meigen, 1822
jacobsoni (Stackelberg, 1921) triangularis Zetterstedt, 1838
nemorum (Fabricius, 1805) xanthocnema Collin, 1939

nigripes (Zetterstedt, 1838)
pannonicus (Oldenberg, 1916)
piger (Fabricius, 1794)
rufipes (Loew, 1873)

valgus (Gmelin, 1790)

912 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.ix.1999

Key

A. Metasternum with hairs as long as those on the ventral area of the mesopleura.......... B

—- metasternum bare or almost bare (hairs much shorter than those on the ventral area of the
MCSOPICUTA), 804s p5 sohkue oy 55 Ne Me oh dees NE oe ee a ee C

B. Chalcosyrphus

I. Abdominal tergite 3 entirely orange-red . 0 Se i ees eee C. piger
—- abdominal tergite 3 predominantly black, at most with a pair of pinkish-orange side

TATRA SS sec: 5, debe eo dd dos, yaks toe GERGORNE leet > et & Cada os eee 2
2. Abdominal tergite 2 noticeably longer than.wide—.. 422s 2... 5 son. none o See ee. 3
—— abdominal tergite 2 wider‘than long) ....¢ 7. 2.66.4. 0 2 Pa ee 9
3. Hind femora entirely orange; hind tibiae and tarsi brownish distally ...... C. pannonicus
—- distal ends of hind femora black; hind tibiae and tarsi entirely black ................. 4
4.. Malesi(eyesmeeting/on the frons).3 «5. aapects aedursre cies akoauee <h~ Rye eee 5
—— females (eyes Separate) 20). ile. ec cn De cee ee eh oe oe ee Oe ee 7

5. Hair fringe on the postero-lateral surface of the fore tibiae longer than the width of the
tibia in dorsal view; apex of the hind tibia flat, but extended ventrally into a large,
triangular flange (reminiscent of a mortar-trowel blade), which is as long as 1/2 the apical
width of the tibia (antennal arista dark brown/black; stigma uniformly dark brown/black;
haltere knob'pale yellow). “oP. FO oe aL EAT AE C. femoratus (male)

—- no hairs on the anterior pair of tibiae as long as the width of the tibia in dorsal view; apex
of the hind tibia with a short, but distinct, keel postero-ventrally, terminating in a minute
spike, which is distinctly shorter than 1/4 the apical width of the hind tibia ........... 6

6. Abdominal tergite 4 nearly 1.5x as long as abdominal tergite 3 (arista yellow-brown;
stigma usually yellow-brown, but may be darker distally in old specimens; haltere knob
orey-DTOWi) yikes 5b ie cathe oats PNA int BN th oe C. valgus (male)

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 of almost equal length (arista dark brown/black apically, but
yellow-brown on more than basal half of length; stigma dark brown; haltere knob dark-
0) f0)..3) 0) ae MPRA Je TAR 9 Ns Mh bh, ec I RATES SNS 20 C. rufipes (male)

7. Haltere knob pale yellow; apex of the hind tibia extended ventrally into a large,
triangular flange (reminiscent of a mortar-trowel blade), which is as long as 1/2 the
apical width of the tibia (antennal arista dark brown/black; stigma uniformly dark
brown/black ern ose ec ee ee ae ee cre ere creer C. femoratus (female)

—- haltere knob dark brown; apex of hind tibia extended ventrally into at most a minute spike,
which is distinctly shorter than 1/4 the apical width of the hind tibia................. 8

8.

10.

11.

12.

13.

KEY TO EUROPEAN XYLOTINI 213

Stigma yellow-brown; arista yellow-brown; apex of the hind tibia with a short, but distinct,
keel postero-ventrally, terminating in a minute spike, which is distinctly shorter than 1/4
thetapical “width of the hindtibia .. 2..22. 2.2. 6.4.9 oe. fe ee eee C. valgus (female)

stigma dark-brown/black; arista dark brown apically; apex of hind tibia flat ventrally,
without either a postero-ventral keel or spike .................005. C. rufipes (female)

Posterior surface of hind coxae with a patch of short, spinose bristles (abdominal tergites
without pale marks, dull, with shining, metallic patches in the place of pale marks; hind
femora very stout, dorsally and laterally with numerous short, outstanding hairs, which are

pale toward the base of the femur but darker distally) .................... C. nigripes
posterior surface of hind coxae without bristles (scattered fine hairs may be present) . . . 10
Males (GyeS MeeCHNG) noe slice perce eatyie hace. Bee eal ite O eee maeateeal es oe eee ere ee 11
females (CVES SC palaled)a Sng 2 alan nha euler ats, mamaria aloe Pear aa ia ena gra sitee ledger 13

Eyes meeting for a distance greater than half the length of the frons; arista dark
brown/black; at least abdominal tergite 3 with a pair of pinkish/orange-brown marks (hair-
leneth features as in C.JQCODSONI) . oie ees Cape dae Dees C. nemorum (male)

eyes meeting for a distance shorter than half the length of the frons; arista pale
brownish-yellow; abdominal tergites without pale marks (patches of dense grey-dusting
{Ay DE MLESCIIL) Bese esa OGM OS onto ods 6 6 Gat crema eel eee ere eee ane 12

General body surface long haired; many of the hairs on the scutellum distinctly longer
than the median length of the scutellum; hairs on the postero-lateral surface of the front
tibiae including some distinctly longer than the maximum width of the front tibia in
dorsal view; hairs on postero-lateral surface of hind femora as long as the maximum
width of the a hind femur in dorsal view; abdominal tergite 2 with a pair of dense, more-
or-less rectangular, grey dust spots in the place of the pale marks found in C. nemorum
(these dust-marks become progressively thin towards the lateral margins of the tergite, so
that its surface may be shining for up to 1/3 of its width); mesoscutum with an
incomplete, transverse band of black hairs mixed in among the pale hairs, at the level of
Re MWAINS -DASES Sex. C arene 90s tar titaicler Smeal mae cnms en aumento eee C. eunotus (male)

general body surface short-haired; hairs on scutellum at most as long as median length
of the scutellum; hairs on the postero-lateral surface of the front tibiae all shorter than
the maximum width of a front tibia in dorsal view; hairs on posterolateral surface of hind
femora distinctly shorter than the maximum width of a hind femur in dorsal view;
abdominal tergite 2 with a pair of undusted, mirror-like, brightly shining metallic
patches in the place of the pale marks found in C. nemorum; mesoscutum entirely pale-
BYCAWR Ol Oper routed tanner re rere Vee eke Pk nae nc Shite ws hokey een eee C. jacobsoni (male)

Arista dark brown/black; abdominal tergites 2 and 3 each usually with a pair of distinct,
more-or-less shining pinkish/brownish-orange marks, which remain only thinly dusted and
vaguely shining even when obscure or almost absent (hair-length features as in C.
jacobsoni); mesoscutum vaguely shining, except for 2 or 4 obscure, matt black,
longitudinal stripes (these stripes can be almost indiscernible) ..... C. nemorum (female)

214 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.ix.1999

—- arista pale yellow-brown; abdominal tergites 2 and 3 each with a pair of densely grey-
dusted patches in the place of the pale marks found in C. nemorum (these grey dust patches
may meet in the mid-line to form a transverse grey band across the tergite); mesoscutum
usually mostly dull, dusted grey/grey-brown, except for four matt-black, longitudinal
stripes (however, these can also be largely obscured by general, thick dusting, or the
mesoscutum can be less heavily dusted, appearing vaguely shining) ................ 14

14. General body surface long haired, many of the hairs on the scutellum distinctly longer than
the median length of the scutellum; the hairs on the postero-lateral surface of the front
tibiae including some distinctly longer than the maximum width of the front tibia in dorsal
view; hairs on posterolateral surface of hind femora as long as the maximum width of the a
hind femur in dorsal view; mesoscutum with an incomplete, transverse band of black hairs
mixed in among the pale hairs, at the level of the wing-bases ....... C. eunotus (female)

—- general body surface short haired, the hairs on the scutellum at most as long as its median
length; the hairs on the postero-lateral surface of the front tibiae all shorter than the
maximum width of a front tibia in dorsal view; hairs on posterolateral surface of hind
femora distinctly shorter than the maximum width of a hind femur in dorsal view;
mesoscutum entitely pale-Naired. econ, oo tas fh has ess ons picts Ga C. jacobsoni (female)

C. Upper and lower mesopleural hairs patches connected across the central area of the
sclerite, anteriorly, by scattered, rather shorter hairs (abdominal tergite 3 entirely pale-
haired .and.entirely.oranee)) «4c. sie Senki ae estes. leno Brachypalpoides lentus

—- upper and lower mesopleural hairs patches distinctly, and broadly, separated, the area
between ‘them-entirely Dare. 26.05 G8. os 2 a 2 D

D. Hairs on general body surface very long, those on the scutellar disc including many that
are more than 2x as long as the median length of the scutellum; abdominal tergite 3
entirely pale-haired, medially with either upstanding or more-or-less recumbent hairs that
are longer than 0.5 the basal depth of the hind tibiae (in lateral view) ................ E

—- hairs on the general body surface of short to moderate length, those on the scutellar disc no
longer than 1.2x the median length of the scutellum, at the most; abdominal tergite 3
medially with very short (less than 0.25x the basal depth of the hind tibiae, in lateral view),
black; recumbent hairs along its entire length... ...............A.i.05. -1... d2epteeee See F

E. Brachypalpus

1.. ‘Males.(eyes: meeting -above:antennae) «=... avenl-ss aid ..lone. 5. ie eee D)
—. females (eyes not meeting above antennae) 9. 5... oe os ee eye se + os me 4
2. Hind tibiae gently curved in apical third; no hairs on the hind tibiae as long as the

maximum width of a hind tibia; hairs on general body surface mostly sandy brown
(abdominal tergites entirely undusted, brightly shining) ......... B. laphriformis (male)

—- hind tibiae angled abruptly at about one third from its distal end and with a triangular
flange projecting strongly from its ventral surface at about one third from the base of the
tibia; hairs clustered around middle of postero-lateral surface of hind tibiae longer than the
maximum. width of_a hind ‘tibianc< aH) dais bu ahs. awe ae hese te eee 3

KEY TO EUROPEAN XYLOTINI D5

3. Hairs on general body surface rufous; abdominal tergites 2 and 3 generally undusted,
brightly shining, but each with a pair of dull, narrow black bars of dusting .... B. chrysites
(male)

—— hairs on general body surface very pale brownish yellow; abdominal tergites 2 and 3 thinly
dusted dark grey over most of surface, rather dull, but each with a pair of transverse black
bars that are entirely undusted, brightly shining ..................... B. valgus (male)

4. Hair covering on abdomen reddish-yellow; hair on abdominal tergite 3 reclinate, on disc more
than one and a half times as long as the maximum depth of a hind tibia . . B. chrysites female)

—- hair covering on abdomen whitish yellow/brownish and black; hair on abdominal tergite 3
upstanding, on disc no longer than maximum depth of a hind tibia (hair at lateral margins
HOMPEL) Wrst c cities Sinks or oats one atte Seng weasel cae ats cements anne aban eae 5

5. Frons undusted, shining across most of its width, only dusted narrowly against the eyes;
notopleural area and indented line of the transverse suture on the mesoscutum undusted,
shining; hind coxae black; hind tarsi with second tarsomere about 2 times as long as its
FTVARAC UI WIC Eee rete a de ey ee er Dina hi opine Gu ee ee cate B. valgus (female)

—- frons mostly covered in dusting, the two large dust spots almost meeting in the mid-line;
notopleural area and indented line of the transverse suture on the mesoscutum heavily dusted
grey, dull; ventral surface (at least) of the hind coxae yellow; hind tarsi with second tarsomere

distinctly greater than 2 times as long as its maximum width....... B. laphriformis (female)
F. Xylota
BE EC OCce TUN WV AD LACK 4 oe ey cine Patent toc th acs eter ues drain aiyy Goes RO eee arated eee Xylota suecica
legs partly pale (whishior yellowish), 2.2405 se) icWs as se tae Sagas ses wane cw es 2
2. Baso-ventral ridge on hind tibiae covered in short, black spines .......... Xylota segnis
—- baso-ventral ridge (when present) on hind tibiae bare ....................00.00000. 3

3. Abdominal tergite 4 entirely, or almost entirely covered with golden or whitish-yellow
hairs (some short black hairs may be present along the basal margin, especially medially,
but only within the basal half of the surface of the tergite) ....................0005. 4

—- abdominal tergite 4 black-haired over most of its surface and entirely black-haired
Mile GALE SLOIM DAS LOcADEK a: ax ei. eve k ae Say we ceneic ns @ hn ee ees 6

4. Abdominal tergite 2 more than one and a half times as wide as long; adpressed abdominal
hairs only vaguely golden, more a faded whitish-yellow colour; male hind trochanter with
One DIUNOESDIKE 5.54 «ce au sovmd se oeies Hh de ean she Miwon X. triangularis (pro parte)

—— abdominal tergite 2 as long as wide or only slightly (less than one and a quarter times)
wider than long; adpressed hairs on abdominal tergites brightly golden; male hind
trochanter wathniwoblunt spikes: ) 191 2.0021. E eA Wk ORs as 5

216 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.ix.1999

5. Hind .tibiae blackon:apical thirds. .e..c5048 .ceshin eee ied Sotended X. sylvarum

——~ hind fibiae entirely yellow orien, i sash ve eck savin Cheer eae areas X. xanthocnema

6. Hind tibiae widely yellow at both ends; hind basitarsi (and two succeeding tarsal
segments) yellow (abdominal tergites 2 and 3 with orange bands) ............ X. ignava

—- hind tibiae yellow only at the base; hind basitarsi dark brown/black (except in X.
triangularis female) .03.2 5 SSE Ee eee 7

7. Hairs on the antero-dorsal surface of the hind femora including many at least as long as
half the maximum depth of the hind femur (mesanepisternite 1 usually mostly dusted, dull;
fore basitarsus without a long, white, bristly hair dorso-apically; in the male the

hyopygiuni is black-haired): 2.7 ./0.. 522 wees - X. florum (male, plus female pro parte)
—- hairs on the antero-dorsal surface of the hind femora all shorter than half the maximum

depth of a hind femur’. 2.122). 1.06 .2oe. 25 Os. deh eee SR a ee 8
8. Males (eyes: meeting abovethe’antennae).. 5.2 01.00.28 So) eee ee 9
— females (eyes not meeting above the antennac) ..........2 asi oe eee 13
9. Abdominal! tergite:2 longer than widess 2.0.4. 20% 12 0) Je ae. he ee ee 10
—— abdominal tergite Z wider thamlOng oo. 6. ons ae oo o.e oe sosaedeae ep ee eae pee eee 11

10. Fore basitarsus with a long, white, bristly hair dorso-apically, which reaches to the apical
margin of the second tarsal segment; the pale hairs on the basal half of the antero-dorsal
surface of the hind femora are of uniform length, none of them longer than one quarter the
maximum depth of a hind femur; wing membrane not infuscated ........ X. tarda (male)

—- fore basitarsus without a long, white, bristly hair on the dorsal surface; the pale hairs on
the basal half of the antero-dorsal surface of the hind femora of uneven length, some of
them as long as one third the maximum depth of the femur; wings brownish over much of
the apicalvhalfiof the sumtace’ 25.320. 4g aa Ce Se X. meigeniana (male)

11. Genital capsule at least partly black-haired; antero-dorsal surface of hind femora with hairs
longer than half the depth of the femur clustered within the basal quarter of the length of
PG MRC TUT hs Ak eee ogee by aston ah ee el ty eee are X. coeruleiventris (male)

—- genital capsule entirely (or almost entirely) whitish-haired; hairs on antero-dorsal surface
of hind femora include some as long as half the maximum depth of the femur, these hairs
being scattered over more than the basal half of the length of the femur ............. 12

12. Dorsum of mesoscutum with a transverse band of black hairs between the wing

LOE AS SAMA tity erage te ellis eR an lana AF owes elie bey cle X. triangularis (male pro parte)
—— dorsum :ofgnesoscutum pale-haired ..........2.... 62-5022: 5258+ 598 X. abiens (male)
13. Mesanepisternite 1 with most of surface undusted, brightly shining ................ 14

—- Mesanepisternite 1 with either entire surface, or most of surface dull, dusted ......... 15

KEY TO EUROPEAN XYLOTINI 217

14. Abdominal tergite 3 with a transverse, orange band across anterior half of the tergite; hind
femora with middle third of ventral surface covered in black, spiny hairs . . X. tarda (female)

— abdominal tergite 3 with a pair of pinkish markings, which may be reduced, or obscure;
hind femora with middle third of ventral surface almost entirely covered in adpressed,
yellow, spiny hairs, any black spiny hairs intermixed being mostly along the lateral
AAR OMMIS AL Hee hte aero oe ee ere ere ie eee eee X. meigeniana (female)

15. Hind tarsi with basitarsus and second tarsomere partly or mostly brownish-yellow dorsally
(always pale apically), contrasting sharply in colour with the more distal, black segments
(pale hairs on abdominal tergites 2 and 3 yellow or whitish)... . X .triangularis (female, pro
parte)

—- all hind tarsomeres almost entirely black dorsally (pale hairs on abdominal tergites 2 + 3
VA NUTTER) 2. chester hf stele sel us sshs Maco eae dee et vans etch cctahich a aut eae MEN ena ot AO. a Seale 16

16. Longest hairs on antero-dorsal surface of hind femora noticeably more than one third as long
as the maximum depth of the femur (nearly '/: the depth of the femur) .. . florum (female, pro
parte)

—- longest hairs on the antero-dorsal surface of the hind femora no more than as long as the

IMaxiMeM depth OL the TEMUE kes 4a cas tence aes MOR A ae Oe Gees Saree ee a week 17

17. Hind tibiae pale whitish yellow on basal third of length ...... X. coeruleiventris (female)

— hind tibiae pale whitish yellow on at most basal fifth of length ....... X. abiens (female)
Acknowledgments

I am most grateful to the following, who have either helped with loan of specimens
or in testing the key: Claus Claussen, Ted and David Levy, Tore Nielsen, Colin
Plant, Ulrich Schmid, Thomas Moertelmaier. Tore Nielsen has given of his time and
experience in both ways, and in translating chunks of Andersson’s (1988) key.

References
Andersson, H. 1988 De svenska Xylotini-arterna (Diptera, Syrphidae). Ent. Tidskr. 109: 129-137.

Bradescu, V. 1991 Les Syrphides de Roumanie (Diptera, Syrphidae), Clés de détermination et
répartition. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. Grigore Antipa 31: 7-83.

Speight, M.C.D. 1981 A key to the Xylotini (sensu Hippa) known in Great Britain and Ireland,
plus Xylota ignava (Dipt., Syrphidae). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 93: 25-27.

— , 1998 Species accounts of European Syrphidae (Diptera): the Atlantic zone species (revised).
Syrph the Net: the database of European Syrphidae (Diptera) on the Internet 7: 190pp. Syrph
the Net Publications, Dublin.

Cinochira atra Zett. (Dip.: Tachinidae) from Blackheath, north-west Kent)

The following records supplement those given by Laurence Clemons in his recent
paper on the Phasiinae of Kent (antea: 27-35) — from which, having been sent to
him, they were doubtless omitted by accident. The species appears rare in the
county, and indeed generally, but from its small size and inconspicuous appearance
is likely to be much overlooked.

218 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.i1x.1999

I have two specimens from my former garden at Blackheath, dated 7.viii.1961 and
5.vi.1967, probably found at rest on a fence though this is uncertain; and a third
which is defective and dateless. The first was determined by my late friend E.C.M.
d’ Assis Fonseca (along with some hundreds of other flies).

The lygaeid bugs Drymus sylvaticus (F.), Scolopostethus affinis (Schilling) and S.
thomsoni Reuter were quite common in the garden, where one or more of them were
very likely the host(s) of C. atra— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton,
London SE7 8QG.

Updates for three species of moth in south-west Scotland

Bembecia muscaeformis (Esper) Thrift Clearwing

In 1895, Colvend, Kirkcudbrightshire, was reported to be the first and chief Scottish
locality for this local insect (McDiarmid, 1895. Handbook of the United Parishes of
Colvend and Southwick. J. Maxwell and Son, Dumfries). In the absence of further
records Heath and Emmet (1985. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland, 2. pp. 386-387. Harley Books, Colchester) suggested that Thrift Clearwing
“could well await rediscovery on coasts of western Scotland’. This has proved to be
the case, but their suggestion that the moth flies in late-June and throughout July is
not entirely helpful, as moths were also found in early June (and the only confirmed
record for Cumbria, for St Bees Head, is dated *May 1919’). Careful searching has
revealed that the moth still thrives at Colvend and indeed all along the rocky coast of
Galloway, being quite numerous under suitable conditions. It prefers warm, calm,
sunny conditions, being most often seen from about 10.00 to 13.00 hours, though
one was seen as early as 08.30 hours and another as late as 16.00 hours. A few were
seen on very windy days in sheltered sunny banks. Recent records are summarised as
follows:

VC73 Kirkcudbrightshire — two at Port O’Warren, Colvend (NX 865527)
23.vi.1996; three at Gutcher’s Isle (NX 871529) 23.v1.1996; one at Almorness
(NX 839525) 15.vi.1997; one at Meikle Ross (NX 654435) 25.vi.1997; three at
Meikle Ross (NX 654435) 22.vi.1996; one at Sandgreen (NX 575520) 29.vi.1995.

VC74 Wigtownshire — two at Isle of Whithorn (NX 481360 and NX 479364)
28.v1.1998; six at Mull of Galloway (NX 157304) 15.vi.1997; ten at West Tarbert
(NX 136309) 4.vi.1997; two at Belloue (NX 132311) 4.vi.1997; one at Clanyard
Bay (NX 102382) 20.vi.1998; two at Lennans (NX 095390) on 21.vi.1998; one at
Dunskey (NX 004532) 15.vii.1996; one at Dally Bay (NW 964695) on
13.vi.1999.

Atolmis rubricollis (L.) Red-necked Footman

This species was recorded near Dumfries in the 1860s (Lenonn, 1863. Trans.
Dumfries and Galloway Nat. Hist. & Antiquarian Soc. 1862-63, pp. 53-61) and was
rediscovered near Dalbeattie on 13 June 1992. In more recent years it has proved to
be widespread and sometimes numerous in commercial forestry plantations from
Lochar Moss to Auchencairn. It can be seen flying in sunshine near the tops of trees,

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1995 219

but is more likely to be recorded when it descends to lower vegetation or to tracks
and paths. One was recorded in a spider’s web, more than twenty were found
drowned in a trackside ditch, and two dozen were seen around willow bushes at the
edge of a loch where the water surface was littered with dead or struggling moths.
Recent records are as follows:

VC72 Dumfriesshire — three at Cockpool Moss (NY 062679) 17.vii.1996; 50-55 at
Cockpool (NY 0667) 1.vi.1997; one near Stanhope (NY 081675) 23.vi.1997; 22 at
Racks Moss (NY 033736) 4.vii.1998.

VC73 Kirkcudbrightshire — 15 at Lochaber (NX 9370) 8.vi.1997 and many more in
1998 (Jessie MacKay, pers. comm.); one at Carruchan (NX 946733) 5.vii.1998;
one at Southwick (NX 926568) 11.vii.1996; four at Plantain Loch, Dalbeattie (NX
8460) 13.v1.1992; six at Almorness (NX 829529) 15.vi.1997; one at White Horse
Bay (NX 839525) 15.vi.1997; one at Screel (NX 795549) 4.vii.1996 and
9.vii.1996; 24 at Loch Mackie (NX 808488) 9.vii.1996; one at Cally, Gatehouse
of Fleet ( NX 598546) on 16.v1.1999.

VC74 Wigtownshire — one at Castle Loch,Lochmaben (NY 084815) on 18.vi.1999.

Apamea scolopacina (Esper) Slender Brindle

This species was first recorded in Scotland at Castle Loch Local Nature Reserve,
Lochmaben, on 29 July 1995, with first specimens taken the following year at
Kirkton and Drumlanrig. It has subsequently been recorded in a number of
localities in Annandale and Nithsdale, and at two localities in Kirkcudbrightshire.
The records are:

VC72 Dumfriesshire — one at Castle Loch, Lochmaben (NY 087812) 29.vii.1995;
one at Kirkton (NX 972821) 11.vii.1996; one at Drumlanrig Castle (NX 851993)
14.vii.1996; one at Durisdeermill (NS 881036) 2.vii.1997; one at Lockerbie
Wildlife Trust Reserve, Lockerbie (NY 126806) 29.vii.1997.

VC73 Kirkcudbrightshire — four single records at Cally, Gatehouse of Fleet (NX
598546) 26.vii.1997, 29.vii.1997, 1.vili.1997, 8.viii.1997; one at Almorness (NX
831525) 26.v11.1998; three at Cally, Gatehouse of Fleet (NX 598546) on
2.vili.1999 and two here on 5.vii.1999.

VC74 Wigtownshire — one at Catle Loch, Lochmaben (NY 087812) on 31.vii.1999;
one at Kirkton (NX 972821) on 3.viii.1999.

South of the border, there are old records for the Carlisle area where it is now
recorded annually in small numbers. The Scottish records are, therefore, likely to
represent an increase in observer effort rather than a sudden northward expansion.
Even so, it would be worth keeping an eye out for this species in more northerly
localities.

Thanks are extended to Stephen Hewitt of the Tullie House Museum, Carlisle, for
data from Cumbria, and to Stuart Graham, Stephen Hewitt and the members of the Grey
Daggers (Dumfries and Galloway Group of Entomological Recorders) for contributing
records.— RICHARD MEARNS, Connansknowe, Kirkton, Dumfries DG1 1SX.

220 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

Second update of early emergences of moths at Selborne

This table continues the comparison (antea: 134) between my earliest records of
non-hibernatory spring species in 1992-94 with those in 1995-1997. The m.v. light
was run here on just over 320 nights during each year of the survey. Of the following
45 species, 33 arrived earlier in 1995-97 than in 1992-94. Two species had the same
earliest date in both periods. 23 species were up to a month earlier than is usually

expected.
1992-1994 MBGBI imago

1995-1997

1 Mar 94
13 Mar 93

18 Mar 93
7 Mar 9
20 Mar 93, 94
4 Mar 94

7 Mar 94
29 Mar 94

| 12 Apr 94

1OApro:
26 May 92
[2 May 4
10 May 94
29 Mar 94
22 Apr 92

2389 Paradrina clavipalpis (Scop.) 5 Apr 97
1919 Selenia tetralunaria (Hufn.) 6 Apr 95

1858 Chloroclystis v-ata (Haw.) 7 Apr 97

2189 Orthosia munda (D.&S.) 18 Mar 97

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 221

1931 Biston betularia (L.) 26 Apr 97 23 May 93 May-Aug
2060 Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.) 27 Apr 97 8 May 94 May-Jul

— ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake’s Cottage, Selborne, Hampshire GU34 3JH.

D9 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

Hydroporous ferrugineus Stephens and Hydroporous marginatus (Duftschmid)
(Col.: Dytiscidae) in Dorset

A few months ago, Prof. John Owen suggested that it might be interesting to look for
Hydroporous marginatus at a site near Cranborne, close to my home. It had been
found there by Donisthorpe and reported in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine.
The references have been omitted from the species index of the magazine, but the
note, entitled “Hydroporous ferrugineus Steph.; a new and an old record” is in
volume 72 (1936) page 66. Donisthorpe refers to the spot as a locality in Hampshire,
but as he mentions Cranborne this is surely an error and his site must be in Dorset.
He describes “a sort of lake with a stream running through it” and caught his
specimens in the lake on 11 June 1933.

On 4 November 1998 I visited a site some three kilometres north-west of
Cranborne where a pond is marked on the Ordnance Survey map (SU 0315). The
pond and stream were both dry, but the stream began to flow closer to Cranborne. I
soon found Hydroporous ferrugineus. Several specimens were netted within a few
metres of the spring, but none further downstream. After heavy rain the site was
revisited on 13 November 1998. The stream now began a kilometre further
upstream. H. ferrugineus was still present at the first site, but could not be found
elsewhere. By 29 January 1999, the stream had backed up well beyond the pond,
which was now full. Two specimens of H. marginatus were caught from grass at
the edge of a stony section of the stream near the pond; ferrugineus was found
here and in the pond.— A.J. ALLEN, 56 Windsor Way, Fordingbridge, Hampshire
SP6 3BN.

A note on the outdoor incidence of the Death-watch Beetle Xestobium
rufovillosum (Degeer) (Col.: Anobiidae)

In an interesting article (1998, Antenna: 190-200) on this notorious insect, Dr W.M.
Blaney states (p.190) that it “is rarely reported in the wild, where it is believed to
occur in the decaying parts of oak and willow trees” (my italics), giving as
authorities Birch and Menendez, 1991, and Fisher, 1937. I should like to correct the
impression which seems to have got about that the beetle is little known in Britain in
the wild — something of which I was not aware. Fowler (1890, Col.Brit.Isl. 4: 191)
gives rather numerous localities, many of them obviously referring to outdoor
occurrence; Donisthorpe (1939, Prelim. List Col. Windsor Forest : 85) writes “In
beech, hawthorn and oak trees . . . sometimes in numbers under bark of old oaks.” I
first found Xestobium in a decayed oak trunk in Farningham Wood, West Kent, in
April 1933, and in the course of many visits to Windsor Forest and Great Park met
with it quite frequently under bark of old oaks, sometimes in plenty; twice in beech,
and once in birch. I think this will serve to show that the Death-watch is no rarity in
the wild, and have little doubt that it is to be found equally freely throughout its
range in old forest and parkland.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton,
London SE7 8QG.

STATUS OF SMALL SKIPPER 2235

THE SMALL SKIPPER THYMELICUS SYLVESTRIS PODA
(LEP.: HESPERITIDAE) INNORTH-EAST ENGLAND:
HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS

HEWETT A. ELLIS
16 Southlands, Tynemouth, North Shields NE30 2QS

Introduction
THE PURPOSE of this paper is to draw attention to the dramatic change in
distribution of the Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris which has occurred in north-
east England during recent years. As a result of this change the commonly held view,
that 7. sylvestris is absent from the northern parts of Britain (Howarth, 1973;
Thomas, 1986; Thomas & Lewington, 1991) and reaches its northern limit in County
Durham (Emmet & Heath, 1989), is outdated.

Early history
T. sylvestris does not appear in any of the early lists of butterfly records for north-
east England (County Durham, Watsonian VC 66 and Northumberland, VCs 67 &
68) (Wallis, 1769; Selby, 1839; Wailes, 1857; Robson, 1899) and was still
unrecognised in either county or in Berwickshire in publications around the middle
of this century (Long, 1959; Gardner, 1962).

Recognition in County Durham
Writing in 1986, Dunn & Parrack were able to refer to rare sightings in 1979 in
Fulwell Quarry, Sunderland and to the unexpected finding by Mr R. Quigley of
flourishing colonies at the Low Barns Reserve Near Witton-le-Wear in 1985.

Subsequently I found the species to be common along the course of several
dismantled railways converted to walkways in County Durham (Bishop Auckland
Walkway near Spennymoor, July 1990 and the Castle Eden Walkway near
Wolviston, August 1992), in disused magnesium limestone quarries (Wingate
Quarry, July 1992 and Bishop Middleham Quarry, July 1993), and elsewhere
(Ellis,1991; 1993a; 1993b).

During the last five years the species has become more widespread and frequent
throughout County Durham. Some idea of this spread may be gained from the fact
that over the period 1995-1997 the local Butterfly Conservation Recorder, Ian
Waller, received records for more than seventy different tetrads in County Durham.

T. sylvestris now occurs in very large numbers at some locations in County
Durham; for example, in Hamsterley Forest on a sunny day during August 1998 it
was possible to see many hundreds of the butterfly, with a dozen or more nectaring
on individual burdock Arctium plants, mating pairs and ovipositing females.

Recognition in Northumberland
In spite of the remarkable upsurge in the fortunes of T. sylvestris in County Durham,
initially there was still no evidence that the species was extending its range across
the River Tyne and into Northumberland (Cook, 1990). Then, commencing in 1994,

224 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

reports began to appear of sightings at a few locations in the southern-most part of
Northumberland near Ebchester (Eales, 1995) and on the south and north sides of the
River Tyne near Wylam (Dawson, 1995, 1996).

I first saw T. sylvestris in Northumberland in August 1995. This was a solitary
and worn specimen near the coast at Seaton Sluice (NZ 338768), but I did not report
it at the time. During 1996 I was pleasantly surprised to encounter two established
colonies of 7. sylvestris further north at Big Waters Nature Reserve, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne and on wasteland around an old pit heap — Weetslade Pit Heap near Wide
Open, North Tyneside (Ellis, 1997).

During the 1997 season, whilst making a special survey in south-east
Northumberland of old dismantled railways, old pit heaps and industrial wastelands,
I recorded T. sylvestris in seven additional locations at Tynemouth, North Shields,
Wallsend and further north at Cramlington, Bedlington and Hartford Bridge (Ellis,
1998a).

During 1998, between July and September, I recorded T. sylvestris at five further
locations in Northumberland — near the coast at Hartley Links, South Blyth (NZ
321789) and inland at Stannington (NZ 182813), Ingoe Moor at Wallridge (NZ
059766), Prestwick Carr north of Ponteland (NZ 184742) and in Slaley Forest (NY
975551):

In addition there have been occasional sightings from further north in
Northumberland, as, for example at Pauperhaugh near Rothbury in August 1996 (S.
Hackett, pers. comm.).

Discussion
It is clear that T. sylvestris is now widespread and well-established in County
Durham and has spread to Northumberland, where it is already established and
flourishing at several localities.

T. sylvestris seems to have followed in the “flight path” of the Wall Brown
Lasiommata megera and the Large Skipper Ochlodes venata butterflies which have
successfully extended their ranges throughout County Durham and subsequently in
Northumberland during the past twenty years (Ellis, 1994; Ellis, 1998b).

The reasons for these welcome changes are not fully understood, but improving
climate, reduced atmospheric pollution and availability of a suitable habitat may
have all contributed (Ellis, 1998b).

Many of the present 7. sylvestris sites in the north-east are along the courses of
dismantled railways, on old pit heaps, in abandoned quarries and on other derelict
land. Some of these, which have already been converted to walkways and reserves,
should provide a stable environment for years to come, but some are currently under
threat, as at Weetslade Old Pit Heap, Wide Open, where work to “clean-up” and
“improve” the site appears to be imminent. This is largely unavoidable since some of
these old industrial sites are a potential hazard once public access is permitted. At
least they have provided a temporary base from which further expansion of the
species can occur, and there is always the hope that following the reclamation work
parts of the sites might retain and support permanent colonies.

STATUS OF SMALL SKIPPER 225

References

Cook, N.J., 1990. An Atlas of the butterflies of Northumberland & Durham. The Hancock
Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne. Special Publication No. 5. pp. 14-15.

Dawson, K., 1995. Small Skipper in Northumberland. Butterfly Conservation, North of England
Branch Newsletter. 6: 3-4.

—, 1996. Northumberland News: Small Skipper. Butterfly Conservation, North of England Branch
Newsletter. 8: 10.

Dunn, T.C., Parrack, J.D., 1986. The Moths and Butterflies of Northumberland and Durham, Part
1: Macrolepidoptera. Vasculum Supplement No.2. p.1.

Eales, H., 1995. Small Skipper (Thymelicus sylvestris ). Vasculum 79(4): 71.

Ellis, H.A., 1991. The Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda thriving near Spennymoor
County Durham. A new record for the VC 66 list. Vasculum 76(3): 36-37.

— ,1993a. The Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda and the egg parasitoid Trichogramma sp.
Update 1992. Vasculum 78(1): 1-3.

— , 1993b. Butterfly bonanza at Castle Eden Walkway. Vasculum 77(4): 78-79.

— , 1994. The status of the Wall Brown butterfly, Lasiommata megera, in Northumberland, 1965-
91, in relation to local weather. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumbria
56(2): 135-152.

— , 1997. The Small Skipper, Thymelicus sylvestris Poda in Newcastle upon Tyne and North
Tyneside (VC 67). Vasculum 81(4): 74-75.

— , 1998a. Further records of the Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda in Northumberland and
update on its status at Big Water and Weetslade. Vasculum 83(2): 20-22.

— , 1998b. The current status and history of the Large Skipper Ochlodes venata Bremer and Grey
in Northumberland. Vasculum 83(3): 41-67.

Emmet, A.M., Heath, J., 1989. Hesperiidae-Nymphalidae. The Butterflies. The Moths and
Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. 7(1). Harley Books, Colchester.

Gardner, F.W., 1962. Macrolepidoptera in Northumberland. Entomologist’s Gazette 13: 22-30.

Howarth, T.G., 1973. South’s British Butterflies. Warne, London.

Long, A.G., 1959. The Macrolepidoptera of Berwickshire-Part 1. History of the Berwickshire
Naturalists’ Club. 34: 128-151.

Robson, J.E., 1899. A catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-
upon-Tyne. Natural History Transactions of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. 12: 1-34.

Selby, P.J., 1839. The Fauna of Twizell. Annals of Natural History 3: 361-375.

Thomas, J.A., 1986. Butterflies of the British Isles. Newnes Country Life Books, Twickenham. p.43.

Thomas, J., Lewington, R., 1991. The Butterflies of Britain & Ireland. National Trust, Dorling
Kindersley, London. p.18.

Wailes, G., 1857. A catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions
of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club 3: 189-234.

Wallis, J., 1769. The Natural History and Antiquities of Northumberland and of so much of the
County of Durham As lies between the Rivers Tyne and Tweed; commonly called North
Bishoprick. W.&W. Strahan, London.

226 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

Lampronia fuscatella (Tengst.) (Lep.:Incurvariidae) and Dichomeris marginella
(Fabr.) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) new to Glamorgan

On 21 June 1998, on emptying the previous night’s catch from his garden trap in
Roath, Cardiff, David Gilmore, a founder of the Glamorgan Moth Recording Group
(GMRG), discovered a moth that he thought was Lampronia fuscatella. He passed it
to me and I confirmed this determination, but as the species did not appear to have
been previously recorded in Wales, let alone Glamorgan, I showed the specimen to
county recorder Barry Stewart. He studied the specimen and agreed that the moth
was fuscatella. On 11 May 1999, David passed on a further specimen, this time
captured by Stefan Golaszewski in his garden at Llanishen, Cardiff, around two
miles north of where the first individual was captured. This too proved to be
Lampronia fuscatella. The discovery of this second individual in the same general
area, but a year later, appears to indicate the presence of a colony of this species
centred on the northern suburbs of the city.

On 24 July 1998, at the field meeting of the GMRG at Crymlyn Bog NNR, Mike
Powell handed on to me a moth he had captured in his garden at Llanishen, Cardiff,
earlier the same day. I identified it as Dichomeris marginella, the Juniper webber,
which appeared to be a new species for VC41 (Glamorgan). However, David
Gilmore (who, along with Barry Stewart, keeps a database of records for the GMRG,
of which all those named in this note are members), informed me that two
individuals of this species had been captured by Steve Moon in his garden trap at
Porthcawl, as long ago as 16 and 18 July 1996. David Slade had identified these
specimens, but had not been aware that they represented the first records of
marginella for Glamorgan. Dr G.A. Neil Horton, in his book Monmouthshire
Lepidoptera — The Butterflies and Moths of Gwent (1994) lists only a single record
for that county (Llansoy, 26 June 1990), so evidently the species is of fairly local
occurrence in south Wales.— MARTIN J. WHITE, 8 St Nicholas Square, Maritime
Quarter, Swansea SA1 1UG.

Eastern Bordered Straw Heliothis nubigera H.-S. (Lep: Noctuidae) new
to Devon

On 5 January 1999, Mr K. Bailey of Thorverton, took a moth that was fluttering
at his kitchen window; he brought the specimen inside in a pill-box and realised
that he had “something different”. After the specimen had settled down, he
identified it as an Eastern Bordered Straw Heliothis nubigera. The weather that
evening was warm, but I have no reports of other migrants at that time. I visited
Mr Bailey’s home on 7 August and confirmed the identification. There are no
earlier records that I can find of this species in Devon, and so I can only conclude
that it is new to the county. This would also appear to be only the fifth British
record of the species.— R.F. M°CorMIcK, 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon
TQ14 8NR.

STATUS OF COMMA 224

RETURN OF THE COMMA POLYGONIA C-ALBUM L.
(LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE) TO NORTHUMBERLAND:
HISTORICAL REVIEW AND CURRENT STATUS
HEwETT A. ELLIS
16 Southlands, Tynemouth, North Shields NE30 2QS
Introduction

THE HISTORY of the fluctuations in the range of the Comma Polygonia c-album
within the British Isles has been admirably reviewed by Pratt (1986-87). The
generally held view that P. c-album no longer occurs in north-east England (Dunn &
Parrack, 1986; Thomas, 1986; Emmet & Heath, 1989; Thomas & Lewington, 1991),
was correct at the times of publication of these standard texts, but during the 1990s
there has been an expansion of the range of P. c-album, initially in County Durham
and subsequently further north in Northumberland.

The purpose of this paper is to draw wider attention to this remarkable expansion
of the range of P. c-album into Northumberland (Watsonian Vice-Counties 67 &
68), by reviewing the historical aspects of its former distribution, and by reference to
more recent records and to personal observations made in Northumberland during
the period 1995 to 1998.

Early history in Northumberland (18th & 19th centuries)

The earliest known record is that of the Rev. John Wallis (1769) who was curate at
Simonburn in Northumberland. At the time scientific names were not well-
established and each of the nine species of butterfly listed by Wallis is given a short
descriptive title in English. The Comma is readily recognisable as “The tortoife-fhell
Butterfly with lacinated wings” and Wallis states that it “is not unfrequent in vale
meadows, and gardens in Auguft”. Although Selby (1839) does not mention the
Comma in his list for Twizell and the surrounding countryside near Belford
Northumberland, it was subsequently revealed by Robson (1899) that there was a
specimen in the Twizell collection when he had it examined. Wailes (1857)
considered that the Comma (Grapta c-album) was probably more widespread in
Northumberland than was generally appreciated. At the end of the 19th century,
Robson (1899), stated that the Comma (Vanessa c-album) was not so abundant as it
had been thirty years earlier in north-east England and mentions only one record for
Northumberland.

It is difficult to ascertain the true state of affairs at the end of the 19th century.
Pratt (1986) concluded that the species became extinct in Northumberland after 1868
and Newman (1871) states he saw a specimen in1868 from Northumberland taken
near Newcastle by a Mr W. Maling.

20th century records in Northumberland
A casual capture was made at Rothbury at the beginning of the century, in 1904, but
nothing further was reported until a single individual was observed nectaring on
devil’s bit scabious at Cockle Park in late September 1942 (Dunn & Rogerson,

228 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.ix.1999

1942). Further solitary individuals were seen by B.N. Rossiter at Hackwood near
Hexham in July 1985 (Dunn & Parrack, 1986) and by Bell (1993) at Bamburgh on
the Northumberland coast in early October 1992. During 1995 there were sightings
in July and August of individual butterflies on an allotment at Wylam (Swinburn,
1996) and on Buddleja at Ordley near the Devil’s Water (Rossiter, 1996). In
September 1996, Banks (1998) sighted a Comma at Arcot Pond north of Morpeth
and a single specimen was seen in August 1997 in the southernmost part of the
county near High Acton Mill (Eales, 1998). There are additional records for
Newcastle and Slaley Forest during 1996 and Bamburgh in 1997 (Parrack, 1998).

Personal records 1995 to 1998
During this four year period I have observed P. c-album at eleven different locations
within nine different tetrads (2Km X 2Km squares) in Northumberland.

I first saw a Comma in Northumberland nectaring on Buddleja in my small garden
at Tynemouth (NZ 358701) on 10 August 1995 (Ellis, 1996a). The following spring,
on 13 May 1996, I watched a single individual nectaring on dandelion flowers in the
valley of the River Wansbeck west of Bothal weir (NZ 229862). This is a woodland
path alongside the river and the butterfly may have hibernated in the wood over the
1995-96 winter (Ellis, 1997a). Later in the year I saw a further individual on 10
September 1996 several kilometres downstream in the Riverside Country Park near
Ashington (NZ 262864) (Ellis, 1997b).

In the spring of 1997 I recorded four different individuals (Ellis, 1998a). Three
were again in the valley of the River Wansbeck between Morpeth and Bothal; one
near the viaduct (NZ 215865) and another near the Jubilee Well (NZ 221860), both
on 29 March 1997. The third, on 23 April 1997, was close to the previous year’s
sighting near Bothal weir. The fourth spring sighting that year was at a new location
in the valley of the River Blyth near Humford weir, Bedlington (NZ 261797) on 28
May 1997. The butterfly was perched on a riverside elm tree.

During the summer of 1997 (Ellis, 1998b) I encountered two further Comma
butterflies near Humford; one on 31 July was on the riverside woodland path (NZ
266803) and the other, on 29 August and 5 September, was feeding avidly on ripe
blackberries in a hedgerow at the edge of a nearby plantation (NZ 264806). In the
autumn of 1997, Comma butterflies visited my garden in Tynemouth to nectar on
various flowers on 5, 18 and 20 October. Only one was seen at any one time, but
comparison of the wing markings in photographs subsequently confirmed that there
were at least two individuals (Ellis, 1998b).

1998 proved to be the most rewarding season to date when I saw five different
individuals at five different locations in the springtime. In the summer, in addition to
adults, I discovered pupae for the first time in Northumberland. The 1998
observations are summarised here in chronological order:

15 March Valley of River Wansbeck, near the Community Tip east of Morpeth
(NZ 212868). One adult nectaring on “pussy-willow” (sallow) flowers.

28 March Tynemouth, garden (NZ 358701). One adult basking and nectaring
on blue Hyacinth.

STATUS OF COMMA 229

30 March Holywell Dene, Seaton Sluice (NZ 336761). One adult nectaring on
lesser celandine.

25 April Valley of River Wansbeck, west of Bothal weir (NZ 232863). One
adult basking.

7 May Valley River Blyth, Humford Bedlington (NZ 266804). One adult.

31 July Tynemouth, near The Haven (NZ 371691). One adult.

13 August Valley River Blyth, Humford Bedlington (NZ 266804). One adult
and two pupae on elm by riverside path. One pupa emerged.

21 August Same locality, one adult (NZ 264808) and two additional pupae (NZ
266804).

25 August Same locality, four adults (NZ 266804). Three pupae emerged.

14 September Gosforth Park Reserve, Newcastle-upon-Tyne (NZ 260699). One
adult nectaring on flowers in Lodge garden.

7 October Fourth pupa at Humford had emerged; empty pupal case suspended
from elm leaf.

Discussion
The early records indicate that the Comma occurred in Northumberland during the
18th century, but subsequently became less frequent and disappeared sometime in
the last third of the 19th century. The situation was similar further south in County
Durham (Wailes, 1857; Robson, 1899), to the north in Berwickshire (Long, 1959)
and in Scotland (Thomson, 1980).

Although the Comma is known to have spread northwards in Britain as far as
Yorkshire during the 1980s (Sutton & Beaumont, 1989), and the very occasional
individual stray appeared in Northumberland during the first half of the 20th century
(Dunn & Rogerson, 1942), there was no indication of the remarkable events to come
until the 1990s. Initially, from 1992, there were increasing numbers of sightings in
County Durham (Jones, 1993; Greenshields, 1995; Waller, 1996, 1997; Coult, 1996,
1997; Bowey & Westerberg, 1997; McCutcheon, 1997; Donnison, 1997; Wynn,
1997) and in the last few years the species, although still uncommon, has become
more widespread in the county (Ellis, 1997) and is known to be breeding in several
localities, including Castle Eden Dene (Eales, 1997; Parrack, 1998). Currently there
are just over eighty tetrads recorded in County Durham (VC66) which account for
about three-quarters of the tetrads in which the Comma has been recorded in North-
east England (VCs 66, 67, 68).

From 1995 onwards, the increasing number of sightings in Northumberland gave
rise to the hope that the Comma had returned to that county too as a breeding
species. There are progressively fewer records northwards in the region. Thus, of the
31 tetrads in the whole of Northumberland, 26 are in South Northumberland (VC67)
and only five in North Northumberland (VC68). It has to be admitted that in
Northumberland the majority of the records have been solitary individuals, which
could be dismissed as strays. However, my own observations in south-east
Northumberland suggest otherwise.

230 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

Although I have been observing and recording butterflies in Northumberland for
thirty-five years since 1964, it was not until the summer of 1995 that I saw my first
Comma in the county — in my garden at Tynemouth. Since then, I have seen at least
23 different individuals, with increasing numbers each year to a maximum of 12 in
1998. The few early personal records in 1995 and 1996 were consistent with casual
strays reaching Northumberland from further south, but the later records suggest that
colonisation might be occurring. This view receives support from the observation
that some 43.4% of my records were of individuals sighted in springtime, consistent
with them having overwintered in local woods. My finding of individuals at one
locality in the valley of the River Blyth, Humford, near Bedlington, in successive
springs and summers (1997-98) is particularly interesting and suggestive of local
colonisation. Further support comes from the findings of pupae at this location.

This is the first time I have found the pupae of P. c-album in the wild in
Northumberland. Each pupa was suspended from the underside of an elm leaf mid-
rib or stalk. One, high up at about four metres above the ground, had already
emerged when first found. At this distance it closely resembled a curled brown leaf.
Another three pupae were initially intact and were located up to two metres above
the ground. In each instance the leaves distal to the pupa showed evidence of having
been eaten by a caterpillar.

Most of my sightings of adults have been on or near elm trees, especially those
with regenerating stumps after felling. The caterpillars may utilise a wide variety of
foodplants including hop, stinging nettle, elm, currants, thistle and mallow (Pratt,
1987). Further south in Britain, stinging nettle seems to be mostly used (Thomas &
Lewington, 1991), but it seems that the primary foodplant varies from one part of the
country to another, depending upon what is available. My, admittedly limited,
experience in Northumberland suggests that elm is a significant local foodplant and
it is interesting to note that caterpillars have also been found feeding on elm leaves
in County Durham (Waller, 1997).

When the caterpillars feed on lowly plants, such as nettles, it is said that they
pupate low down amongst the vegetation and are very difficult to find (Thomas,
1986; Emmet & Heath, 1989). In the case of elm at least some of the pupae are to be
found in an exposed position suspended well up in the trees from the underside of
the leaf mid-rib, where they are not too difficult to find.

Acknowledgement
I wish to thank Mr Ian Waller, County Butterfly Recorder, for his kind assistance.

References

Banks, A.H., 1998. Comma. Vasculum 83(1): 15.

Bell, G., 1993. Comma (Polygonia c-album). Vasculum 77(A4): 84.

Bowey, K. & Westerberg, S., 1997. Butterfly summary, Gateshead Borough 1996 with some other
notable sightings in County Durham. Vasculum 82(1): 5-9.

Cook, N.J., 1990. An atlas of the butterflies of Northumberland and Durham. Special Publication
No. 5 The Hancock Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne.

Coult, T., 1996. Comma. Vasculum 81(2): 22.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1995 231

— , 1997. Polygonia c-album (Comma). Vasculum 81(4): 78.

Donnison, A., 1997. Polygonia c-album (Comma). Vasculum 81(4): 78.

Dunn, J.A. & Rogerson, J.P., 1942. Polygonia c-album. Vasculum 27(4): 32.

Dunn, T.C. & Parrack, J.D., 1986. The Moths and Butterflies of Northumberland and Durham.
Part 1: Macrolepidoptera. Vasculum — Supplement No. 2 Northern Naturalists’ Union,
Houghton-le-Spring, p. 18.

Eales, H., 1997. A remarkable butterfly year. Vasculum 82(1): 1-3.

—, 1998. Butterfly records, 1997. Vasculum 83(2): 39-40.

Ellis, H.A., 1996. Comma (Polygonia c-album). Vasculum 80(4): 70.

— , 1997a. Possible overwintering Comma (Polygonia c-album). in Northumberland (VC67).
Vasculum 81(4): 73-74.

— , 1997b. Polygonia c-album (Comma). Vasculum 81(4): 78.

—, 1998a. And more Commas. Vasculum 83(1): 15.

— , 1998b. Personal sightings of the Comma, Polygonia c-album in Northumberland (VC67)
during 1997. Vasculum 83(4): 70-71.

Ellis, S., 1998. Interim Regional Action Plan. Butterfly Conservation, North of England Branch
Newsletter No. 12. 19-22.

Emmet, A.M. & Heath, J., 1989. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. 7(1).
Hesperiidae-Nymphalidae. The Butterflies, Harley Books, Great Horkesley, pp.212-215.

Greenshields, F., 1995. Comma (Polygonia c-album). Vasculum 79(4): 71.

Jones, D.M., 1993. Comma butterfly seen at Castle Eden Dene. Vasculum 78(1): 6.

Long, A.G., 1959. The macro-lepidoptera of Berwickshire — Part 1. History of the Berwickshire
Naturalists’ Club 34(2): 128-151.

McCutcheon, D.E., 1997. Further 1996 records of the Comma (Polygonia c-album). Vasculum
$2(2): 32.

Newman, E., 1871. An Illustrated Natural History of British Butterflies. William Tweedle,
London. pp. 48-51.

Parrack, J.D., 1998. Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera). /n: Kerslake, Lisa (Ed.) Red Data Book
for Northumberland. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumbria 58(2): 114-
155.

Pratt, C., 1986-87. A history and investigation into the fluctuations of Polygonia c-album L.: The
Comma butterfly. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 98: 197-203 and 244-250: 99: 21-27 and 69-80.
Robson, J.E., 1899. A catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-
upon-Tyne. Part 1. Natural History Translactions of Nothumberland. Durham and Newcastle-

upon-Tyne 12(1): 14-15.

Rossiter, N., 1996. Recent butterfly sightings in Northumberland. Vasculum 80(4): 69.

Selby, P.J., 1839. The Fauna of Twizell. Annals of Natural History 3: 361-375.

Sutton, S.L. & Beaumont, H.E., 1989. Butterflies and Moths of Yorkshire. Distribution and
Conservation. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Doncaster, p.158.

Swinburn, R.T., 1996. Comma (Polygonia c-album). Vasculum 80(4): 70.

Thomas, J.A., 1986. Butterflies of the British Isles. Country Life Books, Newnes, Twickenham.
pp. 116-117.

Thomas, J. & Lewington, R., 1991. The Butterflies of Britain and Ireland. The National Trust,
Dorling Kindersley, London. pp. 134-137.

Thomson, G., 1980. The Butterflies of Scotland. Croom Helm, London. pp. 145-149.

Wailes, G., 1857. A catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions
of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club 3: 189-234.

Waller, I., 1996. Comma (Polygonia c-album). Vasculum 80(4): 70.

— , 1997. Some notable butterfly records for County Durham, 1996. Vasculum 82(1): 14-15.

Wallis, J., 1769. The Natural History and Antiquities of Northumberland and of so much of the
County of Durham as lies between the Rivers Tyne and Tweed; commonly called North
Bishoprick. Vol. 1. W.&W. Strahan, London. p.356.

Wynn, D., 1997. Comma (Polygonia c-album). Vasculum 82(1): 16.

232 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

Sideridis albicolon (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) at Dartford, Kent
A male of this species was attracted to my garden m.v. light on 21 May 1999.
Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths of Kent, sup. in Ent. Rec. 76) quotes only one
previous record for Vice-County 16 (West Kent), a specimen at light at Lee, 19 June
1954, and no additional records are listed in Plant (1993. Larger Moths of the
London Area). 7

Unless others are observed, this Dartford specimen, the identity of which was
kindly confirmed by Bernard Skinner, must be regarded as a vagrant, not necessarily
from the Kent coast or Breckland, but probably more likely from the south-west.
Collins (Larger Moths of Surrey, 1997) makes some interesting comments
concerning §. albicolon in that county. For the 1976 to 1996 period he states that the
species was a scarce resident of the heathland of south-west Surrey, but in the 1950s
occured more commonly in the north-west. L. and K. Evans (A Survey of the Macro-
Lepidoptera of Croydon and N.E. Surrey, 1973) mention that several specimens
were observed at light at Putney in 1951. Thus, it appears that a temporary extension
of range occured in the 1950s, and the Lee specimen was probably associated with
this.— B.K.WEsT, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

Tachystola acroxantha (Meyrick) (Lep.: Oecophoridae) in Somerset

We have been running a Heath trap in our garden at Weston-super-Mare in North
Somerset (vice-county 6). Between 3 July, our first night of operation, and 31 July
1999, we caught 46 specimens of the oecophorid moth Tachystola acroxantha. This
seems a remarkable total for a moth of which there are very few Somerset records to
date and is clearly worth recording.

The species is one which is spreading in Britain from its Cornwall base and it has
evidently spread east as far as Hampshire, whilst there is an isolated and currently
unexplained record from the Manchester area too (Langmaid, pers. comm.). In
Somerset it has been recorded at Berrow by B.E. Slade, some eleven miles from
Weston, between 1993 and 1999. The numbers taken in our garden suggest that it is
now established in the area.

Also of interest was the capture of two examples of the Feathered Ranunculus
Polymixis lichenea (Hb.) on the same night, 9-10 July 1999, some two months in
advance of the normal flight period here.— ANDREW SLADE & WENDY FARRAR,
3 Norfolk Road, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset BS23 3BG.

SWEDISH ANTS 233

CHANGES IN THE ANT (HYM.: FORMICIDAE) FAUNA OF A SWEDISH
BOGLAND AREA 1986-1997

C.A. COLLINGWOOD
City Museum, Leeds LSI 3AA.
Introduction

A WOODLAND HABITAT near the village of Floghult, 16km east of Stromstad
was visited over a period of eleven years and the ant fauna studied. The area
comprised three large open mires or bogland habitats with characteristic mire flora,
including a few stunted Pinus sylvestris and scattered Alnus and Betula trees. At the
time of the first visit in 1986, the bog ants Formica uralensis, F. forsslundi, F.
transkaucasica and a bogland form of Myrmica scabrinodis were found in several
flourishing colonies. In 1997, F. transkaucasica which had been abundant had
almost disappeared and was only found sparsely in one of the bogs; one very small
nest of F. forsslundi was seen and F. uralensis had disappeared. M. scabrinodis and
a variety of other species were still plentiful but the three bogland areas had been
overrun by flourishing colonies of Lasius platythorax.

At the time of the first visits in 1986 and 1988, ants of the Lasius niger species-
group were scarce and found only around domestic premises and sparsely in old
quarry workings. Much of the woodland had been drastically thinned in the years
1994 and 1995 and much of the woodland floor consisted of exposed tree stumps,
fallen trees and discarded branches. An evident population explosion of Lasius
platythorax had occurred by 1997 and almost every unshaded tree stump was
occupied by a flourishing colony of this species. In every nest, winged sexuals
were abundant. These ants were also seen in large quantities in bog tussocks in
the mires and are presumed to have decimated the more specialised bogland ants
with the exception of Myrmica scabrinodis and M. ruginodis which were
plentiful. The only Formica species found in the main bogs were F. fusca, F.
sanguinea and, once only, F. /emani. Lasius platythorax was recognised and
described as a good species by Seifert (1991). It is very similar in aggressive
behaviour, activity and appearance to the well known L. niger so characteristic of
urban habitats. Seifert (op. cit.) showed that L. platythorax differentially occupied
woodland habitats and characteristically nested in semi-rotten tree stumps.
Another process involved in the decline of the more specialised bog ant species
was almost certainly the slow, but progressive, drying-out of the bogland areas,
but there was always a residuum of permanently wet patches and the dramatic
decline of F. transkaucasica in particular is attributed to aggressive competition
by Lasius.

A list of all ant species recorded from the vicinity of Fl6ghult is given below.
Myrmica lobicornis Nyl. — scarce, on dry banks only;

M. rubra L. — occasional in bog or banks near streams;
M. ruginodis Nyl. — general everywhere;

M. sabuleti Meinert — in open sandy areas rather local;

234 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

M. scabrinodis Ny1. — abundant in bog but not in woodland;
M. schencki Em. — rare in sheltered sun exposed area only;
M. sulcinodis Ny1. — locally flourishing in drier bog;
M. (Sifolinia) karavajevi Arnoldi — in M. scabrinodis nest;
Leptothorax acervorum Fab. — common in both bog and woodland;
L. muscorum Ny\l. — occasional;
L. tuberum Fab. — occasional in stumps;
Formicoxenus nitidulus Nyl. — in nests of Formica lugubris;
Harpagoxenus sublaevis Nyl. — seen once only with L. acervorum;
Tetramorium caespitum L. — local lakeside sand;
Camponotus herculeanus L. — common throughout the woodland;
C. ligniperdus Latreille — in warm places outside area;
Lasius flavus Fab. — exposed woodland only;
L. fuliginosus Latr. — garden hedge along woodland ride;
L. mixtus Nyl. — rare, once only in cleared woodland;
L. niger L. — neighbourhood of houses;
L. platythorax Seifert — abundant everywhere in 1997;
Formica aquilonia Y arrow — relatively hairless form abundant throughout woodland;
F. exsecta Nyl. — scarce in area but abundant near coast;
F. forsslundi Lohm. — restricted to wet bog, now scarce;
F. fusca L. — in open woodland and banks;
F. lemani Bond. — occasional in bogs;
F. lugubris Zetterstedt — local group nets in woodland;
F pratensis Retz. — roadside verges;
F. rufibarbis Fab, — on warm bank outside area;
F. rufa L. — single nests fringing bog or sheltered woodland;
F.. sanguinea Latr. — in open woodland and bogland stumps;
F. transkaucasica Nasonov (nec F.candida Smith) — once abundant in all bogs but populations
much reduced by 1997;
F. truncorum Fab. — single nests in warm banks;
F. uralensis Ruzsky — not found after 1993.
Reference

Seifert B., 1991. Lasius platythorax n.sp., a widespread sibling species of Lasius niger.
Entomologia Generalis 16: 69-81.

RECORDS OF PHORIDAE 235

NEW RECORDS OF PHORIDAE (DIPTERA) REARED FROM FUNGI
R.H.L. DISNEY! & R.E. EVANS?

1 Field Studies Council Research Fellow, University Museum of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ.
2 Chanterelle, Church Road, Welborne, East Dereham, Norfolk NR20 3LH.

ONE OF US (REE) has reared further scuttle flies from the sporophores of named
fungi. These have been identified by RHLD. Several of our new records represent
novel host records for the flies and some are the first records of named Phoridae
from the fungus species in question. While the previous records are largely covered
by two recent reviews of fungus breeding Phoridae (Disney, 1994, Yakovlev, 1994),
both of these preceded the latest edition of the invaluable Dictionary of Fungi
(Hawksworth et al, 1995) and the identification guide by Courtecuisse & Duhem
(1995). Both these works alter the classification and names of several common fungi.
Our new records are presented below.

Megaselia berndseni (Schmitz)
5 366 and 13 2 were reared from Agrocybe molesta (Lasch) Singer (= dura
(Bolt. ex Fr.) Sing) (Bolbitaceae) collected 31 July 1994 at Cockthorpe Common,
Norfolk (grid ref. 53/9842). This is the first record of a named phorid reared from
this fungus species.

Megaselia flava (Fallén)
3 66 and 1 2 were reared from Peziza varia (Hedw.) Fr. (Pezizaceae) collected
26 November 1995 at Holt Country Park, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/0832). This
confirms the only previous record of a named phorid reared from this fungus.

Megaselia flavicans Schmitz
3 do and 6 2 & were reared from Russula delica Fr. (Russulaceae) collected 23
September 1994 at Lyng Bridge, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/0717). 1 d and 1 & were
reared from R. ochroleuca (Pers. ex Secr.) Fr. collected 23 August 1992 at
Bridgham picnic site, Norfolk (grid ref. 52/9683). The former confirms the only
previous record of a named phorid reared from this fungus, and the latter
represents a new host record. Three other phorid species have previously been
reared from R. ochroleuca.

Megaselia frameata Schmitz
446 and 4 2° were reared from Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull. ex Fr.) Murr.
(Polyporaceae) collected 10 August 1994 at Felthorpe Woods, Norfolk (grid ref.
63/1417). The only previous record of a named phorid reared from this fungus is
for the Nearctic M. longipennis (Malloch) (Ackerman & Shenefeldt, 1973).

Megaselia hirtiventris (Wood)
2 366 and 8 2° were reared from Agaricus campestris L. ex Fr. (Agaricaceae)
collected 29 August 1994 at Lyng Bridge, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/0717). This
confirms previous records. 1 6 and 3 2 & were reared from Psathyrella
candolleana (Fr.) Maire (Coprinaceae) collected 6 July 1994 at Ashwellthorpe
Woods, Norfolk (grid ref. 62/1397). This is a new host record for this fly species.

236 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

Megaselia latior Schmitz
1 6 and 2 2 @ were reared from Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire
(Coprinaceae) collected 19 August 1994 at Bradfield Woods, Suffolk (grid ref.
52/9358). This is a new host record for this fly species.

Megaselia lutea (Meigen)

18 663 and 2 2Q were reared from Helvella sulcata Afz: Fr. (Helvellaceae)
collected 28 July 1997 at Buxton Heath, Norfolk (grid. ref 63/1721). This is the
first record of a named phorid reared from this fungus species. 30 6 3 and 54
2 2 were reared from Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff. ex Secr.) Fr.
(Russulaceae) collected March 1994 at Honingham Fen, Norfolk (grid ref.
63/0911), thus confirming previous records from this host. 12 dd6 and 2 29
were reared from R. heterophylla (Fr.) Fr. collected 13 September 1994 at
Oulton, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/1429). This confirms this host, previously recorded
from mainland Europe. 22 6d and 16 22 were reared from R. ochroleuca
(Pers. ex Secr.) Fr. collected 15 May 1994 at Hockering Wood, Norfolk (grid
ref. 63/0715). 2 dd and 1 @ were reared from R. pectinatoides Peck collected
28 July 1997 at Buxton Heath, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/1721). The rearings from
these last two species of Russula confirm previous records. 3 2 were reared
from Xerocomus rubellus (Krombh.) Quél. (= Boletus versicolor)
(Xerocomaceae) collected 18 November 1995 at Marriots Way, Norfolk (grid
ref. 63/1417). This is a new host record for this species. Three other phorid
species have been reared from this fungus.

Megaselia nigra (Meigen)

3 2 were reared from Agaricus campestris L. ex Fr. (Agaricaceae) collected 29
August 1994 at Welborne, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/0609), thus confirming many
previous records. 2 6 d and 21 2 2 were reared from Agrocybe praecox (Pers. ex
Fr.) Fayoud (Bolbitaceae) collected 20 June 1997 at Welborne, Norfolk (grid ref.
63/0609). This is a new host record for this fly species. 2 2 2 were reared from
Macrolepiota (= Lepiota) rhacodes (Vitt.) Quél. (Lepiotaceae) collected 26
December 1995 at East Tuddenham, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/0912), thus confirming
previous records. 4 6 d and 1 @ were reared from Melanoleuca melaleuca (Pers.
Fr.) Murrill (= M. vulgaris) (Tricholomataceae) collected 29 September 1989 at
Felthorpe Wood, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/1416). This is the first record of a named
phorid reared from this fungus. 1 2 was reared from Morchella esculenta Pers. ex
St. Amans (Morchellaceae) collected 9 April 1997 at Ashwellthorpe Woods,
Norfolk (grid ref. 62/1397). This is a new host record for this fly. 52 ¢ ¢ and 67
2 2 were reared from Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire (Coprinaceae)
collected June 1997 at Beeston Common, Norfolk (grd ref. 63/1642). This is a
new host record for this fly.

Megaselia scutellaris (Wood)
2 36 and 3 2 were reared from Russula pectinatoides Peck (Russulaceae)
collected 28 July 1997 at East Tuddenham, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/0912). This is a

RECORDS OF PHORIDAE 2357

new host record for this fly. 5 dd and 8 2 2 were reared from Tricholoma
terreum (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kummer (Tricholomataceae) collected 12 November
1989 at Burnham Overy, Norfolk (grid ref. 63/8844). This confirms previous
records from mainland Europe.

The specimens from the Russula were somewhat smaller than average for this
species and the microtrichia on the male hypandrium more extensive laterally and
on the posterior process of the left side. In view of this RHLD reconsidered his
previously proposed synonymy of M. scutellariformis (Schmitz) with this species
(Disney, 1985). To this end a male cotype of M. scutellaris has been remounted on
a slide and designated the lectotype. Its label reads “Herefordshire, Botany Bay,
16.9.05, J.H. Wood”. Likewise a male syntype of M. scutellariformis, labelled
“Valkenburg, 7.VI.24, H. Schmitz”, has been remounted on a slide in order to see
the fine details of its hypopygium. Although Schmitz (1926) stated that the
hypopygium of this species was “ganz wei bei scutellaris’’, in fact the microtrichia
differ from the lectotype of the latter species. Thus they cover the entire vental
face of the left process and much of the ascending left side of the hypandrium. In
Wood’s specimen, however, the microtrichia are largely restricted to the ventral
face and the inner half of the left process. Sorting all available specimens into
these segregates then allowed examination of the other features highlighted by
Schmitz for any evidence of correlations. Thus he considered the costal index and
costal cilia to be shorter in his species than in M. scutellaris. The wing details of
the latter’s male lectotype are as follows. Costal index 0.50, costal ratios 3.44 :
1.65 : 1, costal cilia 0.17-0.18 mm long, wing length 2.3 mm. For all the males
examined the ranges are as follows. Costal index 0.40-0.51, costal ratios 2.86-4.47
> 1.36-2.24 : 1, costal cilia 0.11-0.18 mm, wing length 1.7-2.6 mm. However, there
is no correlation between the distribution patterns of microtrichia on the
hypandrium and a shorter costal index and costal cilia, or any other of these
measures. The only evident partial correlations are between the wing length and
the other wing features. These, however, can be largely attributed to allometric
effects. The principal perception to emerge is that the species M. scutellaris is
somewhat more variable in size than usual (as evidenced by the range of variation
in the wing length) and consequently exhibits variation in many other small
details. Furthermore the distribution of microtrichia on the hypandrium is
somewhat more variable than usual and the latter’s left process is somewhat
variable in size. The conclusion is that there is no evidence justifying
reinstatement of Schmitz’s species.

Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Nigel Wyatt (Natural History Museum, London) and Dr Hans
Ulrich (Museum Koenig, Bonn) for permission to remount critical specimens in their
cares on slides. RHLD is currently funded by the Isaac Newton Trust (Trinity
College, Cambridge).

238 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

References

Ackerman, J.K. & Shenefeldt, R.D., 1973. Organisms, especially insects, associated with wood
rotting fungi (Basidiomycetes) in Wisconsin forests. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters 61: 185-206.

Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B., (1995) Mushrooms & Toadstools of Britain & Europe. Harper
Collins, London.

Disney, R.H.L., 1985. Additions and amendments to the list of British Megaselia (Dipt.,
Phoridae). Entomologist’ s Monthly Magazine 121: 243-248.

Disney, R.H.L., 1994. Scuttle Flies: The Phoridae. Chapman & Hall, London.

Hawksworth D.L, Kirk, P.M., Sutton B.C. & Pegler D.N., 1995. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary
of the Fungi. 8th Edition. CAB International Mycological Institute, Kew.

Schmitz, H., 1926. Neue Gattungen und Arten europaeische Phoriden. Encyclopédie
Entomologique B, II. Diptéres 2: 73-85 (1925).

Yakovlev, E.B., 1994. Dvukrylye Palearktiki svyazannye s gribami i Miksomitsetami. [Palaearctic
Diptera associated with fungi and myxomycetes]. Karelian Research Center Russian Academy
of Sciences Forest Research Institute, Petrozavodsk.

Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) new to Norfolk

On 28 May 1999, amid an otherwise unremarkable catch, I took a single specimen of
Argyresthia trifasciata in the moth trap run in my garden on the western outskirts of
Norwich (grid reference TG 215090). This is a new record for Norfolk.

The species was first taken in Britain in 1982 at Hampstead by R. Softly but a long
gap ensued before further records in 1997 at sites in North Hampshire and Stockport,
Cheshire. In 1998 it occurred at the same Hampshire site, as well as at Raynes Park,
Surrey (four specimens) and at a different site in Cheshire. Records this year,
additional to my own, are South Kensington (Middlesex) and Aberdeen (M. Honey,
pers. comm.).

There is no shortage of possible foodplants (Juniperus, Cupressus) in the vicinity,
both in neighbouring gardens and in a nearby large cemetery.

I am grateful to Dave Hipperson for confirming the identification and to Martin
Honey for providing me with details of previous records.- STUART PASTON, 25
Connaught Road, Norwich, NR2 3BP.

Further records of Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in
Cheshire (VC58) during 1999

On 19 June 1997 Barry Shaw recorded the second British specimen of Argyresthia
trifasciata at Heald Green, Greater Manchester ( VC58, Cheshire) and reported his
find in Atropos 6:74. Further specimens from the south-east of England were
exhibited by Mark Parsons at the 1998 BENHS exhibition in London and are
thought to be third, fourth and fifth British records.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 239.

So far this year I have 11 records for this species which have been taken in my
m.v. and RIS traps located in my Prestbury garden. The first two specimens, which
are new to this site, were found in both traps on the night of 18 May 1999. Further
specimens have been found most nights since. Surrounding the garden is a well
established hedge of Leylandii, which I assume to be the food-plant for the larvae, as
the trees show discoloured and dried out shoots. Gently tapping the hedge at dusk
has not disturbed the moth so far.

Prestbury is about six miles as the Crow flies from Heald Green and lies on the
eastern edge of VC58 some five miles distant from the Derbyshire border.

Could this be the year when Argyresthia trifasciata is recorded in greater
numbers over a much wider area of the country or is there an explanation for its
currently unusual distribution?— D.J. POYNTON, 1A Castlegate, Prestbury, Cheshire
SK10 4AZ.

An overlooked paper on Tiree Lepidoptera

Following the publication of my article on Lepidoptera on Tiree (Ent. Rec. 110:
247-9), Dr Mark Young kindly sent me a copy of a paper, that he had written with
M.W. Harper, entitled Periclepsis cinctana (D.&S.) and other Lepidoptera on Tiree
in 1984 (Entomologist’s Gaz. 37:199-205). It was a pity I was not aware of this
paper, and that it was overlooked by R.L.H. Dennis and T.G. Shreeve for their 1996
book Butterflies on British and Irish offshore Islands, as it mentioned the then
additional 10km square of NM 04 for Pieris brassicae, Polyommatus icarus (Rott.),
Aglais urticae (Linn.) and Maniola jurtina. This important contribution to the
Lepidoptera of the Inner Hebrides lists the 75 micro and macro species they
encountered in Tiree between 27 June and 4 July 1984. It should also be noted that
this was the occasion of their remarkable discovery of Periclepsis cinctana and not
early- to mid-July 1985 as I was wrongly informed.— DEREK C. HULME, Ord House
Drive, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire [V6 7UQ.

The status of Oedemera nobilis (Scopoli) and O.lurida (Marsham)
(Col.: Oedemeridae) in Kent
I was interested to read the notes by Mr A.A. Allen (Ent. Rec. 110:293) and by Mr L.
Clemons (antea: 141-143) on the apparent local distribution of these two striking
beetles. I must agree with Mr Clemons that the apparent rarity is in part due to the
lack of recording, but I am at a loss to understand his concluding remark about a lack
of any centralised recording effort. I personally have been collating records of
Coleoptera found in Kent since the early 1950s and indeed Mr Clemons has supplied
me with records in the past, so surely his remark must have been a slip of the pen.
The accompanying maps show the recorded distribution of these two species in
the county from 1971 onwards although the majority of the records are from the
1980s and 1990s. Bearing in mind the limited number of recorders, Oedemera lurida
appears to be generally distributed throughout the county whilst O. nobilis, although
occasionally occurring elsewhere, is more restricted to the chalk and coastal areas.

240 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.ix.1999

Oedemera nobilis

Vs

Agel oo a Mz. ae anes
{ATS
nna dele iia
RUE

PSC CE PT
CORBROCEE

“A

a

w

Apart from my own observations thanks are due to the following who have also
supplied records: - K. Chuter, L. Clemons, I. Ferguson, S. Grove, N.F. Heal, P.J.
Hodge, A.V. Measday, N. Onslow and S.A. Williams. The maps were produced
using the DMAP software written by Dr Alan Morton.— ErIc G. PHILP, 6 Vicarage
Close, Aylesford, Kent ME20 7BB.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 2A]

Postponed emergence: A possible survival tactic in the Orange-tip butterfly
Anthocharis cardamines (Lep. : Pieridae)

During the spring of 1996, I spent a pleasant afternoon watching several female
Orange-tip butterflies ovipositing on a bank of hedge mustard Sisymbrium officinale
growing in a hedgerow near my home. Not having bred this species before, and
having several plants of the same species growing in my garden, I decided to return
at a later date to collect some of the larvae.

At the beginning of June 1996, I took some 35 larvae from this hedgerow and
released them onto the plants in my garden. These were observed on a daily basis
until they reached their final instar. By then, some 31 larvae remained. These were
sleeved so as not to wander away, and left to pupate on the foodplant. All 31 larvae
successfully pupated. In the autumn of 1996 the pupae were brought indoors and
placed in the windowsill of a north-facing bedroom which remained unheated during
the winter.

In the spring of 1997, 20 specimens emerged which were released into the garden.
The remaining 11 pupae when tested with the tip of my tongue, all felt cold, an
indication that they were still alive. These were left in the same location. In the
spring of 1998 a further eight specimens emerged and were released. The last three
pupae still felt cold when tested. Two of these emerged in April 1999. The remaining
pupa is still alive.

The springs of 1997 and 1998 were both short, and frosts occured in late May of
both years locally. The observed flight period of this butterfly was only two weeks
each year rather than the normal four to five weeks. In neither year were any Orange-
tip butterflies seen on the wing after the May frosts.

According to Emmet & Heath (1989. The Moths and Butterflies of Great
Britain & Ireland 7(1):116), pupae sometimes overwinter twice, the stage
normally lasting 10-11 months. Is it possible that the change in weather
conditions deferred the insects, emergence from the pupa until the conditions
were more suitable? From the evidence of these bred pupae, it would appear that
this is a definite possiblity. If this can happen in captivity, then surely it can
happen in the wild!

This method of postponing emergence is well known in the Small Eggar
Eriogaster lanestris, which has been reported to survive up to eight years in the
pupal state, but I have been unable to find any reference in the entomological
literature in relation to any British butterfly species being able to overwinter several
years as a pupa.

If this postponement of emergence is possible in the Orange-tip, then it may occur
in other butterfly species that overwinter in the pupal state. I would be interested to
hear from anyone who has noted this phenomenon in any other British butterfly
species.— HARRY T. EALES, 11 Ennerdale Terrace, Low Westwood, Derwentside, Co.
Durham NE17 7PN.

242 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

An extreme melanic form of Ectropis bistortata Goeze (L.:Geometridae) in
Kent

On 28 March 1998, a fresh male Ectropis bistortata, of a form I had not previously
encountered elsewhere, came to my garden m.v. light at Dartford, West Kent. The
moth was black, including the head, thorax and abdomen, the wings adorned only
with a well defined whitish submarginal line and a narrower, less prominent, wavy
marginal line. It would seem to be ab. extrema Rebel and correspond to ab. nigra
Bankes of E. consonaria. The aptly named ab. extrema would appear to be rare; it is
not noted by Kettlewell (The Evolution of Melanism, 1973) as one of the melanic
forms of E. bistortata found in Britain.

In north-west Kent, despite the habit of resting on tree trunks, this species has
shown minimal tendency towards melanism. Plant (Larger Moths of the London
Area, 1993) makes no mention of melanism. Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths
of Kent, sup. in Ent. Rec. 89) notes two less extreme melanics from Aylesford
16.vii.1956 and 11.viii.1957, referrable to ab. defessaria Freyer, to which I can add
two for Dartford, 13 and 17.vii.1988.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent
DAS 2HN.

Unseasonal occurrence of Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae)

Can any reader of the Record explain this? On 6 February 1999 I found several
larvae of P. brassicae on a purple sprouting broccoli plant in my garden in
Willaston, Wirral. They were about half grown (25mm), so presumably hatched
from the ova in January. When were the ova laid? Although winter in the Wirral
peninsula is usually mild (compared with, say, East Anglia) these larvae must have
survived four or five frosty nights. The plant in question is one in a row of five, and
all the other plants were free of larvae— R.G. AINLEY, “Burford”, Briardale Road,
Willaston, Wirral, Cheshire L64 1TB.

Hazards of butterfly collecting — The birth of a lepidopterist — Delhi, 1951

I find the question: “How did you become interested in butterflies?” to be second
only to “How long does a butterfly live?”. A quick count shows that I have been
asked both questions in at least fifty countries. I have just moved — or relocated as it
is known in development jargon — to the Philippines and I have already been asked
both questions a least 40 times. Some people think that Manila is an odd place to
write the definitive book on West African butterflies, but my wife, Nancy, was
appointed to a very interesting United Nations post here, and a dutiful husband
follows. About 100,000 African butterflies, my library, my microscope and all my
genitalia slides, as well as all my field notes and slides are on the good (or so I
fervently hope) ship m/s Maas, docking in Manila a week from now.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 243

The answer to the second question is fairly involved, most people believing it to
be only a single day, and blissfully forgetting that a butterfly is also an egg, larva and
pupa. But it is a good entry-point for popularizing butterflies. The answer to the first
question is easier. Three butterflies are directly responsible.

The first was in 1950, when I was six years old, and living in Greece, where my
father was working for the United Nations on emergency relief. A six-month stint in
the Dachau and Neuengamme Concentration Camps had overridden his lack of
academic qualifications. He had been a competent amateur botanist in Denmark —
though all these Mediterranean plants stumped him, he had a general interest in
natural history which he imparted to me (I was sent back to Denmark to start my
academic career shortly after the episode yet to be told, holding a jam jar with a live
sea-horse, during a two day journey on an RAF DC-3. Sad to say, it did not like the
Danish winter, and soon expired. But twenty classmates saw it; most have never
seen a live sea-horse since).

Just before leaving for school in Denmark, a huge butterfly entered our bathroom.
My father caught it, and pickled in it alcohol. “This is the only two-tailed
swallowtail I have ever heard of’, he declared. The sight of this monster butterfly in
its jar etched itself in my memory. But it was almost 12 years later when I pinned it
down. It was obviously the Two-Tailed Pasha Charaxes jasius L. Funny thing,
though .... it does not seem to be in the Athens area today. Well, it was there in 1951!

A year later we moved to India, to lodge at the Swiss Hotel in Old Delhi, which
had become a kind of a UN compound (several Director-Generals to be of UN
agencies earned their spurs while living there). The hotel lawn was full of the lovely
little Blue Pansy Junonia orithyia L. and I wanted to catch it. An old tennis racquet
was fixed up as a butterfly net — it was a Slazenger (I distinctly remember this) with
white plastic covering the shaft, which I used for years. I got my Junonia, as well as
the wonderful Peacock Pansy Junonia almana; hotel lawns are now prime habitat for
both.

But I set my sights higher. On the other side of the road was a rambling park, the
Qudtsia Gardens (now prettied up and with lots of people). There were two
problems, though: On my mother’s orders, I could only go with an ayah (child-
minder), and I could only go wearing a pith-helmet (topee — the kind of contraption
that Tim Piggot-Smith wore in Jewel in the Crown, that deeply masochistic TV
series on the last days of British Empire in India). I had my first rebellion against
authority — make that, perhaps, my first fully conscious rebellion. It was only half
successful, but victory was still sweet. The ayah stayed, the hat went (I have never
worn a hat since, except for two years in the Danish Army). There were many
butterflies in the park, but the first two days one of the best eluded me. It was a large
white butterfly, winding its way slowly through the crowns of the tallest trees. On
the third visit (I had hoped the ayah was getting bored, but no such luck — the
supervision order was still in place) I finally got it on Lantana flowers. It was the
Common Jezebel Delias eucharis L. — still one of the most beautiful butterflies I
know. It is much larger than the Large Cabbage White Pieris brassicae L.; the
upperside is unexceptionally white, but the underside is spectacular. The veins are

244 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.ix.1999

black, most of the underside is deep yellow, with huge sub-marginal spots of the
most exquisite crimson.

So thank you Two-Tailed Pasha, Blue Pansy, and Common Jezebel for forcing me
to become a collector and then a student of butterflies. A most pleasant fate!—
TORBEN B. LARSEN, 5 Wilson Compound, 2811 Park Avenue, Pasay City, Metro-
Manila, The Philippines.

SUBSCRIBER NOTICES
Aerial Insects

During July 1999, I carried out aerial sampling of migrating insects at 200 metres
above ground over RAF Cardington, Bedfordshire, using a net suspended from a
helium-filled balloon. Samples have been identified as far as family or superfamily,
but the majority of species remain unidentified. If anyone would be able to help with
the identification of species from the following taxa, and would like records from
these groups, I would gladly donate samples.

Homoptera: Delphacidae, Cicadellidae, Psyllidae;

Diptera: Nematocera (several families), Empididae, Phoridae, Lonchopteridae,
Sepsidae, Spaeroceridae, Asteiidae, Ephydridae,Drosophilidae, Agromyzidae,
Anthomyiidae;

Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea, Cynipoidea, Chalcidoidea, Proctotrupoidea.

For more information please contact me.— JASON CHAPMAN, Department of
Entomology & Nematology, IACR - Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5
2JQ (telephone 01582 763133 x 2454, fax 01582 760981 or email
jason.chapman@bbsrc.ac.uk).

Orange Upperwing Jodia croceago (D.&S.) survey — autumn 1999/spring 2000

The Orange Upperwing is one of the UK Government’s Biodiversity Action Plan
(BAP) priority species. Butterfly Conservation has been appointed the Lead Partner
for this species. The initial aim of the Action Plan is to determine whether this moth
is still present in Britain.

Currently, searches are undertaken in an uncoordinated fashion. There is no
overall view of the sites that are being surveyed and those that are not. There is also
no indication of the amount of recording effort being undertaken, or techniques
being used, in an attempt to try and re-find this species.

The Orange Upperwing is thought to be an open woodland or woodland edge
species, the larva feeding on pedunculate oak Quercus robur and sessile oak Q.
petraea. The species is considered to be associated with small or coppice trees that
retain their leaves over winter. It occurs as an adult from September to mid-May and
has been found at ivy Hedera helix blossom in the autumn and at sallow Salix spp.
catkins in spring. It comes to light. The last definite record was from Sussex in 1984,

SUBSCRIBER NOTICES 245

although there is a more recent unconfirmed record from Hampshire. Other post-
1980 reports are from Cornwall, Somerset, Surrey, Shropshire (unconfirmed) and
Cardiganshire (unconfirmed), although records indicate a wider historic distribution
in the southern half of England and in Wales (based on information from Waring, P.,
in prep. Atlas of the Nationally Scarce and Threatened British Macro Moths. Joint
Nature Conservation Committee). Known records are presented in Figure 1.

If you go looking for the Orange Upperwing this autumn or next spring, or are
recording in an area where this species could appear, we would like to hear from
you. Negative results are important, as this would give an indication of the amount
of effort being undertaken and the sites being searched. Do not restrict yourself to
the known localities or even habitats, for example heathland with scrubby oaks may
be important for this species and it is a habitat that is comparatively under-worked at
these times of year. Do not restrict yourself to light-trapping — try natural attractants,
e.g. ivy or sallow blossom, or use other attractants such as sugar or wine-ropes.

The data we would like to receive should be in the following format, giving all
details where known:
1. Name of site
Six figure grid reference
Vice-county (and vice-county number)
Date of visit
Duration of visit (to the nearest hour)

Number of recorders

gle, ON eee er og a

Techniques used (including no. and type of traps; sugar; ivy blossom; sallow
catkins, broken down into number of hours spent on each, if possible)

8. Habitat (broad description only, e.g. deciduous or mixed woodland;
heathland etc.)*

9. Weather conditions (max./min. temperature; overcast/clear; rain/dry; wind)

* If the species is found we would like as full details as possible of the habitat
conditions and a description of any obvious site management.

Please remember to get access permission to any site you are visiting. As there is a
possibility of confusion with other species take particular care over confirming the
identification. If possible, take a photograph or retain the specimen. We would also
like to hear from you if you have had experience of this species abroad. In particular,
we would like to know about its habitat preferences.

The results (including the important negative results) should be sent to Adrian
Spalding at Tremayne Farm Cottage, Tremayne, Praze-an-Beeble, Camborne,
Cornwall TR14 9PH (telephone 01209 831517). If this survey proves successful and
gives rise to interesting data, further species (particularly BAP species) may be
targeted for similar surveys.

246 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111

f 2257 Orange Upperwing

Jodia croceago

© Before 1980
+ Doubtful record
1980 Onwards
Larval record
@ Adult record

Figure 1. Distribution of Jodia croceago (D.&S.) in Britain.

25.1x.1999

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247

We would like to thank both JNCC and Paul Waring for permission to use
information from the forthcoming Atlas and to publish the provisional distribution
map.

Further information about this and other BAP priority species of moth, and how
you can help, can be obtained by contacting either of us— MARK PARSONS & DAVID
GREEN, Butterfly Conservation, UK Conservation Office, PO Box 444, Wareham,
Dorset BH20 5YA.

BOOK REVIEW

Die Larven der Europaischen Noctuidae. Revision der Systematik der Noctuidae by
Herbert Beck. 1999. Volume I:864 pages and Volume II:448 pages, published as Band 5/1 of
the Herbipoliana series by Dr Ulf Eitschberger, Marktleuten, Germany. A4, hardbound with
dust-wrappers. German text with some sections also in English. ISBN 3 923807 04 X. Vols.I
and II DM560.

These are the first two volumes of the long-awaited and projected series of four; in total they
comprise a colossal and original work conceived on the broadest scale, yet founded on the
most meticulous and quantified detail, the culmination of research that has evolved during the
course of the last half-century. Beck’s intensive studies into the morphology and ornamentation
of noctuid larvae brought about objective re-appraisal of the family systematics, not as an
independent discipline but complementary to the long history of work based upon adult
structure, and in particular of their genitalia; Beck’s Systematische Liste der Noctuidae
Europas appeared in its most recent form in 1996 in Neue Entomologische Nachrichten and the
first volume presents the argument and reasoning for that list, backed by a wealth of
morphological line drawings (volume II) and later by 1600 coloured photographs of 850 taxa
(volume II) and larval descriptions (volume IV).

Volume I Part A includes an Introduction and Acknowledgements, an important Abstract, a
personal history of the studies, rearing from the egg (most species!) and critically a discussion
on the merits of systematics based upon adult or larva, with fully referenced history. A
technical section details the terms used in the description of morphology and ornamentation
using Autographa gamma (L.) as a five and a half page model of the ultimate larval descriptive
text: this is, however, only illustrative, for descriptions employed in this work are much
shortened. Any worker who is not familiar with Beck’s terminology will have need to refer to
the list of abbreviated terms (Abkitirzungsverzeichnis und Begriffe) and its accompanying list
of definitions, these lists being given in both German and English and presented in combined
alphabetical sequence.

Part B of Volume I begins with a history of noctuid classification that embraces
Notodontidae, Lymantriidae, Arctiidae, Ctenuchidae and Nolidae, dwelling at some length on
the latter and leading on to distinguishing characters of Noctuoidea with discussion on problem
groups. The first key, to last instar larvae, leads the reader through to families and this is well
supported by clear line drawings of salient features; this is followed by a key to Noctuidae
subfamilies, tribes and some genera, again with abundant, clear and well-presented figures that
illustrate a range of characters from mandibular teeth, spinneret and head structure to classified
bristles, chaetogramms (patterns of warts or bristles of the whole body), ingenious systems of
measurement, whereby characters are referable to location on the body, body ornamentation,
stripes and zones and patterns and head markings (some 30 variants of network freckling).
These keys are separately given in English and German.

248 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.1x.1999

Any fundamental alternative to existing systems of classification will attract criticism and
especially one that sees the need to introduce greater use of tribes and subgenera. Beck’s novel
adaptation of existing names to create new ones has already earned adverse comment and some
of these names may indeed be contested. The point must always be borne in mind, however,
that such changes draw attention to new concepts and the obvious location to present them is in
such an inclusive and inter-related revision. Two subfamilies may be quoted to indicate these
extensive changes; genera formerly allocated to the previously ill-assorted subfamilies
Amphipyrinae and Cuculliinae have been re-distributed to subfamilies Cuculliinae and
Noctuinae. In Beck’s treatment (that follows Lafontaine and Poole (1991) as well as Beck’s
own earlier work) the Noctuinae embraces part of Hampson’s Noctuinae, Hadeninae and
Ipimorphinae but includes also numerous genera from former Cuculliinae (1972) such as
Lithophane, Xylena, Xanthia, Agrochola, Conistra, Aporophyla and their allies, and the greater
part of the existing Amphipyrinae (1998). By freely employing use of tribes, these unfamiliar
bed-fellows of the Noctuinae are segregated into Ipimorphini, Apameini, Hadenini, Prodeniini,
Noctuini and Agrotini, each with commendable uniformity. So far as genera resident in Great
Britain are concerned, the Cuculliinae of Beck are limited to a handful (14) with most species
in Cucullia. Such radical re-organisation will of course savage as scarcely recognisable most
existing lists from Kloet & Hincks (1972) to the recent Bradley (1998); so no wonder that
popular identification guides prudently retain the earlier-conceived systems and the
nomenclature that goes with them!

The rest of volume I gives systematic treatment by subfamilies of 815 species (in German
only). It concludes with an updated systematic list, an extensive list of references split into
minor and major, a well-organised and user-friendly index that is duplicated for both volumes
with no entries for taxa higher than species in volume II (not relevant).

Volume II consists entirely of well over a thousand black and white line drawings of larval
morphological characters that support the systematics, keys and descriptions of taxa in volume
I. They are sharp and well-presented, and accompanied by legends at the bottom of the page.
Many are by M. Ahola, others by Beck and colleagues; all are of fine clarity. The Index is the
same as for volume I.

The work is bound in red linen, with gold lettering and there are blue dust-wrappers; text is
printed on high quality paper using Times New Roman font. Sections are clearly laid out and
identified by a decimal system. The proof reading, a laborious and exacting task, appears to be
exemplary. The whole is a triumph of printing technology and a superb achievement by all
who shared in its production. Both volumes are well-bound and lie open with ease at any part.
They are, however, by their nature essentially books for desk use, volume I weighs in at 9lbs
(4.8 kilos) volume II at 5_ Ibs (2.4 kilos), compared with say, Seitz’s Palaearctic Noctuidae at
7_ lbs (3.3 kilos). A press notice gives examples of coloured figures that will appear in volume
III — the photography and reproduction of these are of the highest order and give promise of
yet further superlative craftmanship.

These volumes can truly be recognised as monumental. Dr Beck deserves our
congratulations and gratitude for his unswerving life-time’s work in conceiving and seeing to
publication this vitally important and stimulating achievement that will mark a new standard
from which to go forward with the European Noctuidae.

G M Haggett

Continued from back cover
The status of Oedemera nobilis (Scopoli) and O. lurida (Marsham) (Col.: Oedemeridae)

HE Ri ETGM OR) Al) i ee ses RMR cae eae ee 239
Postponed emergence: A possible survival tactic on the Orange-tip butterfly Anthocharis

Gunemmriges. (lb: lepec PlCIGae). kd OTy dl GIS” sa) ou crate es pls Sle oo ele we Hae 241
An extreme melanic form of Ectropis bistortata Goeze (Lep.: Geometridae) in Kent.

ESE OS UGAR ct eae or nrg tancnae nell ae eevee te Perc Rai tiny Sirk aca eee 242
Unusual seasonal occurrence of Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae). R.G. Ainley ..... 242
Hazards of butterfly collecting — The birth of a lepidopterist - Delhi, 1951. Torben B.

SLSET PLDI ds ac OR MR Ue re PEE Se PSEC Snr’ <r 9s cea I sear ymnaenere reDeEM 242

PNCTIAMMSCELS a) ASOM: ONADINGN | lpcva nt okt ete dr enoone, = 0. ies Chee ase eee oe Manes Sawa att 244
Orange Upperwing Jodia croceago (D.& S.) survey — autumn 1999/spring 2000. Mark
AAT S OTE Ce VEANGTCCTI ee yn ato) Mraeaeen FR yn Suara tee ote a Fastin Bitte Genk ee aie Bebb ev ise 244

Book Review

Die Larven der Europdischen Noctuidae. Revision der Systematik der Noctuidae by
PA CHIC MCC Kaper cyan tect: ehcp enc ena eis here tyne isa aes eee MR dom oor Shes A Sus liye 247

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine

Caters for articles on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods, specialising in the
British fauna and groups other than Lepidoptera. Published March, July and November
(4 months per issue) — Annual subscription £30 ($65).

Entomologist’s Gazette

An illustrated quarterly, devoted to Palaearctic entomology. It contains articles and notes on
the biology, ecology, distribution, taxonomy and systematics of all orders of insects, with a
bias towards Lepidoptera. Caters for both the professional and amateur entomologist.
Published January, April, July and October. — Annual subscription £27 ($60).

Butterflies on British and Irish Offshore Islands

by R.L.H. Dennis and T.G. Shreeve
This new book provides an up-to-date synthesis of butterfly records for 219 of Britain’s and
Ireland’s offshore islands, 144 pages complete with bibliography, checklist of species,
figures and tables. Two appendices list rare immigrants and provide advice for making
observations on the butterflies of islands. — Price £16. Postage and packing £1 per copy.
Payments by cheque or Giro Transfer to account no. 467 6912.

For further details GEM PUBLISHING COMPANY
please write to: Brightwood, Brightwell,
Wallingford, Oxon OX10 0QD

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by JW. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents

The Yarrow Pug Eupithecia millefoliata Roessl. (Lep.: Geometridae), now apparently
widespread and locally common in East Anglia. Jim Reid .......... 0.00 cee cena
Another new species of Mordellistena Costa (Col.: Mordellidae) in Britain. A. A. Allen
Immigrant Lepidoptera to the British Isles caught in Rothamsted Insect Survey light-
traps im 1993 and 1994 "Adrian M. Riley” jan. Get a2... ei) 2 eee
A key to European Xylotini (Dip.: Syrphidae). Martin C. D. Speight ............4..
The Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda (Lep.: Hesperiidae) in north-east
England: History and current status. Hewett ANEMsS 2)... 42s0. eos eeee
Return of the Comma Polygonia c-album L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) to Northumberland:
Historical review and current status. HewettA_ Ellis .*.... 2... ee eee
Changes in the ant (Hym.: Formicidae) fauna of a Swedish bogland area 1986-1997.
C.A. Collingwood (7.8 S58 wipahisks sor ew ees edo ds a ates 2 Oe eee
New records of Phoridae (Diptera) reared from fungi. R. H.L. Disney & R.E. Evans ..

Notes and observations

Some records of Lepidoptera from Westmoreland (VC 69). Neville L. Birkett .........
Plant bugs (Hemiptera) on Woolwich Common, south-east London. A. A. Allen .......
Some observations on pigment stability in the wing markings of Graphium weiskei
(Ribbe) (Lep:; Papilionidac) J.B) Jobe... 04... ean ys eee
Two unusual micro moths for Somerset. Brian E. Slade ......-.«. sa. sneer
Cinochira atra Zett. (Dip.: Tachinidae) from Blackheath, north-west Kent. A.A. Allen .
Updates for three species of moth in south-west Scotland. Richard Mearns ...........
Second update of early emergences of moths at Selborne. Alasdair Aston ............
Hydroporus ferrugineus Stephens and Hydroporus marginatus (Duftschmid) (Col.:
Dytiscidae) in-Dorset.A. J Allen. ons toc. occ tee ye 2 She ete
A note on the outdoor incidence of the Death-watch Beetle Xestobium rufovillosum
(Degeer) (Col: Anobiidae). A. AD Allen 2.2 cis cre oo tie delay ee
Lampronia fuscatella (Tengst.) (Lep.: Incurvariidae) and Dichomeris marginella (Fabr.)
(Lep.: Gelechiidae) new to Glamorgan. Martin J. White .. 0.2 0.2.2 se ee ee ee
Eastern Bordered Straw Heliothis nubigera H.-S. (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to Devon.
BFS MCC OnMICK eo da nhs = As Shine ere woe oi Las ea
Sideridis albicolon (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) at Dartford, Kent. B. K. West ............
Tachystola acroxantha (Meyrick) (Lep.: Oecophoridae) in Somerset. Andrew Slade &
Wendy Farrar 150 sede ot cng 3 leo oaicag Be kno Seale a a a ra
Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) new to Norfolk. Stuart Paston ..
Further records of Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in Cheshire
(VC 58) during 1999. D.. J. POynton: 5206 Seis oe a eee she ee
An overlooked paper on Tiree Lepidoptera: Derek 'C. Hulme 235255. 252-- aee

Continued on inside back cover

SPECIAL NOTICE.

We would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of back issues.

Printed in England by

Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel: 01277 224610

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PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Vol. 111 Part 6

& THE
ENTOMOLOGIST $ RECORD
AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by
C.W. PLANT, B.sc., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, F.R.E.S.

November/December 1999

ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation: Entomologist’ s Rec. J. Var.

Editor
C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.
Telephone: 01279 507697 E-mail: Colinwplant@compuserve.com

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., F.L.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., F.R.ES.
Editorial Panel

A.A. Allen, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. A.M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E:S.
N. L. Birkett, J.P., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S. J.A. Owen, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.
J.D. Bradley, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. C.J. Luckens, M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.O.G.
J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S. B. Skinner
P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R.ES. P.A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.1.Biol., F.R.E.S.

C.A. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

Registrar
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MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1998 249

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1998

J.R. LANGMAID' AND M.R. YOUNG’
' Wilverley, 1Dorrita Close, Southsea, Hampshire PO4 ONY
?Culterty Field Station, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA.

IF 1997 WAS considered a poor year for Microlepidoptera, 1998 was worse, with
leaf-mining species being particularly scarce. This may partly be explained by the
winter of 1997-98 having been another very mild one over the whole country, with
record-breaking temperatures in Scotland in January and February and only the
occasional brief cold spell. March started cold and frosty, but this was soon followed
by unsettled and wet weather until the middle of the month, after which it was warm
and dry. April was cold, wet and miserable, but May was the warmest for several
years and quite the best month of the year. It was the fourth wettest June this
century, and July was not a lot better, but became hotter with thundery conditions
towards the end of the month. August started thundery, but was, on the whole rather
a drier month with a brief hot spell just before the middle. September was warm and
wet and October was dominated by gales and more rain which continued into
November. Later that month colder conditions prevailed, but December became very
mild after a cold beginning.

However, all was not doom and gloom, with two pyralid species added to the
British list. Several specimens of Vitula biviella (Zeller) were taken in Kent by K.
Redshaw in July, and a single specimen of Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walker) by
S.A. Knill-Jones on the Isle of Wight in October.

Olethreutes arbutella (Linnaeus), new to England, was found in Essex but was
almost certainly a vagrant from continental Europe, there having been an easterly
airstream at the time. New to Scotland were Psychoides filicivora (Meyrick) and
Ochsenheimeria taurella ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]); and Ypsolopha mucronella
(Scopoli) is new to the Irish list.

Knowledge of the life histories of several species has been discovered or
expanded by R.J. Heckford — these are Biselachista serricornis (Stainton), Denisia
subaquilea (Stainton), Borkhausenia fuscescens (Haworth), Monochroa hornigi
(Staudinger), Gelechia senticetella (Staudinger) and Bactra lancealana (Hiibner).
Caryocolum blandelloides Karsholt was bred in some numbers by entomologists
attending the annual weekend meeting of the Scottish entomologists, resulting in a
publication on both its original discovery by R.J.B. Hoare and its life history.

A further colony of the scarce and local Ancylis tineana (Hiibner) was found in
Scotland, and species new to the British list in the last quarter of a century, such as
Phyllonorycter platani (Staudinger), P. leucographella (Zeller), Argyresthia
trifasciata Staudinger, A. cupressella Walsingham, Bactra lacteana (Caradja) and
Eucosma metzneriana (Treitschke) have all been found in new areas.

Thanks are due to those who have contributed records, and, as usual, they are
identified by their initials: D.J.L. Agassiz, H.E. Beaumont, K.P. Bland, K.G.M.
Bond, M.R. Britton, M.F.V. Corley, A.M. Davis, B. Dickerson, A.M. Emmet, B.
Goodey, D.G. Green, M.W. Harper, R.J. Heckford, R.I. Heppenstall, S.H. Hind,

250 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

J.R. Langmaid, D.V. Manning, D. O’Keeffe, M.S. Parsons, R.M. Palmer, S.M.
Palmer, J.T. Radford, J. Robbins, A.N.B. Simpson, E.G. Smith, M.H. Smith, IF.
Smith, P.H. Sterling, I.R. Thirlwell and M.R. Young. SEM denotes the Scottish
Entomologists’ Meeting held over a weekend in June, the lepidopterists present
being DJLA, KPB, MWH, JRL, RMP, ANBS and MRY.

Titles of journals are abbreviated as follows; Ent. Gaz. for the Entomologist’ s
Gazette; Ent. Rec. for the Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation; and
BJENH for the British Journal of Entomology and Natural History.

The following systematic list is somewhat shorter than usual, partly due to the fact
that it was generally a poor year, and partly because records of migrant species have
only been included if they are new vice-county records. New vice-county records
are, as in previous Reviews, in bold and underlined. The maps held by A.M. Emmet
have been used to recognise these, and we are grateful to him for providing this
information and for the time and trouble he has taken in doing so. As in the 1997
Review the nomenclature and order of species is according to the Checklist of
Lepidoptera recorded from the British Isles (1998) by J.D. Bradley.

We would request that records for the 1999 Review are sent to John Langmaid as
soon as possible, and we are hoping to be able to publish it towards the end of 2000.
It is of enormous help if records are submitted in the same format in which the
Review is published, as this considerably eases the task of collation. |

SYSTEMATIC LIST

NEPTICULIDAE

40 Bohemannia pulverosella (Staint.) — Blackpool (60) vacated mine on Malus sp.
23.vii.1998 — SMP

42 — Ectoedemia septembrella (Staint.) — Gait Barrows NNR (60) mine on Hypericum sp.
14.1x.1998 — SMP; Pitcaple (93) mines on Hypericum sp. 6.1x.1998 — MRY

43 E. weaveri (Staint.) — Achilty (106) mines on Vaccinium vitis-idaea 24.iv.1998 — MRY

46 Trifurcula immundella (Zell.) — Ordiquhill (94) viii.1998 — R. Leverton per MRY

53 Stigmella splendidissimella (H. — S.) — Danes Moss (58) mines on Rubus idaeus
25.x.1998 — SHH

55 S. aeneofasciella (H. — S.) — Hirendean Castle (83) 18.vii.1998; Fealar Gorge (89)
mines on Fragaria vesca 23.1x.1998, moth bred —KPB

58 S. ulmariae (Wocke) — Horn Wood (32) one vacated mine on Filipendula ulmaria
15.x.1998, det. DVM — G.E. Higgs per DVM

68 S. salicis (Staint.) — Newtonmore (96) mines on Myrica gale 8.ix.1998, moth bred — RJH

79 ~~ S. perpygmaeella (Doubl.) — Bin Forest (93) mines on Crataegus 19.1x.1997 — MRY;
Montcoffer Wood (94) mines 28.i1x.1997 — RMP & MRY

81 S. hemargyrella (Kollar) — Coed Bron Garth (49) mines on Fagus 7.vii.1998 — SHH

82 S. paradoxa (Frey) — Bryn Pydew (49) mines on Crataegus 7.vii.1998 — SHH

87 S. svenssoni (Johan.) — Shortheath Common (12) two tenanted mines on Quercus
robur 20.vili.1998 — IRT & JRL

100. S. oxyacanthella (Staint.) — Montcoffer Wood (94) mines on Crataegus 28.i1x.1997 —
RMP & MRY

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1998 Zo)

108 S. crataegella (Klim.) — Montcoffer Wood (94) mines on Crataegus 28.1x.1997 —
RMP & MRY

INCURVARIIDAE

143a Nematopogon magna (Zell.) — Dulsie Wood (96) 18.v.1998, det. JRL — JTR

146 Nemophora cupriacella (Hiibn.) — Sidlesham (13) 60-70, all females, some
ovipositing, on flower-heads of Dipsacus fullonum 7.vii.1998 — IRT & JRL; Tiddesley
Wood (37) one on leaf of Dipsacus fullonum 19.vii.1998 — K. McGee per ANBS

149 Adela cuprella ({D. & S.]) — Ashley Hill Forest (22) 29.111.1998 — I. Sims, Ent. Rec.
110: 287

150 A. reaumurella (Linn.) — Abercamlo Bog (43) 21.v.1998 — AMD

152 A. rufimitrella (Scop.) — Pant (47) 16.v.1998 — SHH

153 A. fibulella ({D. & S.]) — Embo (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

PSYCHIDAE

175. Narycia monilifera (Geoff.) — Muchalls (91) cases 4.vi.1998 — MRY; Spinningdale
(107) cases 21.ix.1998 — P. Entwistle per MRY

179 Dahilica lichenella (Linn.) — Muchalls (91) cases 4.vi.1998 — MRY

183 Bacotia sepium (Speyer) — Sharnbrook (39) larval case 24.iv.1998 —DVM

TINEIDAE

200 Psychoides filicivora (Meyr.) — Conkwell Wood quarry (Z) moths bred from Phyllitis
scolopendrium v —vi.1998 — EGS & MHS; South Kensington (21) larvae in garden of
BMNH 22.iv.1998 — M.R. Honey & MSP; Edinburgh (83) larvae on Phyllitis
scolopendrium and Asplenium trichomanes 15.viii.1998, moths bred — KPB, New to
Scotland

203 = Infurcitinea argentimaculella (Staint.) — Spye Park (Z) moths bred vi — vii.1998 —
EGS & MHS

231 Monopis imella (Hiibn.) — Rye Harbour (14) 2.viii.1998, det. MSP — P. Troake per
MSP |

233 = M. fenestratella (Heyd.) — Ashstead Common (17) one 19.vi.1998 — MSP, Ent. Gaz.
50: 116

245 Tinea pallescentella Staint. — Wildhern (12) 1.iv.1998 — DGG

247 _ T. trinotella Thunb. — Abercamlo Bog (43) 21.v.1998 — AMD

BUCCULATRICIDAE

266 Bucculatrix nigricomella (Zell.) — Pitcaple (93) 13.vii.1997 — MRY

GRACILLARIIDAE

284 Caloptilia rufipennella (Hiibn.) — Dyserth (51) vacated mines and spinnings on Acer
pseudoplatanus 4.vii.1998 — SHH & IFS

285 _C. azaleella (Brants) — Prestbury (58) 6.vi.1996 — D. J. Poynton per SHH

290 C. semifascia (Haw.) — Ruthin (50) mines and spinnings on Acer campestre
11.vii.1998, moths bred — SHH & IFS

294 = Aspilapteryx tringipennella (Zell.) — Embo (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

305. = Parornix scoticella (Staint.) — Strathconan (106) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

952 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

315 Phyllonorycter harrisella (Linn.) — Gairloch (105) v.1998 — P. Entwistle per MRY

317 P. heegeriella (Zell.) — Askham Bar, York (64) 30.vii.1998 — MRB

321a_ P. platani (Staud.) — Southampton (11) mines on Platanus 7.xi.98 — P.A. Budd per
JRL; Saffron Walden (19) mines on Platanus 9.xi.1998 — AME; Bedford (30) mines
x1.1998 — DVM

332a_ P. leucographella (Zell.) — Bristol and Bath (6) mines on Pyracantha xii.1998 — RJH;
North Bradley (8) moths bred from Pyracantha 23.iv.1998 — EGS & MHS; Southsea
(11) many mines on Pyracantha 21.1.1998 — JRL; Basingstoke (12) mines 17.1.1998
— A.H. Dobson per JRL; Bristol (34) mines 14.xi1.1998 — RJH; Stockport (58) mines
31.x.1998 — SHH; York (62) moths bred from several locations ili-iv.1998 — MRB

342 P. coryli (Nic.) — Glasha Crossroads (H14) mines 8.x.1998 — KGMB

343 P.. quinnata (Geoff.) — Sale (58) mines on Carpinus 27.i1x.1998 — SHH

362 -P.. acerifoliella (Zell.) — Poulton (58) mines on Acer campestre 3.x.1998 — SHH

368 = Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Steph.) — Prestatyn (51) mine on Populus sp. 8.vii.1998 —
SHH; Flixton (39) 3.vi1.1998 — K. McCabe per SHH; Helmsley (62) moth bred
29.viii. 1998 — MRB

CHOREUTIDAE

386 Tebenna micalis (Mann) — Barnstaple (4) several larvae and one pupa 6.viii.1998 —
RJH

YPONOMEUTIDAE

401 Argyresthia laevigatella (Heyd.) — Hamsterley Forest (66) vacated larval workings on
Larix 23.vi.1998 — DJLA & JRL; Balblair Woods (107) vacated larval workings on
Larix 27.vi.1998 — SEM

409a_A. trifasciata Staud. — Farnborough (12) 20.v.1998 — R.W. Parfitt, Ent. Rec. 111: 44;
Raynes Park (17) a few 20-23.v.1998 — MSP

409b_ A. cupressella Wals. — Holland Park, Kensington (21) 3.vi.1998 — T.H. Freed, Ent.
Gaz. 50: 16

413 A. sorbiella (Treits.) — Denbies (17) 20.vi.1998 — MSP

416 A. glaucinella (Zell.) — Studham, and other sites (30) larval feedings iv.1998 — DVM;
Highfield Spinney (31) 25.iv.1998 — BD; Yardley Chase (32) larva 23.iv.1998, moth
bred — DVM

427 Yponomeuta cagnagella (Hiibn.) — Oldmeldrum (93) larvae on Euonymus europaeus
vi.1997, moths bred — MRY

451 Ypsolopha mucronella (Scop.) — Kilcolman Wildfowl Range (H5) 8.1i.1998 — A.C.
Johnson per KGMB, New to Ireland

458 Y. alpella ({D. & S.]) — Heald Green (58) 11.viii.1998 — B.T. Shaw per SHH

462 Y. sequella (Clerck) — Leith (83) 16.ix.1997, second Scottish record — D. Robertson
per KPB

469 Eidophasia messingiella (F. v. R.) — Flixton (§9) 23.vi.1997 — K. McCabe per SHH

473 Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zell.) — Raynes Park (17) 7.viii.1998 — MSP

OCHSENHEIMERIIDAE

251 Ochsenheimeria taurella ({D. & S.]) — Flanders Moss (87) 1.viii.1998 — KPB, First
confirmed Scottish record

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1998 253

LYONETIIDAE

264

Bedellia somnulentella (Zell.) — Stockport (57) larval feeding signs on Calystegia
29.viii.1998 — IFS; New Brighton (58) larvae and pupae on Calystegia 21.vili.1998,
moths bred — IFS & D.J. Poynton; Flixton (59) mines 9.ix.1998 — K. McCabe per
SHH; Ballynalahessery (H6) larvae 8.viii.1998; Ardamine (H12) pupa 12.viii.1998 —
KGMB

COLEOPHORIDAE

487 Metriotes lutarea (Haw.) — Fleet Pond (12) 22.iv.1998 — DGG

510 Coleophora juncicolella Staint. — Skipwith Common (61) cases swept from Calluna
2.v.1998 — HEB; Wooler (68) 27.vi.1998, det. JRL — JTR

517 C. frischella (Linn.) — Ladywell (8) 19.viti.1998 — EGS & MHS

518 C. mayrella (Hiibn.) — Littleferry Links (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

524 C. lithargyrinella Zell. — Minterne Seat Coppice (9) one case on Stellaria holostea
6.iv.1998 — PHS

556 C. trochilella Dup. — Kincraig Point (85) cases on Achillea millefolium 28 .i1i1.1998,
moths bred — KPB

561 C. therinella Tengst. — Westmancote (37) thirty cases on Fallopia convolvulus
8.ix.1998 — ANBS

565. C. saxicolella Dup. — Findhorn Bay (95) 17.vii.1998; Nairn (96) 11.vii.1998, both
genitalia det. JRL — JTR

573 C. atriplicis Meyr. — Church Norton (13) one at m.v., genitalia checked, 3.vii.1998 —
IRT & JRL

577 C. artemisicolella Bruand — Camber (14) a few cases on Artemisia vulgaris 10.1x.1998
— MSP

582. C. glaucicolella Wood — Nairn (96) 11.v11.1998, genitalia det. JRL — JTR

586 C. adjunctella Hodgk. — Nairn (96) 11.vii.1998, genitalia det. JRL — JTR

ELACHISTIDAE

590 =~ Perittia obscurepunctella (Staint.) — Picket Wood (8) 25.iv & 5.v.1998 — EGS &
MHS .

610 Elachista argentella (Clerck) — Embo (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

611 E. triatomea (Haw.) — Nairn (96) 10.vii.1998 — JTR; Embo (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

613 E. subocellea (Steph.) —- Rosemarkie (106) 28.vi.1998 — SEM

626 Biselachista serricornis (Staint.) — Trowlesworthy Warren (3) one larva mining
cambium and another in stem of Eriophorum angustifolium 14 & 19.vi.1998 — RJH,
Ent. Gaz. 50: 69-70

628 _B. eleochariella (Staint.) — Bagmere (58) 14.vii.1997, genitalia det RIH — SHH

632 Cosmiotes consortella (Staint.) — West Lavington Down (8) 12.viii.1998 — EGS & MHS

OECOPHORIDAE

634 Schiffermuelleria grandis (Desv.) — Canonteign Barton (3) larvae and pupae under
bark of dead ivy 4.iv.1998, moths bred — RJH

635 Denisia subaquilea (Staint.) — Haytor (3) two cocoons amongst spun dead leaves of

Vaccinium myrtillus 7 & 14.v.1998, moths bred — RJH; Nipstone Rock (40) 1.vi.1998
— SHH, IFS & D.J. Poynton

254

636
637
640
641
642
644

660
676
677

678
690
698
702
708

714
716

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

D. similella (Hiibn.) — Ordiquhill (94) vi.1997 — R. Leverton per MRY
Crassa tinctella (Hiibn.) — Denbies (17) one 31.v.1998 — MSP

Batia lunaris (Haw.) — Flixton (59) 9.vii.1998 — K. McCabe per SHH

B. lambdella (Don.) — Nairn (96) 11.vii.1998 — JTR

B. unitella (Hiibn.) — Chester (58) 27.vii.1998 — T. Edmondson per SHH

Borkhausenia fuscescens (Haw.) — Webbington (6) larvae amongst dead leaves of
Chamaecyparis sp. 28.1x.1998, larva previously undescribed — RJH, Ent. Gaz. in
preparation

Pseudatemelia josephinae (Toll) — Studham (30) 24.v1i.1998 — C.R. Baker per DVM
Depressaria pulcherrimella Staint. — Gilfach Farm NR (43) 2.viii.1998 — AMD

D. douglasella Staint. — Letcombe Regis (22) 15.viii.1998, genitalia det. MFVC —
P.D. Kyle per MFVC

D. sordidatella Tengst. — Gilfach Farm NR (43) 2.vi1i.1998, genitalia det. JRL — AMD
Agonopterix cnicella (Treits.) — Hilbre Island (58) 31.viii.1997 — G. Broad per SHH
A. kaekeritziana (Linn.) — Ordiquhill (94) viii.1998 — R. Leverton per MRY

A. assimilella (Treits.) — Harlestone Heath NR (32) larvae 20.v.1998 — DVM

A. carduella (Hiibn.) — Dyserth (51) larva on Centaurea nigra 3.vii.1998, moth bred
— IFS; Rosemarkie (106) larvae on Cirsium vulgare 28.vi.1998, moths bred — SEM

A. yeatiana (Fabr.) — Bunmow, Ennis (HQ) 2.viii.1998 — KGMB
A. rotundella (Dougl.) — Freshwater (10) 16.11.1998 — SAK-J

GELECHITDAE
727a_ Metzneria aprilella (H.-S.) — Westmancote (37) larvae in seedheads of Centaurea

729
720

132,
728
(Be
740

747
748
780
781
786
787
788
760
769
Jeg
1
T7©,

scabiosa collected x1.1997, moths emerged 2.vii.1998 — ANBS

Isophrictis striatella ({D. & S.]) — Cold Oak Copse (32) 31.viii.1998 — DVM

Apodia bifractella (Dup.) — Cockayne Hatley (30) two in RIS trap 13-19.viii.1997 —
DVM; Rixton Clay Pits (59) 19.viii.1998 — SHH & K. McCabe
Eulamprotes unicolorella (Dup.) — Wooler (68) 27.vi.1998 — JTR

Monochroa cytisella (Curt.) — Cooper’s Hill (30) 26.vii.1992 — DVM

M. tenebrella (Hiibn.) — Strathconan (106) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

M. hornigi (Staud.) — Elstead (17) larvae in dead stems of Persicaria sp. 15.x1.1997,
moths bred — RJH & JRL, Ent. Gaz. 50: 57-58

Chrysoesthia sexguttella (Thunb.) — Stalmine (60) 5.vi.1998 — SMP

Ptocheuusa paupella (Zell.) — Rosslare Harbour (H12) larva 10.viii.1998 — KGMB
Bryotropha similis (Staint.) — Embo (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

B. mundella (Doug|.) — Findhorn (95) 26.vi.1998 — SEM; Nairn (96) 10.vui.1998 — JTR
B. desertella (Dougl.) — Findhorn (95) 26.vi.1998 — SEM

B. terrella ({D. & S|) — Embo (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

B. politella (Staint.) — Embo (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

Exoteleia dodecella (Linn.) — Kyloe Wood (68) 3.vii.1998 — JTR

Teleiodes wagae (Nowicki) — Ashstead Common (17) 14.v.1998 — MSP

T. alburnella (Zell.) — Underlaid Wood (69) 10.viii.1998 — SMP

T. fugitivella (Zell.) — Lightfoot Green (60) 20.vi.1998 — SMP

Teleiopsis diffinis (Haw.) — Luffness Links (82 16.vii.1998 — KPB; Littleferry (107)
27.v1.1998 — SEM

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1998 2o5

80la_ Gelechia senticetella (Staud.) — Crayford and Dartford (16) larvae on Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana 21.111.1998, moths bred — RJH & JRL; Canvey Island (18) larvae on
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 29.xi.1997 & 4.111.1998, moths bred — RJH, Ent. Gaz. in
preparation

802a G. sororculella (Hiibn.) — New Mills (47) 3.vi.1998, larvae on Salix caprea, moths
bred — IFS

803. G. muscosella Zell. — Blacktoft (63) 5.vii.1998, genitalia det. HEB — A.S. Ezard per HEB

813. Scrobipalpa salinella (Zell.) — Nairn (96) 11.vii.1998, det. JRL — JTR

829 Caryocolum marmoreum (Haw.) — Findhorn (95) 26.vi.1998 — SEM

832a C. blandelloides Karsholt — Embo (107), Littleferry (107) 27.vi.1998, Rosemarkie (106)
28.vi.1998 many larvae in seedheads of Cerastium fontanum, moths bred — SEM,
account of its original discovery in 1994, and life history — Ent. Gaz. 50: 149-154

797 Neofaculta ericetella (Geyer) — Dunnet Head (109) 25.v.1998 — JTR

856 = Anarsia spartiella (Schrank) — Pennerley (40) larvae on Ulex 5.vi.1998, moths bred —
IFS & D.J. Poynton

866 Brachmia blandella (Fabr.) — Flixton (59) 8.vii.1997 — K. McCabe per SHH

AUTOSTICHIDAE
870 Oegoconia quadripuncta (Haw.) — Luton (30) 8.viii.1998, det. DVM — R. Wilson
per DVM

BLASTOBASIDAE
874 Blastobasis decolorella (Woll.) — Findhorn Bay (95) 8.vii.1998 — JTR; Fairy Glen,
Black Isle (106) 26.vi.1998 — SEM

BATRACHEDRIDAE
879. Batrachedra pinicolella (Zell.) — Hartlebury Common (37) 29.vi.1998 — ANBS

MOMPHIDAE
881 Mompha terminella (H. & W.) — Chittoe (7) melanic form 9.vi.1998, first VC 7 record
since 1880 — EGS & MHS

891 M. sturnipennella (Treits.) — Bouldnor Forest (10) larva on Chamerion 26.viii.1998,
emerged 11.1x.1998 — D.T. Biggs per JRL

COSMOPTERIGIDAE

899 Pancalia leuwenhoekella (Linn.) — Portsdown (11) several fresh specimens swept from
Viola hirta 14.vii.1998, very late date ? indicating second brood — IRT & JRL; Gait
Barrows NNR (60) 15.v.1998 — SMP

906 Blastodacna atra (Haw.) — Cockayne Hatley (30) one in RIS trap viii.1998 — DVM;
Fineshade (32) one in RIS trap 26-31.viii.1993 — DVM

SCYTHRIDIDAE

915 Scythris picaepennis (Haw.) — Denbies Hillside (17) 20.vi.1998 — MSP; Gait Barrows
“NNR (60) 16.vii.1998, genitalia det. — SMP; Cademuir Hill (78) larvae on Lotus
corniculatus 24.v.1998, moths bred — KPB,; Littleferry (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

917 S. empetrella K. & N. — Findhorn (95) several 26.vi.1998 — SEM

256 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

TORTRICIDAE

946 Aethes rubigana (Treits.) — Gortdrum (H10) 24.vii.1998 — KGMB

947 A. smeathmanniana (Fabr.) — Nairn (96) 10.vii.1998 — JTR

951 ‘A. beatricella (Wals.) — Askham Bar, York (64) moth bred 10.vi.1998 — MRB

974 Argyrotaenia ljungiana (Thunb.) — Ramsey (31) 8.viii1998 — D. Evans per BD

976 Archips oporana (Linn.) — Hurn (11) 21.vii.1998, first vc record for over 100 years —
M. Jeffes per PHS

985 Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hiibn.) — Heworth, York (62) 24.ix.1998 — MRB;
Rossington (63) 17.viii.1998 — RIH

991 Clepsis senecionana (Hiibn.) — Pant (47) 16.v.1998 — SHH

994 C. consimilana (Hiibn.) — Nairn (96) 10.vii.1998 — JTR

998 Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) — Rossington (63) 28.viii.1998 — RIH

999 Adoxophyes orana (F. v. R.) — Icklesham (14) 28.viii.1998 — I. Hunter per MSP

1025 Tortricodes alternella ({D. & S.]) — Kilcolman Wildfowl Refuge (H5) 18.11.1998 —
A.C. Johnson per KGMB

1027 Neosphaleroptera nubilana (Hiibn.) — Clayton Green (59) 11.vii.1998, genitalia det. —
SMP

1041 Acleris sparsana ({D. & S.]) — Rosemarkie (106) larvae on Acer pseudoplatanus
28.v1.1998 — SEM

1042 A. rhombana ({D. & S]) — Strathconan (106) 27.vi. 1998, larvae — SEM

1044 A. ferrugana ({(D. & S.]) — Gight (93) 11.x.1998 — MRY

1059 A. abietana (Hiibn.) — Bridge of Avon (94) pupae on Abies procera 11.1x.1998, moths
bred — RJH

1069 Celypha aurofasciana (Haw.) — Hembury Woods (3) 24.vii — 14.viii.1998 — B.P.
Henwood & RJH

1071 Olethreutes arbutella (Linn.) — Dovercourt (19) 7.viii.1997, det. K.R. Tuck — C.
Gibson per BG, New to England

1079 Piniphila bifasciana (Haw.) — Gilfach Farm NR (43) 2.viii.1998 — AMD

1082 Hedya pruniana (Hiibn.) — Rosemarkie (106) 28.vi.1998 — SEM

1101 Endothenia ustulana (Haw.) — Sharnbrook (30) 11.vii.1998 — DVM

1107 Lobesia botrana ({D. & S.]) — Plymouth (3) larva in plum from supermarket
6.vili. 1998, moth bred — RJH

1110 Bactra furfurana (Haw.) — Embo (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

1111 B. lancealana (Hiibn.) — Trowlesworthy Farm (3) larvae in stems of Eriophorum
angustifolium 3-19.vi.1998, moths bred, foodplant not previously recorded in Britain — RJH

lllla B. lacteana (Caradja) — Plaitford (8) a few at m.v. 31.vii.1998 — SMP & JRL; many
disturbed from amongst Carex spp. 6.vi1i.1998 — IRT & JRL

1118 Ancylis uncella ({D. & S.]) — Holcroft Moss (59) 5.vii.1998 — SHH & K. McCabe

1124 A. tineana (Hiibn.) — Tulloch (96) larvae on Betula 9.ix.1998 — RJH & MRY, Ent.
Gaz. in preparation

1128 A. myrtillana (Treits.) — Shelve (40) 31.v.1998 — SHH, IFS & D.J. Poynton

1136 Epinotia immundana (F. v. R.) — Ordiquhill (94) 9.vi.1997 — R. Leverton per MRY

1144 E. signatana (Dougl.) — Llanddulas (50) 9.vii.1998 — SHH

1147 E. cruciana (Linn.) — Ordiquhill (94) vii.1998 — R. Leverton per MRY

1151 E. trigonella (Linn.) — Oldmeldrum (93) 8.1x.1998 — MRY

1174 Epiblema cynosbatella (Linn.) — Embo (107) 27.vi.1998 — SEM

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1998 257

1180 E. tetragonana (Steph.) — Findhorn Bay (95) 8.vii.1998 — JTR; Rosemarkie (106)
28.v1.1998 — SEM

1182 E. turbidana (Treits.) — Fulford Ings (61) 10.vii.1998 — MRB

1196 Eucosma metzneriana (Treits.) — Wilmington (16) 6 & 12.vi.1998, probable breeding
colony — D.O’K

1205 Spilonota ocellana ({D. & S.]) — Ordiquhill (94) viii.1997 — R. Leverton per MRY

1250 Cydia lathyrana (Hiibn.) — Lingfield (17) v.1998 — J.H. Clarke per RMP

1251 C. jungiella (Clerck) — Ordiquhill (94) v.1998 — R. Leverton per MRY; Spiddal
(H16) 17.v.1998 — KGMB

1252 C. lunulana ({D. & S.]) — Knightsford Bridge (37) three 24.v.1998 — ANBS

1254 C. strobilella (Linn.) — Acharn (90) larvae in cones of Picea abies 26.1v.1998, moths
bred — KPB

1266a C. illutana (H. — S.) — Coggeshall (19) 31.v.1997 — BG

EPERMENIIDAE
480 Epermenia profugella (Staint.) — Askham Bar, York (64) moth bred 11.vi.1998 — MRB

483 E. chaerophyllella (Goeze) — Flixton (39) larvae on Heracleum 18.viii.1998 — K.
McCabe per SHH

SCHRECKENSTEINIIDAE
485 Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hiibn.) — Millgrange (H31) 14.vii.1998 — KGMB

ALUCITIDAE
1288 Alucita hexadactyla Linn. — West Kingston (13) 1998 — S. Patton per AMD

PYRALIDAE

1289 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) — Bangor (49) 10.1. & 24.11.1998 — D. Brown, Ent. Gaz.
49: 142, 198; Lightfoot Green (60) two 14.11.1998 — SMP; Kilcolman Wildfowl Refuge
(HS) 18.11.1998 — A.C. Johnson per KGMB

1301 Crambus lathoniellus (Zinck.) — John 0’ Groats (109) 24.vii.1998 — JTR
1305 Agriphila tristella ((D. & S.]) — Gilfach Farm NR (43) 2.viii.1998 — AMD
1325 Platytes alpinella (Hiibn.) — Bucksburn (92) 28.vii.1998 — RMP

1338 Dipleurina lacustrata (Panz.) — Cloonyross (H10) 24.vii.1998 — KGMB
1336 Eudonia pallida (Curt.) — Ardersier (96) 13.vii.1998 — JTR

1339 E. murana (Curt.) — Craig Mellon (90) larvae under Racomitrium moss 25.iv.1998,
moths bred — KPB

1341 E. lineola (Curt.) — South Walney NR (69) 7.vii.1998 — several recorders per AMD
1345 Elophila nymphaeata (Linn.) — Gortdrum (H10) 24.v1i.1998 — KGMB

1350 Nymphula stagnata (Don.) — Gortdrum (H10) 24.vii.1998; Blessington Bridge (H20)
11.viii.1998 — KGMB

1363 Pyrausta ostrinalis (Hiibn.) — Inchrory (94) 20.vii.1997 — MRY

1367 P. cingulata (Linn.) — Pant (47) 16.v.1998 — SHH

1368 Loxostege sticticalis (Linn.) — Sutton Veny (8) 24.1x.1998 det. E.G. Smith — F.D.
Lowe per AMD

1378 Phlyctaenia coronata (Hufn.) — Helvick Head (H6) 8.viii.1998; Mornane (H8)
5.vili. 1998 — KGMB

258 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

1385 Ebulea crocealis (Hiibn.) — Glenbeg Head (H12) 12.viii.1998 — KGMB

1388 Udea lutealis (Hiibn.) — Gilfach Farm NR (43) 2.viii.1998 — AMD

1390 U. prunalis ({D. & S.]) — Gortdrum (H10) 24.vii.1998 — KGMB

1405 Pleuroptya ruralis (Scop.) — Killenagh (H12) 12.viii.1998 — KGMB

1405a Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walk.) — Freshwater (10) one at m.v. 9.xi.1998, New to
Britain — SAK-J, Ent. Gaz. 50: 71-74

1425 Galleria mellonella (Linn.) — Lightfoot Green (60) 20.i1x.1998 — SMP; Spurn (61) 21
& 22. vii.1998 — B.R. Spence per HEB

1433 Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haw.) — Gairloch (105) 26.ix.1997 — P. Entwistle per MRY

1447a Sciota adelphella (F. v. R.) — Dovercourt (19) 11.viii.1998 — BG & C. Gibson

1451 Pyla fusca (Haw.) — Beinn Eighe NNR (105) 15.vii.1998 — S. Bosanquet per AMD

1452 Phycita roborella ({D. & S.]) — Gilfach Farm NR (43) 2.viti.1998 — AMD

1454 Dioryctria abietella ({D. & S.]) — Oldmeldrum (93) 9.viii.1998 — MRY

1461 Assara terebrella (Zinck.) — Ramsey (31) 8.viii.1998 — D. Evans per BD

1462 Pempeliella dilutella ({D. & S.]) — Clydach Gorge (42) 28.vii.1998 — S. Bosanquet
per AMD

1465 Nephopterix angustella (Hiibn.) — West Kingston (13) 1998 — S. Patton per AMD;
Usk (35) 6.1x.1998, det. S. Bosanquet — A.E.D. Hickman per AMD

1470 Euzophera pinguis (Haw.) — North Stainley (65) viii.1998 — J. Warwick per HEB

1478b Vitula biviella (Zell.) — Lydd (15) 13.vii.1997, 5,17,25.vii.1998, New to Britain — K.
Redshaw, Ent. Gaz. 50: 77-82

1481 Homoeosoma sinuella (Fabr.) — Lightfoot Green (60) 19.vi.1998 — SMP

1483 Phycitodes binaevella (Hiibn.) — Gilfach Farm NR (43) 2.viii.1998 — AMD

1485 P. maritima (Tengst.) — Nairn (96) 11.vii.1998, det. JRL — JTR

PTEROPHORIDAE

1496 Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla ({D. & S.]) — Denbies & White Downs (17) larvae on
Rosa 25.v.1998 — G.A. Collins & MSP

1497 Amblyptilia acanthadactyla (Hiibn.) — Curracloe (H12) 5.1x.1998, genitalia det.
KGMB — C.J. Wilson per KGMB

1507 Stenoptilia zophodactylus (Dup.) — Knightsford Bridge (37) many 1.ix.1998 — ANBS;
Tulloch (96) 10.ix.1998 — RJH & MRY

Corrections to 1997 Review

142 Nematopogon pilella ({D. & S.]) — date should read 30.v.1997

409a_ Argyresthia trifasciata Staud. — vice-county should be 58 and not 57

665 Dasystoma salicella (Hiibn.) — the record from Badbury Rings (9) should be deleted,
owing to misidentification

960 Falceuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.) — the record should be deleted, owing to
misidentification

1343 Eudonia delunella (Staint.) — the record was not a new vice-county record

1362 Pyrausta purpuralis (Linn.) — the record from VC 4 was not a new vice-county record

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 259

Argyresthia trifasciata Staudiger (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) new to Scotland

On 3 June 1999, a single specimen of an Argyresthia which I did not recognise was
found sitting on a leaf of Cupressocyparis leylandii in Bucksburn, Aberdeen (VC 92;
grid reference NJ 882106). The moth was instantly recognised as Argyresthia
trifasciata Stdgr. by Dr J. R. Langmaid, when I showed it to him the following week.
Argyresthia trifasciata was first recorded in Britain from VC 21 (Middlesex) in 1982
by R. A Softly (Emmet, Ent. Rec. 94: 180-182). Elsewhere in Britain, the species has
been found in Farnborough, North Hampshire (VC 12) (Parfitt, antea: 44) and in
Stockport, Cheshire (VC 58) (Langmaid & Young, antea: 105-119). Subsequent to
these published records, the species has been found sparingly in the Raynes Park,
Surrey area of London (VC 17) and in at least two other vice counties in south-east
England (M. Parsons, pers. comm.). The distances between the known localities, as
well as the increasing frequency of records, suggest that this species is in the process
of colonisation and could turn up anywhere in Britain.— ROBERT M. PALMER,
Greenburn Cottage, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9UA.

Hellinsia osteodactylus (Zell.) (Lep.: Pterophoridae) on the east coast of
Scotland

On 17 July 1999 I found several specimens of Hellinsia osteodactylus (Zell.) at St
Cyrus NNR, on the coast of Kincardineshire (VC 91, grid reference NO 76), one of
which I dissected, so as to confirm the identification. Believing this species to be
virtually unknown in Scotland, I have traced previous records, thanks to kind help
from Keith Bland, who consulted the Scottish Insect Record Index (SIRI) at the
National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, and Colin Hart.

Bolam (1929, Hist. Berwick. Nat. Club 26 (1926-28): 352), refers to a record from
near Kelso (grid reference NT 73) “a year or two after 1880”, and another from
Hawick (NT 51), the latter in a list produced in 1895 by Guthrie (both in VC 80).
Elliot (1901, Fauna, Flora and Geology of the Clyde Area, British Association in
Glasgow) notes Garelochhead (VC 90, NS 29) and gardens at Fintry (VC 86, NS
68), but with no dates included. Finally Bertram (1936, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc, Edin.
23: 47) includes the species in the list of Lepidoptera recorded from Canna by the
Glasgow University Exhibitions of 1936 and 1937 (from below Compass Hill, VC
104, NG 20). However, the only two plume moths included on the list are H. (P.)
osteodactylus and Emmelina (P.) monodactyla (Linn.), neither of which seem likely,
and Wormell (1983, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. (B) 83: 541) omits both, after having
taken advice from J. L. Campbell, who lived on Canna and formed the definitive list
of Lepidoptera for the island.

The species is still known from both north-east and north-west England and is
likely to be a long-established, but over-looked, resident at St Cyrus, which has a
markedly milder and drier climate than the rest of north-east Scotland. It shares
many scarce species with other coastal sites in south-east Scotland and Fife and so
H. osteodactylus may well be found elsewhere.— MARK YOUNG, Culterty Field
Station, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA.

260 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

Dewick’s Plusia Macdunnoughia confusa Steph. (Lep.: Noctuidae) at Staines,
Middlesex in 1999 and the autumnal occurrence of Orthopygia glaucinalis L.
(Lep.: Pyralidae)

The occasional appearance of migrant moth species in my garden m.v. trap at
Staines, Middlesex has led me to believe that Staines is not on any regular migrant
flight path, except for human arrivals at nearby Heathrow Airport. It was, therefore,
a surprise to find that the first moth I saw in the trap on the morning of 10 October
1999 was a perfect male Dewick’s Plusia Macdunnoughia confusa. On reporting this
find to Colin Plant, he informed me that it appeared to be the first record of this
species from Middlesex (VC 21). Staines is also within the area covered by the
London Natural History Society’s surveys of moths, which extends some 32
kilometres from St Paul’s Cathedral and include parts of West Kent, South and
North Essex, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Surrey. M. confusa is not recorded
from that area by Plant (1993, Larger Moths of the London Area) and Colin confirms
that he has not subsequently received any records of this species from there.

The only other potential migrant species in the trap that morning was a very worn
specimen of Orthopygia glaucinalis which normally occurs here from late June to
early August. Goater (1986, British Pyralid Moths) remarks that O. glaucinalis may
be an occasional migrant. On checking my records, I found that on four occasions in
1996 and 1997 I had also taken O. glaucinalis in the Staines m.v. trap in October.
On three of these occasions it was with a primary migrant, on the night of 15
October 1996 with Nomophila noctuella D. & S. (Pyralidae), on 25 October 1996
with the Scarce Bordered Straw Heliothis armigera Hb. (Noctuidae) and on 25
October 1997 with the Pearly Underwing Peridroma saucia Hb. (Noctuidae). This
may lend some support to the suggestion that O. glaucinalis is an occasional migrant
and, interestingly, Colin Plant has informed me that he took a single male at m.v.
light in Broxbourne Woods, Hertfordshire on the same date. On the other hand these
may be examples of a second brood, an explanation given for specimens of O.
glaucinalis taken by Ray Softly in Hampstead in October 1996 (Ent. Rec. 110,
113).— JOHN MUGGLETON, 30 Penton Road, Staines, Middlesex TW18 2LD.

A VERY RARE FRITILLARY 261

THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD ON AN ENTOMOLOGIST
AND A VERY RARE FRITILLARY

RUPERT BARRINGTON
101 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol BS7 8HR.

IT WAS SUGGESTED by Donald Russwurm that I put on record the circumstances
surrounding the capture of a very rare and extreme melanic aberration of Argynnis
aglaja L. in Ireland in July 1998. This seemed to present an opportunity to pursue,
initially, a train of thought that has intrigued me for some time. That is those
experiences early in our lives that headed us down a lifelong pathway of entomology
as opposed to any of the other avenues of interest that life has to offer. This line of
thinking seems to lead naturally to the incident concerning the melanic A. aglaja.

Sir David Attenborough was once asked “When did you acquire your interest in
nature?” He replied “When did you lose yours?” His point was that most, if not all,
children seem to have an innate interest in wildlife. In many it doesn’t last or, if not
entirely lost, then the desire is lost to experience it in the dirty knees, middle of a
nettle patch, hands-on sort of way. Why? Perhaps their human environment
discourages it (though that has failed to deter many a naturalist), or perhaps, more
crucially, their early experiences of nature just did not fire something deep enough
within before some other experience did.

The great American scientist Professor E. O. Wilson, a world authority on ant
biology amongst many other things, was a childhood naturalist and a really keen
one. That early passion led to his becoming arguably one of the great thinkers of the
20th Century. His autobiography (1994. Naturalist. Island Press, Washington DC)
closely examines how his childhood experiences shaped the rest of his life. He writes
“hands on experience at the critical time, not systematic knowledge, is what counts
in the making of a naturalist. Better to be an untutored savage for a while....better to
spend long stretches of time just searching and dreaming.” He did just that as a child,
spending much of one summer, for example, just sitting on a jetty at Paradise Beach,
Florida, staring into the water below.

One of his most vivid memories from that time was of the moment when the shape
of a huge Ray materialised from the dark sea bed and floated beneath his feet. It was
far bigger than anything he had ever seen before — it was a monster. But it was not
just a monster in the physical sense. One can imagine the child gasping in wonder,
because to him it was a “monster” of the mythical kind; something of a type or on a
scale that he had not previously realised could exist in his own experience of the
world. He tells us this story because he feels that if the child is receptive then such
compelling events burn deep in the memory, and compelling events in childhood can
set a pattern of behaviour or interest for life.

I wonder if takes some kind of “monster” experience in childhood to turn many of
us into entomologists. If so then the definition of “monster” must be a little broader
than just “very large things”. It must be applicable to insects. A monster may be
simply a new thing or something that has become a personal myth through old book
illustrations perhaps, or tales told by adults. Above all it must be something that

262 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

stimulates the imagination. After all, Wilson says the child naturalist spends time
“just searching and dreaming”. Dreaming of what if not of finding something new
or special round the next bend or under the next stone? I wonder how many
grown-up entomologists, however seriously scientific their intent, cannot relate to
that?

The Rev. Greene (1870. The insect hunter’s companion. Van Voorst, London), of
pupa-digging fame, put his finger on something when he wrote of his childhood
butterfly-hunting experiences. “Then, everything was rare. I look back with
something very like regret to the time when I used to pin...a number of Satyrus
janira |Maniola jurtina] into the crown of my hat and think it a good day’s work”.
Regret, because only in those childhood days could he experience so often the
excitement of novelty. In some the thrill associated with the discovery of something
rare or special is an intoxicating thing and once set within the mind at an early age
one wishes to experience it again and again. Why else would P. B. M. Allen write, in
his playful “Letter to a young lady contemplating marrying an entomologist” (1948.
Moths and memories. Watkins & Doncaster) “I gather from your last letter that you
contemplate marrying young Mr. Hunter-Bugge, and that he is addicted to the
collecting of insects”. Addicted, in some degree, is the word. As so often, Allen’s
light touch masks a penetrating observation. The “letter” continued “..when once a
man, especially a young one, has become afflicted with this mania it is rarely indeed
that he can be cured”. In this context it is the collecting the things of one’s dreams
that gives the thrill, but perhaps ultimately, the thrill really lies in the finding and the
seeing.

Writing of the way he has come to view the world (which, in effect, is the sum of
his scientific achievements) E. O. Wilson wrote “although the tributary sources
extend far back in the memory, they still grip my imagination, as I write, in my
sixty-sixth year. I am reluctant to throw away these precious images of my childhood
and young manhood. I guard them carefully as the wellsprings of my creative life”.
If he could live his life again he would “keep alive that little boy of Paradise Beach
who found wonder in a scyphozoan jellyfish and a barely glimpsed monster of the
deep.” Without the experiences of that little boy there might have been no adult
sense of wonder at the world in which he lives.

Those “tributary sources” are not the province of entomologists alone. Angler
Chris Yates writes books on fishing that are both charming and whimsical, yet full
of subtle insight. Nowhere is his writing more lyrical than in describing his
childhood inspirations. He writes (1986. Casting at the sun. Pelham Books,
London) of having been fascinated by old anglers’ tales of the great fish said to be
lurking in his village pond. They were supposedly things of a size and beauty that
the young boy had neither seen nor even imagined could exist in such a mundane
place. He dreamed of “‘fantastic-sounding creatures that lived in the deepest places
in the pond”. He experienced also “a change in the way I looked at the muddy
pool. Especially in the evening....I seemed to sense a shadowy transformation.
Perhaps it was just my imagination, but then perhaps the pond really did harbour
monsters”’.

A VERY RARE FRITILLARY 263

Some time later the boy asked what the movement was that he could see in a keep
net belonging to one of those old anglers on the pond. It was a fish that Yates
describes as “beautiful, almost terrible. The most miraculous thing I’d ever seen.”
‘What is it?”, he had asked in a whisper. “Carp” replied the apparently lugubrious
angler.”

“Was it strange”, Yates wonders “that my infant imagination should have been
stirred like this? There was no logical reason for it ... yet those fish affected me likes
sparks on petrol”. They stimulated in him a life long need to keep returning to the
childhood dream, to relive that emotion by fishing for carp in mysterious, forgotten
lakes. It is a process he calls “earthing the current”.

The need to “earth the current’, to touch again some childhood experience, is not
a predicament (however enjoyable) confined only to those with an interest in the
nature. In some way it may be common to everyone. Stories of the same nature are
told by people devoted, for example, to football or mountains, sailing or cricket.
Probably scrabble and stamp collecting too. Perhaps today’s rather maligned
accountants were inspired by an early brush with some gigantic prime number. Who
knows? It would be nice to think so.

The “monster myths” that stoked my own precocious interest in insects were told
by a grandfather and fuelled by his old books filled with dark, dramatic illustrations.
They were tales with a touch of romance about them, like the the capture of a
Peacock Butterfly that turned out, in the net, to be a Camberwell Beauty, or the
unexpected discovery of great, rare Hawkmoth caterpillars the size of an
outstretched, grandfatherly finger. I dreamed of rare butterflies and moths in remote
and lonely places. The actual finding, for the first time, of some of those “mythical”
things was a thrill I cannot forget. Today Lepidoptera and “lost places” are becoming
ever fewer in England and I have found myself travelling to increasingly distant
parts of the British Isles in my attempts to “earth the current’. If those places should
be sparsely inhabited and have, attached to them, a certain entomological “glamour”,
a place in our lore; then so much the better. Islands fit the bill very well.

During July 1998, tired from the demands of work, I travelled with a friend to
Western Ireland. After so long confined to the city I needed, once again, to
experience open, lonely country with precious butterflies.

Parts of the west coast of Ireland are littered with islands and what might be called
“spits” which are cut off by the incoming tide. On 7 July it was a cool, grey and
breezy day and showed no promise of an improvement. However in this part of the
world, exposed as it is to the full eccentricities of an Atlantic climate, one must take
the weather as it comes. At the morning low tide we walked across the sand and
waded through the tidal streams to reach one such spit that did not appear to have
been as heavily grazed as much of the local coastline.

Running down the near side was a high dune and once one crossed it the return
route over the tidal flat was hidden from view. I calculated that one could have five
hours to examine the area before being cut off by the in-coming tide. I had hoped
that this place might hold a good colony of the increasingly scarce, and delightfully
named, race mariscolore Kane of Polyommatus icarus Rott. However only a few

264 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

adults could be flushed from the grass while the odd individual even braved the
weather to fly about in the most sheltered hollows, along with a handful of A. aglaja.
In equally small numbers were adults, mostly male, of a large local race of Maniola
Jurtina L. ssp. iernes Graves. The only insects in any kind of abundance were the
adults of the Burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae which were crawling over the
flowers in their hundreds. Occasionally, unexpectedly, a Mountain Hare of the small
Irish form would bolt away from some grassy tussock.

Climbing back over the dune about four hours later we were greeted not by the
sight of rippled sand but by a wide expanse of water. Another calculation, rather
more accurate as it turned out, suggested the spit would remain an island for about
the next nine hours — a duration that was going to seem rather longer for having run
out of food and water. Tired and irritated I dumped my net and bag down and tried to
sleep under the shelter of a few trees. However it was too cold so eventually I
stalked off round the nearest end of the island. It was almost 6 o’clock and I had had
enough of looking for butterflies so I left my net and pill boxes where they were.

On the far side I was walking along the top of a high dune which dropped steeply
down to the beach when I was surprised to notice a butterfly flying some way below
me. With what I suppose has become second nature I looked at it very carefully, not
to see which species it was, it was clearly a Dark Green Fritillary, but to check that
it was a typical example. It seemed to take a while before I began to ask myself if
this was not, surely, a rather curious-looking Fritillary. It gave an impression of a
“flatness” in pattern, an absence of detail, which was immediately exciting.

It turned back on itself, flying low over the grass, clearly looking for somewhere
to roost I followed its movements from the top of the dune, running first one way
then the other as the butterfly went back and forth. At one point it flew up near me
and settled on a grass head that was bobbing in the wind. I recognised the
dramatically aberrant underside from the lovely illustration of an ancient specimen
in Don Russwurm’s book on aberrations (1978. Aberrations of British butterflies.
Classey, Oxford). The butterfly now in front of me was a childhood “monster” —
something so rare and dramatic that I had never expected to see its like in my own
lifetime. I had studied that book, that very plate, since the age of thirteen. I knew the
upperside of this butterfly would be almost entirely black.

I contemplated trying to throw my coat over it, then realised that, as I would have
no idea what to do next, some horrible, inept disaster would probably follow.
Anyway it was soon off again and resumed its hawking up and down, inspecting one
clump of grass after another. Finally it fluttered over a large tussock halfway down
the face of the dune and disappeared inside. I slid down after it and discovered the
butterfly roosting head-up, out of the wind. There was nothing for it now but to wait
until it was properly settled for the night. Half an hour later it had not moved so I
judged it safe to make a dash for the net, having first tied my coat firmly to a shrub to
mark the spot. The butterfly remained where I had left it and I was able to drop the
net gently on top. It was a male ab. wimani Holmgren (see Plate A) and one of the
more extreme melanic fritillaries on record.

A VERY RARE FRITILLARY 265

Locals told me that they had experienced some very hot days a few weeks
before, which would have been around the time the larva of this butterfly was
pupating. The adult coloration in this species is not nearly so sensitive to the effect
of extreme temperature during the early pupal stage as is, say, Argynnis paphia L.,
in which species hot days at pupation regularly result in melanic adults. However
it seems most likely that this was the reason behind the appearance of my strange
butterfly.

Before finally leaving the island at 10pm I sat and watched the light fade. Though
still cloudy the last light had taken on a curious, almost luminous quality. The green
grass which covered several small islands in the bay was now of a remarkably
intense hue and the sand dunes stretching away along the coast seemed to give out
on a pale, ethereal glow. The water that lay in ripples on the sand, or ran across it in
small streams reflected, more brightly than seemed possible, the darkening sky.
There were Curlews calling and probing the sand alongside small huddles of Oyster
Catchers. Not a human sound could be heard. The previous year I had watched a
fox walking on the shore just where I was sitting now, quite intent on its business of
hunting down crabs under the sea weed. It would prod and nip before grabbing and
quickly crushing them. I remembered this and was sorry not to see it again. Sitting
there then, Chris Yates’ words came to mind. This was “earthing the current”.

Finally, at the risk of labouring a point, I might add one further quote on the theme
of this piece. It was written by no less a man than the great Charles Darwin who had
been a fanatical beetle-hunter in his youth. In old age he reflected on those days that
had been filled with the thrilling promise of rare finds and judged them to have been
among the best of his life. Despite the great achievements of his later years he never
forgot that sense of excitement and once wrote to a friend, “Whenever I hear of the
capture of rare beetles, I feel like an old war horse at the sound of a trumpet”. In this
sentiment, if in nothing else, I feel that Charles Darwin and I might have understood
one another.

I must express my gratitude to Donald Russwurm who, with great generosity,
included in his suggestion that I write this piece an offer to finance the colour plate
that accompanies it.

The melanic forms of Acronicta leporina L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in the London area

The prevalent form of A. /eporina in Britain has for over one-hundred years been f.
grisea Cochrane in which the forewings are sprinkled with black scales to present a
pale to medium-grey background, and in this the ground colour of London
specimens has remained no darker than that in specimens from much of the rest of
Britain. Thus there has been no extreme melanistic trend as exhibited by ab.
melanocephala Mansbridge which occurred on Chat Moss and the Liverpool and
Manchester areas, or ab. nigra Tutt, the extreme black form.

266 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

However, a less extreme melanic form has occurred very sparingly in north-west
Kent; this is ab. melaleuca Culot which is darkish-grey with the usual markings, but
with the addition of a whitish fascia basal to the postmedian line and adjacent to it.
On 20 June 1976 a specimen of this form attended my garden m.yv. light at Dartford,
agreeing precisely with Culot’s description and figure. Chalmers-Hunt (1965,
Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Sup. in Ent. Rec. 77: 259) mentions a specimen of
melaleuca also taken at Dartford by Mr Honeybourne and later deposited in the
National Collection, but which I have failed to find there. However, within a series
of f. grisea in that collection is a melaleuca from nearby Orpington, dated 7 July
1956. Kettlewell (1973, The Evolution of Melanism) makes no comment of this
form, but gives one example as recorded for Deptford, Kent; I suspect this is a
misprint for Dartford, probably referring to the 1955 specimen. It is interesting that
the only melaleuca recorded are from this very limited area of north-west Kent, and
that it appears to be so rare; secondly that the London area has not produced the
more extreme melanic forms.

Although f. grisea (brasyporina Treits.) is not included in Kettlewell’s list of
melanics, it certainly is an adaptation to the atmospheric pollution and darkened
environment of much of Britain during the Industrial Revolution. Chalmers-Hunt
(op. cit.) details the development of f. grisea, already noticed in the woodlands of
north-west Kent by 1829, to its total replacement of the typical form.

A further melanic trend is portrayed in the uncommon ab. semivirga Tutt in
which the forewing beyond the postmedian line is considerably darkened giving a
banded appearance; it is accurately figured in Newman (1874, An Illustrated
Natural History of British Moths).— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent
DAS 2HN.

Is the Humming-bird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) (Lep.:
Sphingidae) resident in Britain?

It is always very difficult to know whether or not a migrant from warmer parts of
the world can survive the British winter. If one is discovered in January or
February there is always the possibility that it has just migrated, rather than
survived since the previous summer. I can offer no more than circumstantial
evidence, but begin to be convinced that the Humming-bird Hawk-moth, can
persist.

For the past 14 years, I have visited a garden at Churchill in Somerset, usually for
brief periods, and each year I have recorded M. stellatarum. There is much Red
Valerian Centranthus rubra in the garden at which the adult moths feed and are
easily observed. The garden is in a sheltered valley in the Mendips where bedstraw
Galium sp. is plentiful. In most years moths have been observed from June onwards.
Surely fourteen consecutive years in the same locality is too much of a coincidence
for migration to be the source every year.— DAvID AGassiz, St Andrew’s School,
Turi, Private Bag, Molo, KENYA.

BOLORIA TITANIA IN BULGARIA 267

BOLORIA (CLOSSIANA) TITANIA (ESPER, [1793])
AND ITS OCCURRENCE IN BULGARIA
(LEP.: PAPILIONOIDEA: NYMPHALIDAE)

ALEXANDER SLIVOV & STANISLAV ABADJIEV

Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria.

THE BUTTERFLY Boloria (Clossiana) titania (Esper, [1793]) was previously
known to occur on the Balkans in the mountains of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and
Hercegovina and Yugoslavia (Jaksic, 1988: 143: map 128; Tolman, 1997: 164). Two
males with the following data: Rila Mts: Makedonia Chalet: (UTM grid code
34TGMO05): 1 August 1969; Pirin Mts: Gotse Delchev Chalet: 1900 m: (34TGM12)
29-30 July 1970: both A. Slivov leg. et coll. (in collection Institute of Zoology,
Sofia) (Fig. 1) appear to be the first Bulgarian records for this species.

E of Greenwich

Boloria (Clossiana)
titania
(Esper, [1793])

Figure 1.
UTM map of Bulgaria showing the localities of Boloria (Clossiana) titania (Esper, [1793]).

References
Jaksic, P., 1988. Privremene karte rasprostranjenosti dnevnih leptira Jugoslavije (Lepidoptera,
Rhopalocera). Jugoslavensko entomolosko drustvo, Posebna izdanja 1: 214 pp.
Tolman, T., 1997. Butterflies of Britain & Europe. Harper Collins Publishers, London - Glasgow -
New York - Sydney - Auckland - Toronto - Johannesburg, 320 pp., A, B+104 Pls.

268 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

CHILADES MOORE, [1881], A NEW GENUS FOR THE BULGARIAN
FAUNA (LEP.: PAPILIONOIDEA: LYCAENIDAE)

ALEXANDER SLIVOV & STANISLAV ABADJIEV

Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria.

THE SMALLEST European butterfly Chilades trochylus trochylus (Freyer, [1845])
was previously known from Greece and European Turkey (type-locality) (Hesselbarth,
van Oorschot & Wagener, 1995: 586; Tolman, 1997: 100-101). Recently a single male
with the following data has been found: S Black Sea Coast: S Ahtopol: Veleka (UTM
grid code 35TNG75): 16 June 1968: A. Slivov leg. et coll. (in collection Institute of
Zoology, Sofia) (Fig. 1). This new record extends significantly the range of this
subspecies in Europe and is also even a new genus for the Bulgarian butterfly fauna.

E of Greenwich

-—— 50 km =) \

Chilades
trochylus trochylus
(Freyer, [1845])

Figure 1.
UTM map of Bulgaria showing the locality of Chilades trochylus trochylus (Freyer, [1845)).

References
Hesselbarth, G., van Oorschot, H & Wagener, S., 1995. Die Tagfalter der Tiirkei unter
Beriicksichtigung der angrenzenden Lander. Selbstverlag Sigbert Wagener, Bocholt, Bd. 1-3:
1354 + 847 pp.
Tolman, T., 1997. Butterflies of Britain & Europe. Harper Collins Publishers, London - Glasgow -
New York - Sydney - Auckland - Toronto - Johannesburg, 320 pp., A, B+104 Pls.

MELANARGIA GALATHEA AB. NIGRICANS 269

THE GENETICS OF THE MELANIC AB. NIGRICANS CULOT OF
MELANARGIA GALATHEA L. (LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE)

RUPERT BARRINGTON
101 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol BS7 8HR.

IN SOME PARTS of its Southern European range the colour pattern of M. galathea
is rather variable with a tendency towards melanism. Indeed, in certain areas melanic
forms may predominate and examples occur in which the white ground colour is
entirely obscured by black scaling. However, in England and Wales the colour
pattern of the species is so remarkably consistent that specimens demonstrating any
significant departure from the typical form have always been regarded as
considerable rarities. A very few extreme aberrations have occasionally been
recorded which are largely, or wholly, either white or black. However, there are
other, somewhat less extreme aberrations, that have occurred as recurrent forms in
certain localities.

R.M. Craske records that ab. craskei Tubbs occurred in two separate locations, in
Hampshire and Sussex, at a frequency of between one aberration in twenty
butterflies to one in fifty (Tubbs, 1978). N.A. Watkins (1958) reported the frequency
of ab. valentini Williams (illustrated in Williams, 1951) in a Somerset colony to be
somewhere in the order of one aberration per thirty butterflies. A.E. Collier found six
specimens of ab. aperta Rebel in a Northants colony between 1948 and 1951
(Collier, 1954) and R. Pilcher also found an example in 1948. After 1951 the colony
became reduced in size and no further specimens of this form were found. Collier
bred this form and these were exhibited, with comments, at the exhibitions of the
South London Entomological and Natural History Society in 1952 and 1953 (Collier
1952 and 1953).

Each of these aberrations has been bred and, as expected, all proved to have a
genetic basis. Both craskei (vide Revels 1980) and aperta (vide Collier, 1954) are
inherited as semi-dominants. Ab. valentini has only been reared to the first
generation but the results also suggest either a semi-, or a full, dominant condition
(Watkins 1959). Breeding experiments have shown that while certain aberrations of
British Butterflies are inherited as semi- or complete dominants over the typical
form, nevertheless the recessive or multifactorial modes of inheritance are far more
frequent.

Ab. nigricans Culot is a fourth aberration that comes into the category of a
recurrent form, although it was always far less frequent than either craskei or
valentini. It is described (Emmet and Heath 1989, illustrated at Pl. 18 fig. 5) as
having “‘the post discal black markings greatly extended”. In fact this is only a partial
description because the extension of black markings occurs in the discal areas also,
albeit less dramatically. The underside of the forewing, however, is invariably
typical except for a slight reduction in size of the white discal area.

Earlier this century nigricans was found, from time to time, in certain localities in
the Gloucestershire/Somerset region. The captured specimens were generally rather
minor developments of the form, but at least two striking specimens are known, for

270 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

example the male specimen illustrated in Emmet and Heath (op. cit.). To my
knowledge, this form was last recorded by N.A.Watkins around the mid-1960’s.
Since that time the inevitable loss of, or change in, habitat has reduced populations
of galathea in these areas. It seems that, like aperta after 1951, nigricans
disappeared as the colonies reduced in size.

Over the course of 13 years I have spent considerable time working colonies of
galathea over a very wide area in this district in the hope that nigricans might one
day recur. I hoped to find a female specimen to breed from to discover whether this
aberration too is inherited as a dominant over the type form.

A few locations in the region seemed to have all the attributes necessary for the
production of really large populations of galathea should the optimal conditions of
weather and grazing coincide. However, even in years when the populations were
fairly good, the search for nigricans proved quite fruitless so I had come to assume
that this form was lost. However, in 1997 one of these locations finally obliged with
a sudden, unexpected and enormous increase in numbers. The population may
easily have numbered several thousand butterflies, spread out over a rough grassy
slope. Close searching of this colony in previous years had revealed no signs of
nigricans. Nor did it in 1997 until, towards the end of one warm, still day I was
walking from the bottom of the slope up one edge of the area, though long grass full
of galathea basking in the evening light, when I was delighted to spot a female
nigricans sunning herself on a knapweed flower alongside two typical males.
Several examples of both sexes were subsequently captured during the rest of the
flight season, though only from this small section of the colony. No example was
extreme, but these aberrations stood out clearly in the field amongst the abundant
typical form.

Two females were kept for breeding and, despite having to travel with me to the
Outer Hebrides, they laid a total of about 200 of the hard, white and spherical eggs
so characteristic of the species. They were ejected quite randomly from some perch
in the cage and could be heard bouncing on the cardboard base. The butterflies fed a
great deal from flowers, being particularly fond of Red Valerian Centranthus ruber
L., but they seemed quite uninterested in the cotton wool soaked in honey water that
is such a good food source for some captive butterflies. Thirty-one adults emerged in
June 1998, consisting of 16 males (eight typical and eight nigricans), and 15 females
(seven typical and eight nigricans). The brood ratio therefore was almost precisely
one type : one nigricans. A number of the strongest aberrations of each sex were
paired and although, like their parents, they were required to travel outside their
natural range (this time to Western Ireland), they laid a total of 400-500 eggs.

A third of the eggs subsequently collapsed, but the larvae which hatched from the
rest followed the pattern of the first generation in showing an excellent rate of
survival up to September/October, followed quickly by heavy losses. By mid-
October these larvae were dying so fast that I cleared all that remained from the pots
and brought them indoors in an effort to force them through. They were put on cut
grass in warm, dry conditions and given a long daylength regime (18 hours light: six
dark; provided by daylight-balanced strip lights). Losses initially continued at such a

MELANARGIA GALATHEA AB. NIGRICANS 27M

rate that half of the 110 larvae died in just two weeks. By 7 January only 23 were
left, but the losses had stopped. I suspect that bringing the larvae through in this way
may have prevented the total loss of this valuable brood.

The F2 brood of 23 butterflies was made up of seven females (two typical and five
nigricans) and 16 males (four typical and 12 nigricans). The nigricans could be
clearly separated into the heterozygous and homozygous forms. The final ratios of
the brood were:- six type: nine heterozygous nigricans: eight homozygous nigricans.
This is close to the classic 1:2:1 ratio that would be expected of a semi-dominant
form, so confirming that nigricans, like the other aberrations of the species that have
been bred, demonstrated dominance over the typical form.

Homozygous forms of nigricans are illustrated in Plate B and heterozygous
examples of varying intensity in Plate C. Given the rarity in the field of the
heterozygous form of nigricans it is unlikely that the homozygote form has ever
been seen. Certainly the author is unaware of any museum specimens. The
accompanying photographs show that the homozygote has a characteristic that
clearly separates it from the heterozygote; this is the almost total suffusion of the
forewing discal cell by black scaling, leaving just a tiny streak of white scales. Other
areas of the wing pattern are also far more heavily melanised in the homozygote than
the heterozygote, but none in so consistent a manner as to allow for clear
differentiation between the two.

The fact that all four bred aberrations of galathea have turned out to be dominant
over the typical form is an interesting finding given the relative rarity of the
dominant condition amongst aberrations of British Butterflies. At present the
significance of this, if any, is obscure, though an exception to a general trend is often
likely to provide a fruitful line of study. Perhaps further research into the
environmental conditions under which the pale and dark forms of galathea occur on
the continent, along with some knowledge of their genetics and ecology may, when
compared to these British aberrations, throw some light on the matter.

References:

Collier, A.E., 1952. Report of exhibit at Annual Exhibition of 1952. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc, 1952-3

—, 1953. Report of exhibit at Annual Exhibition of 1953. Proc. S. Lond.ent. nat. Hist. Soc, 1953-4

— , 1955. A note on Agapetes (Melanargia) galathea L. ab. aperta Rebel. Entomologist’s Rec. J.
Var. 67: 1-5

Emmett, A. Maitland and Heath, J. (eds), 1989. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland. Harley Books.

Revels, R.C., 1980. Notes on breeding the Marbled White Butterfly: Melanargia galathea ab.
craskei. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92: 57-60

Russwurm, A.D.A., 1978. Aberrations of British Butterflies. Classey

Tubbs, R.S., 1978. The breeding of butterflies with special reference to the genetics of
aberrational forms. Proc. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc, 1978 pp.77-88

Watkins, N.A., 1958. Report of exhibit at Annual Exhibition of 1957. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1958

—, 1959. Report of exhibit at Annual Exhibition of 1958. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959
Williams, H.B., 1951. A new aberration of Melanargia galathea L. Entomologist’ s Gaz. 2: 247-249.

DD ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25:x1.1999

A note on the 1998 influx of Diachrysia orichalcea Fabr. Slender Burnished
Brass (Lep.: Noctuidae)

The capture of one of these uncommon migrant moths in my garden m.v. trap on 24
September 1998 turned out to be less rare an occurrence than I had anticipated.
Records so far located confirm that at least eight examples were noted between late
August and late September of that year, together with at least two from the Channel
Islands, as listed below.

28 August Longrock, Cornwall

30 August Guernsey, Channel Islands
1 September Guernsey, Channel Islands
1 September Isles of Scilly, Cornwall

5 September Boskennel, Cornwall

17 September Cury, Cornwall

20 September Downderry, Cornwall

20 September Dawlish, Devon

21 September Pilton, Glamorgan

24 September Bere Alston, Devon

It is apparent that their distribution was highly localised, being restricted to the
extreme south-west of the country, and is seems that they arrived in two distinct
waves: between the end of August and the first week of September and then again
almost two weeks later. Excluding those from the Channel Islands, the number in
1998 equals the eight recorded 1983 and approaches, and may yet reach or exceed,
pending further records, the all-time record of ten in 1969.— R.W. BOGUE, Tamar
View, Tuckermarsh, Bere Alston, Devon PL20 7HB.

Lithopane hepatica Cl. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent

Further to the example noted at my garden m.v. light at Dartford on 14 May 1989
(Ent. Rec. 104: 321), I am pleased to report the presence of another specimen, on
8 April 1999, suggesting that the species is a scarce resident of this well-wooded
area. However, prior to these two records there appears to be no definite record of
the species for north-west Kent, and the moth is described by Chalmers-Hunt
(Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 1966:276) as scarce and chiefly Wealden.

Collins (The Larger Moths of Surrey, 1997) comments that for that county the
insect has recently been taken in many new localities in the north and east, but
remaining scarcer than L. ornitopus Hufn. and L. semibrunnea Haw. This trend,
together with the extension of range from Surrey into north-west Kent of Aporophyla
nigra Haw. and Chloroclysta siterata Hufn., suggests colonisation from north-east
Surrey rather than the Kentish Weald.— B.K. WEsT, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent
DAS 2HN.

This colour plate was kindly sponsored by Donald Russwurm.

COLOUR SECTION

Figure 1. Argynnis aglaja L. ab. wimani Holmgren. Upperside of male, Ireland, July 1998.
Photographed by Rupert Barrington.

Figure 2. Argynnis aglaja L. ab. wimani Holmgren. Underside of male, Ireland, July 1998.
Photographed by Rupert Barrington.

PLATE A

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

Figs. 1 - 4. Melanargia galathea L. ab. nigricans Culot — homozygote aberrations, bred 1999.
Photographed by Rupert Barrington.

1. male, upperside; 2. female, upperside;
3. male underside; 4. female underside.

PLATE B

This colour plate was kindly sponsored by Donald Russwurm.

This colour plate was kindly sponsored by Donald Russwurm.

COLOUR SECTION

Figs. 1 - 4. Melanargia galathea L. ab. nigricans Culot — heterozygote aberrations.
Photographed by Rupert Barrington.
1. male, heterozygote, bred F2, 1999 — upperside;
2. male, extreme heterozygote, bred F2, 1999 — upperside;
3. female, bred F1, 1998 — upperside; 4. female, bred F1, 1998 — underside.

PLATE C

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

Figs. 1 - 2. Marpesia eleuchea Hb. (Lep.: Nymphalidae)
from Guardalavaca, Cuba, July 1994 (B.K. West). Photographed by David Wilson.

1. Symetrical damage to the tornal area of both hind wings;
2. Apparently asymmetrical damage to hind wing tornal area.

PLATE D

This colour plate was kindly sponsored by Donald Russwurm.

MARPESIA ELEUCHEA IN CUBA pigie

MARPESIA ELEUCHEA HB. (LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE) IN CUBA:
ADVANTAGE OF A FALSE HEAD

BRIAN K. WEST
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

DURING JULY 1994, I encountered Marpesia eleuchea in considerable numbers at
Guardalavaca, Cuba. Although a few specimens were worn and appeared to have
been on the wing for a week or more, the vast majority had a bright, fresh
appearance and could be viewed from close range while settled, open-winged, upon
the small white flowers of a somewhat sprawling wayside shrub which I believe to
be a species of Cordia; it also produced small, white, edible berries. Over a two
week period, some two hundred specimens of M. eleuchea were observed, being the
commonest butterfly. Of this total, I can not be sure that even one was a perfect
specimen, although many appeared so at first glance. Invariably, closer examination
revealed damage in the tornal area of the hind wings; in some cases only slight and
confined to the tornal lobe or to one or both of the tails, but not infrequently the
damage was considerable with the posterior halves of the hind wings missing.
Frequently, the hind wing damage was symmetrical, suggesting attack by a predator
when the wings were closed, as when the butterfly was resting at night or in dull
weather. This symmetrical damage is illustrated in Plate D (Fig. 1) in which the
tornal lobe and a small, marginal part of both hind wings is missing. Figure 2 shows
a specimen with obvious damage to only the left hind wing, although in fact the right
hind wing is fractured in a similar position to the same depth.

During my fourteen day sojourn at Guardalavaca, I saw M. eleuchea daily, and
despite spending much time observing them not once did I see a specimen attacked
by a bird or other predator. Thus, the damage caused to the tornal area of the hind
wing gave little indication of actual success by the predator, but circumstantial
evidence suggests that it was not great, because:

a There was no evidence of damage at the vital end 1.e., the forewing costa;
b__ the head was well protected by the very wide wings;
c the butterflies were very common in spite of attack.

The geographical range of M. eleuchea is limited to Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica
and the Bahamas, and an occasional specimen has been recorded from the Florida
Keys (Smith et al, 1994).

I had encountered the species previously when stationed on New Providence
Island, Bahamas, in 1945 and 1946; here three specimens were seen and taken, all
somewhat worn, but with wings intact, suggesting that the type of predation
occurring in Cuba did not occur on New Providence Island, which has a much more
restricted fauna.

At Guardalavaca, two other sizeable species of butterfly imbibed at the ?Cordia
flowers. Marpesia Chiron Fabr. is a darker, less robust insect than M. eleuchea; the
few specimens seen were in perfect condition. Protesilaus celadon Lucas, an
endemic sword-tail was another species usually seen at the white-flowered shrub,

974 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

almost always in very good condition and, if not, only slightly worn. Thus, it seems
that the predation was distinctly specific, a very real threat which left its mark on
virtually every member of the population, yet was unsuccessful on so many
occasions.

Considering the prey, the subterfuge of apparently replicating the appearance of
head and antennae at the rear end of the butterfly was proving remarkably successful
in distracting the predator from attacking the vital part, yet inviting attack in
possessing so realistic a resemblance to the insect’s vital parts in the tornal area.

In South America I have met with three other Marpesia species: M. petreus
Cram., a more delicate insect than M. eleuchea, with extraordinarily long, narrow
hind wing tails and prominent tornal lobes and with which M. eleuchea was long
confused; the almost black M. coresia Godt.; and the orange-brown M. berania
Haw.. Only occasional specimens were encountered, and always imbibing at damp
patches on roads or beside streams. Almost all have been in good condition,
emphasising the specific and local nature of the damaged condition of M. eleuchea at
Guardalavaca in Cuba during 1994.

References

Smith, D., Miller, L. & Miller, J., 1994. The Butterflies of the West Indies and South Florida.
Oxford University Press.

The Purple Hairstreak Quercusia quercus L. (Lep.: Lycaenidae): first modern
record for Oxleas Wood SSSI, Shooters Hill, south-east London

Burton (1992, London Nat. 71: 100) notes this butterfly as “reported to have been
abundant in 1858 and 1859 in Shooters Hill Wood . . . apparently not seen since.
Fenn (1895) considered it extinct’.

I am pleased, therefore, to be able to state that the Purple Hairstreak does indeed
survive in the locality, thus showing Fenn’s judgement cited above to have been
premature. In view of recent finds in the London area I became convinced that the
species must still be present in Oxleas Wood. On a visit there, 7 July 1999, I was
most agreeably surprised to sweep a female example from herbage more or less
under an oak in a ride, which, while lively enough, had all four wings badly
crumpled — they must have failed to expand properly — and could not fly. This
unlucky circumstance, no doubt, had its fortunate side; for otherwise the butterfly
would almost surely never have come to my notice!

As one would expect, little has been seen of this rather elusive insect in
Greenwich Borough, above all in the north of the area. In any case a lapse of 140
years without a sighting there, if really a fact, seems remarkable. A. A. ALLEN, 49
Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

MYRMECOPORA BREVIPES aS

THE IDENTITY OF MYRMECOPORA BREVIPES BUTLER
(COL.: STAPHYLINIDAE)

J.A. OWEN
& Kingsdown Road, Espom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

MYRMECOPORA BREVIPES was brought forward as a species new to science by
Butler (1909). In describing the beetle, Butler compared features of his species with
those of M. uvida Erichson. He noted that his species was a little shorter than uvida
(i.e. intermediate in length between uvida and sulcata Kiesenwetter) with the “thorax
distinctly broader than long”. Butler wrote that, besides the specimens he himself
had collected, he had seen specimens of his species taken by Mr de la Garde at
Dawlish, Devon.

Assing (1997), in his revision of Western Palaearctic species of Myrmecopora
reported that he had been unable to locate a syntype of the species collected by
Butler himself in spite of extensive enquiries. Reasoning that de la Garde’s
specimens from Dawlish were syntypes, Assing chose one of them from the
collection held at Exeter City Museum and Art Gallery as a lectotype for Butler’s
species. A possible flaw in Assing’s reasoning might have arisen if de la Garde had
collected more than one Myrmecopora species of intermediate size at Dawlish. This,
however, seems unlikely for Mr D. Bolton of Exeter City Museum has, at my
request, kindly examined the relevant specimens in the Museum’s collection and
found that apart from an indeterminate damaged specimen, the other eleven match
Assing’s lectotype.

Looking at a number of Myrmecopora specimens of intermediate size collected
by the author from Steephill, Isle of Wight and various other sites on the south
coast, Assing realised that these were not the same species as de la Garde’s
specimens. Among other differences, the pronotum was not significantly broader
than long. Assing named the second species oweni. A full description of both
species and the means of distinguishing them is given in his paper. A simplified
key covering only those species so far recorded from the British Isles is given
below.

Preliminary studies indicate that oweni is widespread and locally common
along the south-western and southern coasts of England whereas brevipes is
much rarer and apparently confined to the south coast of Devon. The separation
of brevipes from oweni by Assing means that most British specimens hitherto
labelled M. brevipes will have to be relabelled but at least Assing’s brevipes is
consistent with the brief description which Butler provided for his species
whereas oweni 1s not.

Acknowledgements
I must thank Herr V. Assing and Mr P.M. Hammond for their helpful
comments. Mr D.E. Bolton, Exeter City Museum and Art Gallery kindly made
available an opportunity of examining specimens in his care for which I am
most grateful.

2716 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

References
Assing, V. 1997. A revision of the Western Palaearctic species of Myrmecopora Saulcy, 1864,
sensu lato and Eccoptoglossa Luze, 1904 Beitr. Ent. 47: 69-151.
Butler, E.A. 1909. Myrmecopora brevipes, a new species allied to M. uvida, Er., an addition to the
British fauna. Entomologists mon. Mag. 45: 29-31.

Apendix 1
Simplified key to Myrmecopora species recorded from the British Isles.
I. joints 4. and 5 of antennae ‘clearly elongate’. .....4 4: ...:./ 9.4. A eee 2
joints 4 and’5 of antennae more or less quadrate’ .. 2. ..2 3. OPT. 20 ee eae 3

2. length 2.4 — 3.4 mm*. pubescence on the inner two thirds of the elytra clearly
CaNSVCTSC ei tao Rie Sab anaes cite ee 2 cs ek hk oweni Assing

length 2.9 — 3.9 mm. pubescence on the inner two thirds of the elytra mostly
obhiquet 2265 2A. ie OS eae Feat Be, PRE TEE ee uvida Erichson

3. length 2.2 — 3.5 mm. pronotum clearly broader than long; head strongly
transverse-and Strongly pUNCUITE, 2 oom. sa tio ecs cue ances brevipes Butler

length 2.1 — 2.9 mm pronotum longer than broad; head weakly transverse and
weakdy punctared-<3") 205 Ay Ouest simillima (Wollaston) (= sulcata auct. Brit.)

* Measurements of length are those given by Assing (1997).

The Triangle Heterogenea asella (D.& S.) (Lep:Limacodidae) re-found in Devon

On 26 June 1999, in the woodlands near Great Torrington, during a joint field trip
of the Devon Moth Group and the British Entomological and Natural History
Society which hoped to discover the extent of the distribution of the Scarce
Merveille-du-Jour Moma alpium (Osbeck), Dr B.P. Henwood took a small moth
from the trap of B. Deakins, with his permission. The next day, Dr Henwood
identified this specimen as The Triangle Heterogenea asella, but as he had never
seen the species before he brought it round to me for confirmation. Dr. A.
Henderson from Bideford, took a further specimen to light in his part of the
woodland on 9 July 1999. The moth is recorded in the Victoria County History of
Devon (1906) at Bickleigh Vale, near Plymouth by J. Baseden-Smith and at
Plymbridge by F.J. Briggs, with no dates of capture. S.T. Stidston (1952) in his list
' of “The Lepidoptera of Devon” repeats these records adding that the species is
“very rare, the only khown records”.— R.F. MCCorRMICK, 36 Paradise Road,
Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NR.

FORMICA LUBUBRIS AND FORMICA AQUILONIA DI

THE STATUS OF FORMICA LUGUBRIS ZETT. AND
FORMICA AQUILONIA YARROW (HYM: FORMICIDAE)
IN ROSS-SHIRE AND SUTHERLAND

JONATHAN HUGHES
The Woodland Trust, 6 Lakeside, Maythorne, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 ORS.

THE HOLARCTIC GENUS Formica contains the familiar wood ants which are a
conspicuous feature of many British woodiands ranging from small fragments of
deciduous woodland in the far south of Britain to the large, sprawling plantations of
the Scottish Highlands. No wood ants have been recorded from Caithness, Orkney,
or Shetland and it can be assumed that the colonies in Sutherland are the northern
most in Britain. Of the five species found in the British Isles (Formica rufa, F.
lugubris, F. aquilonia, F. exsecta and F. pratensis) only two, F. aquilonia and F.
lugubris, are widespread in Scotland (Yarrow, 1955). It is generally thought that FP.
rufa and F. pratensis could not tolerate the harsher northern climate and would soon
be out-competed their more hardy relatives. The endangered Red Data Book species
F. exsecta has its population stronghold in the forests of Speyside and recently a few
nests have been re-discovered at Rannoch and near Braemar (Hughes, 1997, Hoare
et al, 1996, Yarrow, 1954, Collingwood, Hughes & Hoy, pers. obs., 1998).

Interest in the conservation of wood ants in Britain is a relatively recent
development and is linked to the more general concern for the loss and decline of
natural and semi-natural woodland and forests. The presence of wood ants within a
woodland often indicates good quality habitat in that ants will only thrive in
relatively undisturbed woodlands with a diverse age and vegetation structure.
Changes in wood ant populations in Scotland have largely gone unnoticed due to
lack of baseline data on the main populations. The situation is similar in England and
Wales (see Fowles, 1994) with very little published material on the status of wood
ants and only few detailed records for regional populations (e.g. Hughes, 1975 for
North Wales & Barrett, 1968 for England and Wales). In order to fulfil the objectives
for the conservation of wood ants in Scotland as laid out in Biodiversity Challenge:
an agenda for conservation in the UK (Wynne et al, 1995) it is crucial to ascertain
the extent and health of existing wood ant populations.

Fowles (1994) rightly points out that to lose wood ant colonies would be to lose an
important and interesting aspect of woodland ecology. Wood ants affect the
composition of woodland invertebrate communities and drive the dynamics of the
woodland ecosystem in ways which are only beginning to be understood.

The purpose of this research was threefold:

i) to summarise detailed information collected on the status of wood ants in a
specified region,

ii) to begin to develop a simple methodology for surveying wood ants at a
regional level,

iii) to help stimulate interest in wood ant conservation within voluntary and
statutory conservation bodies.

278 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

Survey Methodology

Over the period 1993-1997, most of the woodlands of Ross-shire and Sutherland
were visited and checked for the presence of wood ants — this includes those sites
where records already existed (see particularly Collingwood, 1959). Coverage was
not comprehensive but I estimate that around 70% of woodlands were surveyed and
over 80% of natural/semi-natural woodiands checked. Survey concentrated on those
woodlands with the greatest potential for supporting a population, particularly old
birchwoods off the beaten track. Many sites were suggestions from local people,
gamekeepers, landowners, etc. and, where practicable, permission to visit sites was
requested. There are still many isolated sites which are yet to be visited: Loch Urigill
(grid reference NC 2309), Na Leitrichean (NC 1912), and Gleann Dubh (NC 2733,
2932) are but three examples, and ants may well have been missed in some of the
larger plantations.

For each site with ants, a proforma was completed giving information on site
attributes. All the site information was then entered into a database to be updated as
necessary.

The distribution and ecology of wood ants in northern Scotland

Past and Present Status

F. aquilonia is listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (IUCN) as vulnerable and is classified as Notable B in the UK
Red Data Books, (Shirt, 1987) 1.e. estimated to occur in 31 to 100 modern ten-
kilometre grid squares. In Britain, F. aquilonia is restricted to the central, northern
and western Scottish Highlands, north of a line approximately level with the Firth
of Forth. It has only been recorded from one island, Skye (Hughes and
Collingwood, pers. obs., 1988) and reaches as far north as Inverpolly National
Nature Reserve in Assynt. Rather misleadingly, the cluster of nine dots in East and
West Ross on the 1979 distribution atlas (Barrett, 1979) suggests a thriving
population in that area. Whilst checking these records as part of this survey it was
evident that many of the 10km square dots represented very small populations,
barely surviving in small fragments of, usually birch, woodland. In some cases only
a handful of nests were present. These colonies represent relict populations which
once thrived in the formerly extensive northern Scots pine forests. The few
fragments of woodland that survive are often located in inaccessible, rocky, or
remote areas where exploitation of the trees for timber would have been
prohibitively costly. During the course of the survey it became evident that
secondary growth of birch did not support any wood ants and colonies appeared to
be surviving only where there has been continuous woodland cover for many
centuries.

F. lugubris is listed by the IUCN as vulnerable, but is not currently included in the
UK Red Data Books. It occurs across many parts of the British Isles but is absent
over most of southern England where it replaced by F. rufa. It has its strongholds in
North Wales, Cumbria, Northumberland, Speyside, Braemar, and the plantations on

FORMICA LUBUBRIS AND FORMICA AQUILONIA 279

the Moray coast. North of the Great Glen it is less common and is usually found with
F.. aquilonia in or near plantation forestry (as at Longart Forest near Garve). The
three 10km squares in the 1979 atlas (Barrett, 1979) are those listed in Yarrow
(1955) as Corrie Valighan, Garve, and Inchbrae. This survey found F. /ugubris to be
more common that old records suggest, yet not as widespread as F’. aquilonia in the
north (Maps | and 2).

Formica lugubris

Map 1.
Distribution records of Formica lugubris Zett. during the present survey.

280 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

Formica aquilonia

Map 2.

Distribution records of Formica aquilonia Yarrow during the present survey.

Wood ant habitat in Ross-shire and Sutherland

Woodlands with a range of microhabitats, i.e. those which display a variability in
openness of canopy, successional age, moisture, food supply, and soil type, tend to
alleviate the effects of competition (and also slave-making) and enhance the
coexistence of interacting ant species (Puntilla, Haila & Tukia, 1996). In Scotland,
the woodlands which support the largest populations, and greatest diversity of wood
ant species are generally those large enough to hold a broad range of successional
woodland types. To support the full range of wood ant species, a woodland needs to

FORMICA LUBUBRIS AND FORMICA AQUILONIA 281

grade from near open heath with scattered trees (F. exsecta), through mature open-
dense woodland (F. /ugubris, F. aquilonia), containing sunny, protected glades with
uneven topography (F’. sanguinea). These conditions are only commonly found in and
around Abernethy and Glenmore Forests, and the Rothiemurchus Estate on Speyside,
and possibly in some other remnant Caledonian pine forests such as Glen Affric.

In Ross-shire and Sutherland there are few fragments of natural/semi-natural
forest remaining and the wood ant colonies are generally small and isolated. In
northern Scotland the distribution and structure of wood ant communities appears
not to reflect microhabitat preferences as it does in Scandinavia (Puntilla, 1996.,
Putilla, Haila, & Tukia, 1996) and elsewhere in Britain (Hughes, 1975) but, quite
simply, the presence or absence of relict birch, and to a lesser extent Scots pine,
woodland. These islands of woodland are not large enough to support a number of
competing species in equilibrium and usually only contain one wood ant species.

These wood ant species, particularly F’. Jugubris, are thought to have preferences for
well drained, protected sites with a high degree of isolation, necessary for maintaining
nest temperature for brood development. South-facing aspects are thought to be
favoured as are well-drained, lower-lying sites. In the north of Scotland, one would
expect ants to maximise potential sunshine levels by colonising south facing slopes,
but this is not always the case (see Fig. 1). Of the 18 sites studied only 10 were south,
south-east and south-west facing. However, eleven had a predominantly easterly
aspect, suggesting solaria may require morning sunshine to raise nest temperatures
towards the +20°C required for normal colony functioning (Brian, 1977). The four
sites for F. Jugubris were all south or easterly facing. Until more information can be
collected, the data set remains too small to merit statistical analysis.

Figure 1. Aspect of Scottish nests of Formica lugubris and F. aquilonia.

west

south

Aspect

east

north

No. of sites

Wood ants occur at a wide range of altitudes from near sea-level at Loch Oscaig to
300m at Gleann Mor in the Amat complex (see Table 1). This again, almost certainly
reflects the rarity of old woodland rather than any habitat preference by the ants. If
this part of Scotland was covered in continuous forest we might expect larger, more
thriving populations in the low-lying areas.

280 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25x11 999

Table 1. Altitude of Scottish wood ant nests

Site name Altitude (metres) Site name Altitude (metres) —
Amat 150 Kildermorie 250
Calrossie 40 Ledmore 130
Cul Mor 145 Loch Oscaig 13
Drumrunie jifiis) Longart 150
Garbat 200 Migdale 60
Glean Mor 300 Rhegreanoch 30
Glen Einig 150 Rhiddoroch 100
Glen Stathfarrar 150 Sallachy 100
Inveran 70 Strath Vaitch 270
average 138 standard deviation 81.2 median 147.5

Figure 2 shows, very broadly, the types of woodland which support wood ant
populations in the north of Scotland (individual woodland descriptions are given
more fully in the proforma for each site, but not given here due to space limitations).
Interestingly, 61% of the woodlands containing ants are almost purely deciduous
(Betula pubescens dominated) with only 8% coniferous. This no doubt reflects the
almost complete destruction of native Caledonian pine forest in this area rather than
any preference for birch by the ants. Indeed, where a few ancient Scots pine have
survived with birch (e.g. at Gleann Mor & Glen Einig), the wood ants tend to build
larger, more productive mounds.

Figure 2.
Percentage of different types of woodland supporting nests of wood ants in northern Scotland.

8% Pine/coniferous

61%

The presence of wood ants in these “islands” of woodland suggests that at least F.
aquilonia has extreme long term site fidelity, as many of the fragments have been
isolated for decades, or possibly centuries. Colonies may well have shifted around
within these woodlands but successive re-colonisations would have been near
impossible given the degree of isolation of many of the woodlands. There are
exceptions, as at Longart Forest where ants have survived within “corridors” of birch
woodland along stream banks and then spread into nearby conifer plantations. The
presence of aphids (particularly Symdobius oblongus) in these birch fragments
appears to be one of the key factors determining the survival and health of colonies.
The mutualistic relationship they have with the ants (honeydew provision/protection)

FORMICA LUBUBRIS AND FORMICA AQUILONIA 283

provides the colony with well over half its energy requirements. Symdobius oblongus
with ants in attendance was recorded at many sites and it was noted that in those
birch woodlands without S. oblongus, wood ants were also absent. More research 1s
needed to assess the importance of this relationship.

Discussion and outlook

Assuming that the wood ant communities in many of these isolated birch woodlands
have been a natural component of the woodland ecosystem for many centuries, the
woodland invertebrate (and possibly vertebrate) communities would have been
subject to profound influences from the ants. If the presence of these wood ants is an
indicator of truly ancient woodland invertebrate communities, it follows that the
whole ecology of these woodlands is of considerable conservation importance. Most
of West Ross and Sutherland is now treeless, making the surviving fragments very
important, particularly sites unique in character like the birch-hazel woodlands of
northern Inverpolly. The nature conservation importance of these woodland
fragments is recognised by statutory and non-statutory conservation bodies, the
presence of wood ants provides a further testimony to their unique and ancient
lineage.

Acknowledgements
I am indebted to Dr C.A. Collingwood, with whom I carried out much of the field
work for this paper.

References

Agosti, D., & Collingwood, C. A. 1987. A provisional list of Balkan ants Hym. Formicidae with a
key to the worker caste. II. Key to the worker caste, including the European species without the
Iberian. Bull. de la Soc. Entomol. Suisse: 60: 261-293.

Barrett, K. E. J. 1968. A survey of the distribution and present status of the wood ant Formica
rufa L. Hym. Formicidae, in England and Wales. Trans. soc. Brit. Ent. 17 8: 217-233.

— , 1979. Provisional. Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles, Part 5, Hymenoptera: Formicidae.
2nd Edition. ITE.

Bolton, B. & Collingwood, C. A. 1975. Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Handbooks for the
Identification of British Insects: Vol. VI Part 3. Royal Entomological Society of London.

Collingwood, C. A. 1959. Ants in the Scottish Highlands. The Scottish Naturalist, 70: 1.

— , 1979. The Formicidae Hymenoptera of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica
Scandanavica. 8: 1-174.

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. 1927. British Ants: their life history and classification. Routledge,
London.

Fowles, A. P. 1994. A review of the ecology of the red wood ant Formica rufa L. Hymenoptera,
Formicidae and its status in Wales. Conservation Ecology In Wales No. 1. Countryside Council
for Wales.

Hoare, R. J. B., Hughes, J., Jones A., Ramel., G. J. L. A review of the status of Formica exsecta
Nylander Hymenoptera: Formicidae in Scotland 1994. The Entomologist 155: 23-29.

Hughes, I. G. 1975. Changing altitude and habitat preferences of two species of wood ant
Formica rufa and F. lugubris in North Wales and Salop. Trans. R. ent Soc. Lond. 127: 227-239.

Hughes, J. 1997. Review of the distribution of Formica exsecta Nylander in Scotland — with a survey

_ of sites with no recent records. Unpublished report for Scottish Natural Heritage, November 1996.

Puntilla, P. 1996. Succession, forest fragmentation, and the distribution of wood ants. Oikos 75:
291-298.

284 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.xi.1999

Puntilla, P., Haila, Y., Tukia, H. 1996. Ant communities in taiga clearcuts: habitat effects and
species interactions. Ecography 19: 16-28.
Shirt, D.B., 1987. British Red Data Books. 2: Insects. NCC.

Yarrow, I. H. H. 1954. Formica exsecta Nylander (Hym., Formicidae) in the British Isles.
Entomologists Monthly Magazine: 40: ?? - ?? 90: 183-185.

— , 1955 The British Ants allied to Formica rufa L. Hym., Formicidae . Trans. soc. Brit. Ent. 12: 1-48.

Wynne, G. et al 1995 Biodiversity Challenge — an agenda for conservation in the UK. 2nd
Edition. RSPB.

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Fax for you, Sir — Korup, Cameroun,
February 1996

We were camping at a small research station in Korup National Park in Cameroun,
some twenty kilometres from the park entry. Today we had trekked an extra ten
kilometres to Rengo Rock, a big round rocky outcrop that suddenly juts out of the
rainforest. I had real hopes of good hilltopping here, but the descriptions had been
better that reality. The tops of some surrounding trees were taller than the summit, so
no hill-topping on the — otherwise wonderful — rock. Triste — but not a major issue;
butterflies were everywhere. As indeed they should be, for Korup National Park (and
the contiguous Oban Hills in Nigeria) has about 1,100 species of of butterflies —
about a third of all species in continental Africa. This really is biodiversity writ
large.

A good day in Korup may well yield about 170 species of butterflies, including
firm sight records. That is pretty good, though my personal record in a 24-hour
period was actually 225 species in the Gambari Forest near Ibadan in Nigeria on a
day where everything was perfect (August 1969) — weather wonderful, traps pulling
in almost anything trappable, a fantastic grid of paths, plenty of the Crematogaster
ants on which the Lipteninae depend, and a finely honed and toned collector. Just
after noon at Rengo Rock a profusely perspiring ranger exited from the forest and
ran up to me, saluting extravagantly: “Fax for you, Sir!” — and a fax was duly
produced. It came out of a uniform pocket — it ought to have come from a cleft stick.
In Evelyn Waugh’s novel, Scoop, the hero (or anti-hero if you prefer) asked his
tropical outfitters for some cleft sticks: “I am sorry, Sir,” said the shop assistant
brightly, “we don’t have them in stock. But we can send some sticks down to our
cleaver to have them cloven”’.

The fax was from the World Banks Washington Headquarters. I had planned to
participate on behalf of the European Commission in the World Bank-led Donor
Consortium for health and population — a small matter of about a billion dollars over
five years, of which it was hoped the Commission would cough up some 100
million. The fax informed me the meeting was going to start a week earlier than
planned.

I started counting backwards .... I had to get a Bangladesh visa in London, so I
would need to leave Douala four days from now. I had to send the poor ranger back
immediately to Headquarters to ensure that we could have porters the next morning
to carry out our gear. Poor chap — more than sixty kilometres that day, without the

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 285

benefit of World Bank remuneration (I still wonder what the World Bank
compensation for 60 km of rough walking might be, but I never found a Bank staffer
who could even begin to visualise it!).

Early next morning we raced back to Park Headquarters, with the porters
following. An interim report was written. A quick debriefing was held. Transport to
Douala was arranged. A very hasty good-bye party wished me the best of luck —
direct trips from Korup to Dhaka are rare events indeed. Wednesday evening a
booking on Air France was made in Douala for that same night, Thursday morning
on the way home from Heathrow the visa application was dropped off at the
Bangladesh High Commission, Friday afternoon the passport was retrieved on the
way back to Heathrow, and Saturday I was in Dhaka.

“Oh good, you’re here”, said the World Bank Resident Representative the next
morning, “I hope the change in schedule was not too disruptive’. I would save my
comments on that one for later.

I did lose six days in the field, and what a shame that was. But I did also collect
about 500 species of butterflies. There has been some previous work in Korup, and
lots of work in the Oban Hills. About 900 species have been recorded in all; another
200 have been found in close proximity in both Nigeria and Cameroun. The estimate
of 1,100 species is both a safe and conservative one. This means more species in
Korup/Oban Hills than in all of the Malay Peninsula (just over 1,000 species) or in
the Philippine Archipelago (900 species), where I currently live.

Korup and the Oban Hills are among the most important conservation areas in
Africa, indeed in the world. They are truly exceptional, wondrous places —
conserving also the gorilla, the chimpanzee, and the drill. So let us make this Hazard
interactive. Do write a letter extolling the virtues of these two contiguous parks to
the respective High Commissioners:

His Excellency, His Excellency,

The High Commissioner of Cameroun, The High Commissioner of Nigeria,
84 Holland Park, London W11 9 Northumberland Av., London WC2
Key words:

*

You are the custodians of Africa’s most outstanding biodiversity, which is the
heritage not just of Africa, but of the entire world.

* Please convey our best wishes to your conservation authorities for what they
have achieved.

* Africa often gets a bad press; the conservation of Korup and the Oban Hills will
lead to a good press.

* Future generations will be proud of the efforts being made today to conserve
Korup and the Oban Hills.

* Let us go into the new millennium with the hope that the National Parks of
Korup and the Oban Hills will foil the predictions that extinction of organisms is
going to be rampant.

— TORBEN B. LARSEN, 5 Wilson Compound, 2811 Park Avenue, Pasay City, Metro-

Manila, The Phillipines.

286 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

Third update of early emergences of moths at Selborne

This table continues the comparison (antea: 220) between my earliest observations
of non-hibernatory species in 1992-94 with those in 1995-1997. The m.v. light was
run here on just over 320 nights during each year of the survey. Of these next 42
species, 33 arrived earlier in 1995-97 than in 1992-94. One species shared the same
earliest date in both periods. Eight species were up to a month earlier than is usually

expected.

2061 Spilosoma lutea (Hufn.) 25 Apr 93
150 Adela reaumurella (Linn.) 16 May 92
1853 Eupithecia dodoneata (Guen.) 26 Apr 94
1776 Colostygia pectinataria (Knoch) 30 Apr 93
1883 Acasis viretata (Hb.) 19 May 94
1920 Odontopera bidentata (Cl.) 11 May 93, 94
1769 Thera britannica (Turn.) 20 May 94
2102 Ochropleura plecta (Linn.) 9 May 94
2160 Lacanobia oleracea (Linn.) 15 May 94 May-Jul

2492 Herminia grisealis (D.&S.) 14 Jun 94
2003 Notodonta ziczac (Linn.) 5 May 95
1722 Xanthorhoe designata (Hufn.) 17 May 92
ae 2a
1902 Petrophora chlorosata (Scop.) 30 Apr 93
2380 Charanyca trigrammica (Hufn.) 16 May 94
1174 Epiblema cynosbatella (Linn.) 19 May 94
1957 Lomographa bimaculata (Fabr.) 29 Apr 94
1999 Stauropus fagi (Linn.) 10 May 94
2214 Cucullia chamomillae (D.&S.) 18 Apr 1994 Apr-Jun

247 Tinea trinotella (Thunb.) 23 May 93
925 Phtheochroa rugosana (Hb.) 20 May 94

Species

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS DOW,

ee
13 May 9
25 Nay 9
sn
ray 9
13 May 93

9 Jun 93 May-Sep

24 May 93 May-Jul

2 May 8
[0 May 94
19 May 92 May-Jul

23 May 9
17 May 93
13 May 9
22 May 9
on 9
26 May 93

— ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake’s Cottage, Selborne, Hampshire GU34 3JH.

Species 1995-1997 1992-1994

1076 Celypha lacunana (D.&S.)

1728 Xanthorhoe fluctuata
fuctuata (Linn. )

7 May 95
7 May 95
1887 Lomaspilis marginata (Linn.) 7 May 95
1979 Mimas tiliae (Linn.) 7 May 95
2281 Acronicta alni (Linn.) 7 May 95
1846 Eupithecia nanata angusta (Prout) 8 May 95
1981 Laothoe populi (Linn.) 8 May 95
2089 Agrotis exclamationis (Linn.) 8 May 95

2147 Hada plebeja (Linn.)

1011 Pseudargyrotoza
conwagana (Fabr.)

8 May 95
10 May 97
2221 Shargacucullia verbasci (Linn.) 10 May 95

2450 Abrostola tripartita (Hufn.) 10 May 95, 97

1904 Plagodis dolabraria (Linn.) 11 May 95

2014 Drymonia dodonaea (D.&S.) 11 May 97

465 Plutella porrectella (Linn.) 12 May 97

17 Hepialus lupulinus (Linn.) 13 May 97

1356 Evergestis forficalis (Linn.)

1727 Xanthorhoe montanata
montanata (D.&S.)

13 May 97
13 May 95 ,97
1752 Cosmorhoe ocellata (Linn.) 13 May 97
1813 Eupithecia haworthiata (Doubl.) 13 May 97

1773 Electrophaes corylata (Thunb.) 15 May 97

288 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

Hypochalcia ahenella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) found again in Hertfordshire

On the night of 18 June 1999, an unfamiliar pyrale appeared at one of my m.v.
lamps, which Charles Watson and myself were operating on the tenth green of the
golf course at Therfield Heath, near Royston in Hertfordshire. Closer examination
revealed it to be a male Hypochalcia ahenella, which Heslop (1964. Revised indexed
check-list of the British Lepidoptera) refers to as the Dingy Knot-horn.

According to the database maintained by Tony Davis, as Coordinator of the
national Pyralid Recording Scheme, the only previous record for H. ahenella in
Hertfordshire appears to be that made by the late Professor Colin Smith —
“Royston, TL 3440, 20 July 1969”. I am grateful to Tony for this information (and I
will take this opportunity to remind readers to send him their pyralid records
annually). The tenth green at Therfield lies in grid square TL 3339, and so is within a
short distance of Smith’s earlier record, which was clearly from the eastern half of
Therfield Heath.

In spite of its name, Therfield Heath is, in fact, a chalk grassland site, where the
Chalk Hill Blue butterfly Lysandra coridon (Poda) continues to thrive, and some 50
metres or so from the trap site is a very small former chalk quarry, where the
vegetation is sparse and there are many loose chalk stones. Thus the known habitat
of “... dry, stony ground with sparse vegetation: chalk downs, railway banks,
quarries ...” given in Goater (1986. British pyralid moths. Harley Books) is not at all
contradicted.

The moth-trapping carried out on Therfield Heath forms a part of an ecological
assessment commissioned by the Conservators of Therfield Heath and Greens, to
whom I am most grateful. COLIN W. PLANT, 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford,
Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.

Mercury Vapourers

Colin Plant’s interesting note (antea: 198) raises various questions, on which one
can but speculate. Perhaps it is sheer coincidence that this is the first year for a long
time that I have had male Vapourers in my trap: 18 and 30 July 1999, but one only
on each night (previous to that there had been one in the 1960s). On the other hand it
does seem just possible that Orgyia antiqua is having a better season than usual in
these relatively lean times, and if so, I suppose such an upturn might possibly affect
a very large area in which much of France could be included(?). However, I have not
yet seen males in diurnal flight this year; nor, for that matter, for a long time past,
the Vapourer like so many insects having become far less frequent that formerly
hereabouts. I will just mention the Buff Ermine Spilosoma lutea Hufn., which seems
to have died out here; while the White Ermine S. /ubricipeda L., though less
common than formerly, is still to be found— A. A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 289

Catoptria falsella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in south-east London

When leaving Woolwich Common, near here, on 11 July 1999, I noticed a smallish
pale-looking moth rise up from undergrowth beside the path and vanish into bushes
above. Luckily it had settled on a twig and I was able to secure it, when it turned out
to be a species of what many of us had long known as Crambus, but unfamiliar. Its
distinctive markings made its later identification as Catoptria falsella a simple
matter. The species is far from common and it seems unlikely that there is a previous
record for the district. On a later occasion I returned to the spot to search for a
possible breeding site, which is said to be old walls with mosses on which the larva
feeds. No trace of any such could be found, however: behind the row of bushes
alongside the path, where the moth occurred, is only a large car park.— A. A. ALLEN,
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

A note on the possible second brood of the Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina L.
(Lep.: Nymphalidae) in south-east London

It seems that the voltinism of this very familiar insect is not entirely clear (see Plant,
1987, The Butterflies of the London Area: 139). Perhaps, therefore, it will be worth
noting what appears to be the case in my district, where jurtina abounds on
Woolwich Common in particular.

In early autumn, at the very end of the protracted main brood when almost only
some worn females persist, I have several times noticed odd specimens, rather small
and dark, not appreciably worn, and seemingly always male. This might appear to
point decidedly to a fragmentary (probably sterile) second brood resulting from
some of the earliest butterflies of the main brood. At least, that would explain these
occasional late males, though in no way settling the question. It may well be that the
situation is not uniform over the whole country.— A. A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

A record of Crombrugghia laetus (Zeller) (Lep.: Pterophoridae) new to West
Sussex

Whilst looking through John Radford’s collection earlier this year, he pointed out a
plume-moth which he had caught in his garden mercury vapour trap at Walberton,
West Sussex on 24.vi.1998 and could not identify, but which he thought could be
Crombrugghia laetus. The insect certainly looked like this species, but to be certain I
took the specimen away and made a slide of the genitalia. The slide confirmed that
the specimen is /aetus. Both the moth and the slide have been returned to John
Radford.

This is only the twelfth record of this moth in the UK (see Hart, 1996. Ent. Rec.
108: 113-117 for a review of known records and notes on its separation from C.
distans (Zeller, 1847)). It is worth noting that all the records except one have been
from within thirty miles of the south coast of England. This insect is easily
overlooked and I would ask all entomologists operating in the south to look out for
small, brownish-orange plume-moths, and to send the details (and the specimen if

290 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25-x1,1999

you are in any doubt) to me or to Tony Davies of the Pyrale and Plume Recording
Scheme. I would like to thank John and Rosemary Radford for their hospitality and
for allowing me to look through their collection.— COLIN HART, Fourpenny Cottage,
Dungates Lane, Buckland, Betchworth, Surrey RH3 7BD.

PRODUCT REVIEW
The new Honda EU10i generator

Any field worker will know the problems of transporting a reliable, heavy generator
over rough terrain for moth trapping. The Honda EX1000 and EX650 both weigh
over 20 Kg even when dry. They are relatively noisy and the EX650 will only run
for approximately four hours, depending on load, before having to top up with
petrol. The EX1000 is slightly better, running for up to seven hours depending on
load. I was pleasantly surprised when our Honda dealer told us that the EX1000 was
to be discontinued, to be replaced with the EU10i. Delivering 1000 watts and only
weighing 13.5 kg, it has a noise level of 52Db, opposed to 88dB from the EX1000.
It has a tank capacity of 2.3 litres, 0.8 litres less than the EX1000, which means that
it will run for a quoted 8.3 hours, compared to the EX1000’s quoted 4.7 hours.

What did it really mean in field tests? I received the EU10i to test against my
EX1000. Initial problems with the oil level not being correct were soon overcome
and tests were carried out at a local site which I visit regularly. The considerable
weight difference was incredible — the EX1000 has to be transported via a
wheelbarrow and any rough terrain makes this impossible, but with the EU10i I was
able to carry it from A to B, full with fuel, no problem. The noise difference was also
noticeable. I would not say it was so quiet that you could hear hawk moths come in,
but I could hear the local Nightjars churring over the noise! Running time was a little
disappointing. I regularly get six hours out of my EX1000 when running two
125watt m.v. traps, with a 100 metre cable on one and a 50 metre cable on the other
and I was hoping for a little more than the promised 8.3 hours. With the same
apparatus run over a series of nights with the EU10i I was getting a continuous eight
to eight and a half-hours without refuelling. This is quite a respectable time, as many
of us leave traps over night to return at dawn (padlocked generator of course). In
summer months at least, the traps could be run all night without running out of fuel
before day-break.

Price wise, the EU10i costs £650.00, only £52.00 more than the “old” EX1000.—
JON CLIFTON, Anglian Lepidopterist Supplies, PO Box 232, Northwich Delivery
Office, CW8 3FG. 3

EDITORIAL NOTE: I would be interested to publish other product reports from
subscribers, as long as the information presented is impartial and likely to be of use
to other readers. I should point out that, in this instance, although Jon Clifton sells
the Honda EU10i generator he also sells several other brands and his unbiased report
published here was produced at my own request.

BOOK REVIEWS 291

BOOK REVIEWS

The Western Palaearctic Zygaenidae by C.M. Naumann, G.M. Tarman & W.G.
Tremewan. With a foreword by Miriam Rothschild. 304 pp., 12 colour plates, 177 line
drawings and black and white photographs. Hardbound ISBN 87 88757 15 3. Published by
Apollo Books 1999. (available from Apollo Books at Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771 Stenstrup,
Denmark for 600 Danish Kroner excluding postage).

This excellent book deals with the Zygaeninae (Burnets), Procridinae (Foresters) and
Chalcosiinae (one genus with two species) of the Western Palaearctic. The book is intended as
a general introduction to zygaenid biology and provides an overview of species diversity and
variation. It consists of two parts, the general part and the systematic part with detailed species
accounts. The general part consists of sections on systematics and phylogeny, life cycles,
structures and functions, genetics and individual variation, zoogeography, fossil records,
ecology and behaviour, zygaenids as indicator species, breeding, collecting techniques, and a
note on the history of research on Zygaenidae. A list of vernacular names is provided,
including Scottish and Irish Gaelic (my own enquiries indicate that there are no Breton or
Cornish words for any of these colourful moths). A selected list of 96 references is provided.
This nicely published book on glossy paper is well-written, easy to understand and well worth
its price.

Part one is full of fascinating detail, for example that the larval cuticle of the Zygaeninae is
thicker than for most other Lepidoptera and may be more than 10 times thicker than for a
Noctuid or Geometrid larva. Stereoscan photomicrographs are used to good effect, for example
to show the specialised chemoreceptors amongst the numerous sensory hairs on the surface of
the antenna and the use of crystallites by the larva to impregnate its silky cocoon. Detailed
diagrams are provided of the adult and larval morphology accompanied by comprehensive
explanatory accounts; in fact, the account of the function and structure the male and female
genitalia is clearly written and a good introduction to the reproductive systems of the ditrysian
Lepidoptera.

There is a short section on genetics based mainly on wing coloration and pattern, especially
of Zygaena. trifolii, Z. filipendulae and Z. ephialtes. The hypothesis that suffused confluent
forms captured in the wild are temperature forms is dismissed on the basis that the forms
produced experimentally under extreme temperatures are phenocopies and not genetically
different, whereas suffused confluent forms have been shown to be genetically different by
breeding experiments. Confluent forms of Z. filipendulae and six-spotted forms of Z. trifolii
and Z. lonicerae are dominant but very rare in the wild, possibly because of reduced fitness. It
would have been interesting to have more information about the full range of effects of genetic
variation on the phenotype (especially on ecological fitness) rather than just on wing coloration
and pattern. More detailed research on genetic variation (especially electrophoresis and
population genetic analysis) is obliquely referred to in the section on zoogeography; this
section groups species into faunal elements, most of which are centred on Pleistocene refugia
where the ancestors of the present species were able to survive the last glaciation.

There is an interesting section on cyanogenesis, including an account of the biosynthesis of
cyanoglucosides by larvae feeding on acyanogenic food-plants. There is a detailed account of
the reproductive biology, especially of the female sex-pheromones of Z. trifolii. Reproductive
strategies for Zygaenidae have been shown to be two-fold: in the morning males locate the
females by optical cues only, whilst in late afternoon they respond to calling females. We also
learn that the chemical structure of the main component of the pheromone in the male scent
brushes of Zygaena trifolii is derived from a compound found in the nectar of scabious flowers

292 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

which are frequently visited by burnets. There are useful hints on breeding the Zygaenidae,
including a note about what to do if a larva shows no sign of breaking diapause (immerse for a
few moments in a small cup of water with a drop of liquid detergent to reduce surface tension).
Nearly two thirds of the book is devoted to the systematic part, with details of 44
Procridinae, 2 Chalcosiinae and 70 Zygaeninae. A simple key is provided to these subfamilies
in the western Palaearctic, based mainly on wing colour and pattern, although for example the
Procridinae are separated from the other zygaenid subfamilies mainly by the structure of the
female genitalia. Species keys are also provided. The keys to the Jordanita and Adscita are
based mainly on genitalia characters (genitalia are illustrated on 26 black and white plates).
The key to the Zygaeninae is based mainly on external features such as presence/absence of a
cingulum and wing pattern, shape and colour, but genitalia examination is necessary for some
species. Geographical range provides clues as to species identity but is not universally helpful;
for example, the note on Jordanita globulariae merely states that because it is so variable
nearly ail species with broad wings can be mistaken for it. Each species is illustrated in set
form (often just one illustration even for variable species) and the species accounts include
sections on forewing length, male and female morphology, similar species, individual
variation, geographical variation, distribution, ecology and behaviour, egg, larva, larval food-
plants, pupa and cocoon. Small scale distribution maps are provided for each species. An
omission for most species is the timing of the life cycles, e.g., of adult emergence, so that one
cannot use this book to help decide the optimum time to visit an area. This may be due to the
fact that emergence times are variable for wide-ranging species such as Z. filipendulae; timing
of the flight period is given for some species with restricted populations, e.g. Adscita taftana.
This book is a complete field guide to the Zygaenidae of the western Palaearctic and
therefore an indispensable tool for those travelling in this area who wish to identify the burnets
and foresters that they encounter. It is also more than this - it is essential reading for anyone
interested in moths, especially in their morphology, genetics and ecology. Despite being over
300 pages long, this book leaves me wanting more and is a tribute to the wealth of knowledge
concerning the Zygaenidae amassed by the authors over the years.
Adrian Spalding

Jewels in the air: a combined video and booklet guide to British butterflies by Roger
Kemp. 55-minute video by GK Video Productions and accompanying 60pp colour booklet,
ISBN 0 9534114 1 9, by R K Productions, 1998. Combined pack available from R K
Productions, Kemp’s Farm, Chapel Road, Ford, Aylesbury, HP17 8XG, price £22.99. Video
alone — £14.49; booklet alone £11.49.

This interesting video contains shots of most British butterflies, including all the resident
species and several immigrants, although several quite rare immigrants are included at the
expense of some that are more likely to be encountered. The filming was originally done with
an 8mm cine camera and the resultant film later transferred to video before being edited. Sadly,
the editing has failed to provide us with the high quality that we have come to expect from
videos these days and there are way too many out of focus shots and far too much camera
shake. I also found the presentation by Roger Kemp somewhat “‘stiff’; I am afraid it reminded
me of the way BBC presenters used to appear when television first arrived — fine if you are
already interested, but not really designed to be attractive to anyone else.

In order to do proper justice to any publication under review, it is only fair to consider what
the target audience might be. My own opinion, as one with more than just a little experience of
British butterflies, was less than favourable, but since I am unlikely to belong to the category of
people for whom the video is intended I asked my children — aged 14 and 16 — to view it

BOOK REVIEWS 293

and tell me what they thought. They both reported that they found it initially interesting, but
that they became bored after a while and were only viewing after the full 55 minutes because
I had asked them to. They were unhappy with the rather formal approach of “this is a ..... ar
followed by “this is a .....” and then several more “this is a ....”. They do say “like father —
like son’, but I would be surprised if this independently achieved opinion had much to do
with their father’s views — even if it is identical. The species are, in fact, presented by habitat
category — Woodland, Grassland Chalk & limestone grassland, Fen, moor & heathland and
finally Gardens & hedgerows, but in each section, the species are trotted out one after the
other in an unimaginative manner with little to link the ecologies of each. As my daughter
was quick to point out, the text in the booklet is the same as the commentary on the video and
the pictures in the booklet are better, all of which tends to render the video surplus to
requirements.

However, it is worth pointing out that the content of both video and booklet appears to be
accurate, although some species included in one habitat category could just have easily been
included in one or more of the others as well. Picking up on points such as this could, with a
little more enthusiasm on the part of the narrator, have made the whole thing far more
interesting. The booklet contains distribution maps — not on the video. The disproportionately
high price of the former makes the complete package more attractive, but I am afraid that I am
unlikely to want to watch this video a second time.

Colin W. Plant
with assistance from Edward and Rosemary Plant

Lepidoptera of St Agnes, Isles of Scilly by Michael E. Hicks and John W. Hale. 74 pp,
numerous Tables of data. A5, folded and stapled. Published by the authors. No ISBN.
Available from the authors at Langarth, St Agnes, Isles of Scilly TR22 OPL at £7.50 plus 50p
UK postage.

Subtitled A systematic list and analysis of the species recorded on St Agnes, 1992 - 1997,
this publication provides the reader with a well-presented, highly accurate account of all the
species of butterfly and moth, both micro and macro, recorded on St Agnes during the years
stated. The book was written to provide readily available answers to the plethora of requests
for information which the authors regularly receive from visiting naturalists (mainly birders)
and in this task it has excelled. Each species is ranked from Rare, through Scarce,
Uncommon and Common, to Abundant, on the basis of the number of records available and
it is very pleasing indeed to see that the authors have also included a Table showing trapping
frequency in each month of the six years covered so that each status can be put into proper
perspective.

For almost all species, a Table shows the date of the first and last record in each of the six
years as well as “Maximum number & date” which equates to what is more usually referred
to as the “peak period”. A few words of free-text are also provided for each species.

Sitting at my desk in the relatively species-rich south-east I was fascinated to see just
which species can be found on this small island, to which I have not yet travelled, and to
learn something of their status there. The book makes no pretension at being definitive — it
presents existing knowledge accurately and concisely in a booklet that can be easily tucked
into a rucksack or collecting bag. It should prove indispensable to anyone who visits St
Agnes to study or collect moths and falls very easily into my “highly recommended”
category.

Colin W. Plant

294 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25x11 999

Microlepidoptera of Europe. Volume 3: Gelechiidae 1 by P. Huemer and O. Karsholt.
356pp., 14pp. of colour plates depicting 151 species, 114 pages of monochrome photographs
depicting male and female genitalia of all species, 47 text figures. 240 x 170 mm, hardbound,
ISBN 87 88757 25 0. Published by Apollo Books, 1999. Available from the publisher at
Apollo Books, Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771 Stenstrup, Denmark. 500 Danish Krone exclusive
of postage (book without packaging weighs approximately 1.3 Kg.).

Anyone who has read any of my earlier reviews of books emanating from Apollo could be
forgiven for thinking that this particular publishing house can do no wrong. This latest offering
does nothing to alter that impression. This third volume in the Microlepidoptera of Europe
series covers the Tribes Teleiodini and Gelechiini of the subfamily Gelechiinae and includes
151 species plus one, Athrips asarinella (Chrétien), listed under taxa incertae sedis. Ten
species of the total are described here as new to science; forty-four of those included occur in
the British Isles and, very possibly, some that apparently do not could well be found if looked
for — something which adds to the importance of the work and makes it immediately attractive
to readers of this journal.

As the introduction correctly points out, the Gelechiidae is one of the least known families of
micromoths in Europe, and I have no doubt that this applies equally so to Britain. Somewhere,
at the back of one of my shelves is a large store-box full of mixed gelechiids (and
coleophorids) awaiting that long-overdue rainy day when I intend to sort them out. How far
does this new book go to helping me do this?

For each species, a short diagnostic text is accompanied by colour photographs of the adults
and black & white photographs of both male and female genitalia. Notes on the distribution
and biology of each species follow. The colour plates are of the expected exceptionally high
quality and can not be faulted. More than one example of each species is usually depicted, as
are both sexes, and this helps considerably in identification. But at the end of the day, the
Gelechiidae are not for the faint-hearted, and an examination of the genitalia is almost always
a requirement for proper accuracy. It is therefore pleasing to see not only illustrations of the
genitalia of all the species in both sexes (including close-up shots of the diagnostic signum of
females), but also in the introductory pages some example genitalia with all parts labelled, so
that there can be no confusion over which bit is meant by a particular, perhaps unfamiliar,
technical term in the keys to genera which is based solely on genital characters. I tried the
keys on one example each of male Aroga, Gelechia, Myrificarma and Teleiodes specimens,
and on females of Gelechia and Teleiodes and found to my great delight that a correct answer
was arrived at in each case. Subsequent reference to the genitalia photographs for each
species then gave me an answer that was the same as that on the existing data label and which
also corresponded to the correct colour plate. Success — although I did, of course, know
already what the answer should be!

Beautifully presented and well bound, this book is in itself a real pleasure to hold and read.
It is surely an essential item for the bookshelf of anyone who is seriously interested in
identifying micros.

Colin W. Plant

CORRIGENDA
The following corrections to the current volume have been notified to the editor:

Page 4, line 4 from bottom — In the article More Early Greys by Raymond Softly the
date should be 1990 not 1980.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 205

From the Editor’s chair ...

Here we are at the end of my fourth year as your editor. We enter my fifth on a good
note — having at last caught up with the backlog of papers, notes and other material
awaiting publication. This is particularly good news for authors, who are now
guaranteed rapid publication of papers if they care to submit them, always assuming
that they are relevant and that they survive the peer review process. The annual
reviews of immigrant Lepidoptera have been published up to that covering the year
1996; with luck and a tail wind we ought to fit those for 1997 and 1998 into the
coming volume, which means that a year from now we should be reading the review
only 18 months after the year ends. This is, realistically, just about as efficient as the
authors could possibly get, given the fact that they have to wait for people to send
records to them. These reviews stand as the definitive record and it is better to delay
a short while and maintain the current high standards of accuracy and completion
than to rush into print with a lesser work. The annual review of important
microlepidoptera records is complete up to the end of 1998 with this present issue of
the journal.

An analysis of the contributions which we published during 1999 is presented
below with the 1998 figures in brackets after the 1999 entries:

British macromoths 27725) S35)
19 (29) 2133)
1213) 18 (15)
ORG) D 12)
2 (3) 5 (6)
W200) 17716)
5 (12) 8 (13)
2 C12) 8 (14)
8 (5) 2 @)
Book reviews = 15 (25)

Subscribers’ notices - 10 (-)

British micromoths
British butterflies
Foreign moths
Foreign butterflies
British beetles
British flies .
Other orders (British)

= DA WmMDwnn Wd Wd

Miscellaneous topics

But there is a down side — of course. When I had a backlog it was an easy matter
to select oldest papers first and send them to the printer. Now I have to think, and
make sure that I have enough material to fill the next issue. This is a roundabout way
of saying that I would welcome contributions — both full papers and shorter notes.
This editor goes out of his way to ensure that contributions from amateurs and
professionals are treated alike and judged entirely on content — not the academic
career of the author. I find it hard to believe that there is anyone out there who has
done so little in the past year that he/she has absolutely nothing to write about. I can
only publish what I receive, so if anyone out there is concerned at the decline in
British Lepidoptera contributions from 83 to 70 overall, they know what to do

296 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 111 25.x1.1999

about it! Although electronic manuscripts are preferred because it saves us £3 per
page and keeps your subscription down, I am always happy to accept typed scripts
or, if there is really no alternative, hand-written notes as long as they are legible.

I have managed to last almost a whole year without uttering that word, but now I
must break my silence in the interests of science! Although the real one does not,
technically, start until | January 2001 for pedantic editors, the “millennium” as
advertised may have an effect on entomology (all jokes about the millennium bug
have already been told to me by my children, thank you). The problem is, of course,
the reluctance of some entomologists to recognise that we are in any particular
century — let alone millennium. I refer, specifically, to those of you who have been
writing “99” on your data labels instead of “1999” and are about to progress to “00”
instead of “2000”. As an ex-museum biologist, I can point out from experience that
the date “00” is pre-occupied and is, therefore, taxonomically invalid for the year
2000. Similarly, “99” as applied to the current year is a mere synonym of 1899 and
should be replaced with 1999. The full year should always be written on all data
labels so that some poor soul in the year 2050 doesn’t get confused whilst
rummaging through your old, dusty collection somewhere in a museum basement (if
there are any museums left by then!).

Looking to the future, we are pleased to keep the subscription at the same rate,
with no increase predicted at the moment. If we get more subscribers the unit cost of
each issue falls and so it is everyone’s interest to encourage others to take this
journal. The renewal notice is sent out with this issue and it contains a section
whereby you can take out a gift subscription for a friend if you wish. What better
Christmas present than a subscription to the Entomologist’ s Record, | wonder?

During 2000, it is hoped to establish an Entomologist’ s Record Home Page on the
Worldwide web. Apart from making us accessible to potential subscribers deep in
the recesses of scientific institutions in far flung parts of the world, we should also be
able, eventually, to index the journal on the internet so that when you are researching
a particular species of insect or other topic you will have rapid access to papers and
notes already published. Although I find this quite an exciting prospect, it is well
beyond a dinosaur such as yours truly to see it through. I would be very keen to hear
from anyone who is sufficiently knowledgeable to help us in this venture (always
remembering that we prefer not to spend any money as our only income is from our
readers’ subscriptions). And talking of money, I am still looking to expand the
Editorial Board by adding someone who can spend some time writing letters to get
sponsorship and someone else who can take charge of getting people to advertise
with us. I have this dream that one day advertisers and sponsors will fund the journal
to the extent that I can halve the subscription! Over to you.

Colin W. Plant

Continued from back cover

PreICuInmapOUle!s.AnA ALC =. 220 Sdls «dla wlio A o.hem nod ewe DS Rie ae ee ede ways 288
Catoptria falsella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in south-east London. A. A. Allen ........ 289
A note on the possible second brood of the Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina L. (Lep.:
Nymphalidae) in south-east London. A. A. Allen .......... 0c. e eee eee tee 289
A record of Crombrugghia laetus (Zeller) (Lep.: Pterophoridae) new to West Sussex.
COUIG [ACIS oh etna reg Poe ect eRe ge eT as Sangeet oe cane Ome renee oer ae 289

Product Report
litemewseronda HU 1Oi generator Jon Clifton 2.2.05. va eee oe ee a tee 290

Book Review
The Western Palaearctic Zygaenidae by C. M. Naumann, G. M. Tarman & W. G.

HireTe Wicd pega a non nici a ee gees nc nee Ci rere tee ORG? Oh maka © aisle 291
Jewels in the air: a combined video and booklet guide to British butterflies by Roger

GION alte es rte ea ge a ae ee Rn age ee ene ae eer ae re a 292
Lepidoptera of St Agnes, Isles of Scilly by Michael E. Hicks and John W. Hale ........ 293
Microlepidoptera of Europe. Volume 3: Gelechiidae 1 by P. Huemer and O. Karsholt . . 294

Editorial Notes

NOCUE EME POLIS era Aeetart A ny avthos aieusta ca + Je citisie ais s lee « Ree Pare N A he cae Sele 290
(COTES IGIE): neialG SA neon keg ie cme pra ed neck re aa 294
Es ORIBUNC PES CILOL Stil Alley organ revu-cen rst Maeeiee <ai mare Pagan ote SCI eesta enced aeahert Sista an ool hrs 295

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents

Microlepidoptera review of 1998. J. R. Langmaid & M.R. Young ..........0 00000
The influence of childhood on an entomologist and a very rare fritillary. Rupert
Barrington (Plate A) 22... <0. 3. Jone om meine © Wine) lee eo ee ee
Boloria (Clossiania) titania (Esper, [1793]) and its occurrence in Bulgaria (Lep.:
Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae). Alexander Slivov & Stanislav Abadjiev .............
Chilades Moore, [1881], a new genus for the Bulgarian fauna (Lep.: Papilionoidea:
Lycaenidae). Alexander Slivoy & Stanislay Abadjiev .: 2... +022 eee eee
The genetics of the melanic ab. nigricans Culot of Melanargia galathea L. (Lep.:
Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Rupert Barrington (Plates B and C) ..................4-

Marpesia eleuchea Hb. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Cuba: advantage of a false head. B. K.

West (Plate D)

The identity of Myrmecopora brevipes Butler (Col.: Staphylinidae). J. A. Owen .......
The status of Formica lugubris Zett. and Formica aquilonia Yarrow (Hym.:

Formicidae) in Ross-shire and Sutherland. Jonathan Hughes ...........00000 eee

Notes and observations

Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) new to Scotland. Robert M.

PAQUET FS ken Sank es Fa a es EO eee

Hellinsia osteodactylus (Zell.) (Lep.: Pterophoridae) on the east coast of Scotland. Mark

ViOUNQ cht Fie eine 2 a asotendie eae oheves agente one. xe fa Gh See 2-8, eck Rae

Dewick’s Plusia Macdunnoughia confusa Steph. (Lep.: Noctuidae) at Staines,

Middlesex in 1999 and the autumnal occurrence of Orthopygia glaucinalis L. (Lep.:
Pyralidae). John'Mugeleton: v.05 cc wits Ou et wk ee ee eee eee

The melanic forms of Acronicta leporina L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in the London area.

Be Ke WeSE ee oes 255 00g win in ‘af Meaoey Wiis oS Sion ty wile ln te «oie soa Soccer

Is the Humming-bird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) (Lep.: Sphingidae)

resident in’ Brtain?, David Agassiz... 3 4a. aa os Neo che ot See

A note on the 1998 influx of Diachrysia orichalcea Fabr. Slender Burnished Brass

(Lepi-Noctuidae)2R. WeEBO gue. sic feo: cide. ole 0 eh andes ees eee

Lithophane hepatica Cl. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent. B. K. West ...........
The Purple Hairstreak Quercusia quercus L. (Lep.: Lycaenidae): first modern record for

Oxleas Wood SSSI, Shooters Hill, south-east London. A. A. Allen ................

The Triangle Heterogenea asella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Limacodidae) re-found in Devon. R.

FP MeCormick s24u So Age bake 2 a ns ee

Hazards of butterfly collecting e fax for you Sir - Korup, cameroun, February 1996.

LOrDen BL Grsen 22.6) 6 lo ee

Third update of early emergences of moths at Selborne. Alisdair Aston ..............
Hypochalcia ahenella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) found again in Hertfordshire. Colin W.

Plante osha Bk. ce RO i EE Ee eta ee

Continued on inside back cover

SPECIAL NOTICE.
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Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel: 01277 224610

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ENTOMOLOGIST $ RECORD

AND
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by
C.W. PLANT, B.sc., FR.E.S.

CONTENTS

AND

SPECIAL INDEX

ees ae

Vol. 111

1999

ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.

Editor
C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., ER.E.S.
14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.
Telephone: 01279 507697 E-mail: Colinwplant@compuserve.com

Assistant Editors
R.A. JONES, B.Sc., ER.E.S., EL.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., ER.ES.

Editorial Panel

A.A. Allen, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. A.M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., ER.E.S.

N. L. Birkett, J.P, M.A., M.B., ER.E.S. J.A. Owen, M.D., Ph.D., ER.E.S.

J.D. Bradley, Ph.D., RR.E.S. C.J. Luckens, M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.O.G.

J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, FR.E.S. B. Skinner

P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., ER.E.S. P.A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.L.Biol., ER.E.S.

C.A. Collingwood, B.Sc., RR.E.S.
Registrar
R.F. McCormick, ER.E.S. 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NR

Hon. Treasurer Official Photographer
C.C. Penney, ER.E.S. 09 Waveney Drive, David Wilson, 9 Lode Lane, Wicken,
Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7QA Cambridgeshire CB7 5XP

WHERE TO WRITE
Papers, notes, books for review, notices, adverts etc — Editor Changes of address — Registrar

New subscriptions, renewals, donations, non-arrival of Journal — Treasurer
Back issues — Paul Sokoloff, 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS

Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the
views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Editorial Panel or any party other
than the named author or authors.

Guidelines for contributors
This journal publishes original papers and notes from both amateurs and professionals. It is not necessary for contributors
to be subscribers. The emphasis of the journal is on British and European Lepidoptera but papers on other aspects of British
and European entomology are considered, particularly concerning species in Europe which may eventually reach Britain.

The preferred method of submission is by e-mail or on floppy disk — even for very short articles. However, we
acknowledge that these facilities are not available to everyone and we also accept typed or hand-written manuscripts.

E-mailed contributions are best sent as binary attachments so that formatting is preserved. Disks must be PC
compatible and the file format must be readable by Word 2000. A single paper copy should accompany disks. In both cases
contributions should employ correct use of capital letters, bold and italic type etc and should be single spaced. Leave a
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cases, we require the originals of photographs, drawings etc.; these will be returned after publication.

All authors should refer to this volume as a guide, particularly with regard to the format of dates, lists of references
and lists of species. Names of British Lepidoptera should follow Bradley, J.D. (1998. A checklist of Lepidoptera
recorded from the British Isles) and authors of species names should be given at the first mention. A full list of
instructions may be obtained by sending a stamped addressed envelope marked “Ent. Rec. Guidelines” to the Editor.

There are normally no page charges to authors for text or black and white photographs but authors wanting colour
photographs will normally have to defray the cost. Contact the editor in advance for details. All papers are subjected to
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reviews are sent to authors for correction. Proofs of other contributions are checked by the editorial panel. Authors of
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Proofs of notes can be provided at cost and must be requested when submitting the manuscript.

Printed in England by Cravitz Printing Company Limited
1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA.
Telephone: 01277 224610 Fax: 01277 262815

CONTENTS

A
An unusual abundance of Chiasmia clathrata (L.) (Lep.: Geometridae) in Essex in 1997. B.
Goodey, 21
Another new species of Mordellistena Costa (Col.: Mordellidae) in Britain. A. A. Allen, 205
A key to European Xylotini (Dip.: Syrphidae). Martin C. D. Speight, 211

A preliminary list of the longhorns (Col.: Cerambycidae) of Flintshire. Raymond R. Uhthoff-
Kaufmann, 189

B
Boloria (Clossiania) titania (Esper, [1793]) and its occurrence in Bulgaria (Lep.: Papilionoidea:
Nymphalidae). Alexander Slivov & Stanislav Abadjiev, 267
Bush crickets and the Burren, with first records of Pholidoptera griseoaptera (De Geer) (Orth.:
Tettigoniidae). Martin C. D. Speight, 139
Butterflies and dragonflies in northern Greece, 27 June - 9 July 1997. A. Wakeham-Dawson, T.
Benton & V. Barham, 121

C
Changes in the ant (Hym.: Formicidae) fauna of a Swedish bogland area 1986-1997. C. A.
Collingwood, 233

Chilades Moore, [1881], a new genus for the Bulgarian fauna (Lep.: Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae).
Alexander Slivov & Stanislav Abadjiev, 268

F
Further gall (Insecta & Acari) records from the Isle of Man. J. P.O’Connor & M.A. O’Connor, 149

I

Immigrant Lepidoptera to the British Isles caught in Rothamsted Insect Survey light-traps in
1993 and 1994. Adrian M. Riley, 207

Increase in local abundance and expansion of geographical range in the Least Carpet [daea
rusticata (D.& S.) (= vulpinaria H.-S.) (Lep.: Geometridae) as indicated by Rothamsted Insect
Survey light traps. Adrian M. Riley & Huw L. Jones. 185

Infestations of Aphis verbasci Schrank (Hem.: Aphididae) on Buddleja and Verbascum. A. J.
Halstead & B. M. Spooner, 190

M

Males of Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hym.: Braconidae: Euphorinae). Mark R. Shaw,
Irene E. Geoghegan & Michael E. N. Majerus, 195

Marpesia eleuchea Hb. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Cuba: advantage of a false head. B. K. West, 273
and Plate D

Microlepidoptera review of 1997. J. R. Langmaid & M. R. Young, 105
Microlepidoptera review of 1998. J. R. Langmaid & M. R. Young, 249
Mordellistena pseudoparvula Ermisch (Col.: Mordellidae) new to Britain. J. A. Owen, 101

N
New record of mushroom pest at 5500 feet altitude in Kumaon Hills of central India. Mohammad
Arif & Narendra Kumar, 37
New records of Phoridae (Diptera) reared from fungi. R. H. L. Disney & R. E. Evans, 235

Notes on the Dark Green Fritillary Argynnis aglaja L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from the Island of
Flodday, Outer Hebrides. Rupert Barrington, 57

O
Observations of nightly flight patterns in some common species of moths (Lepidoptera). G.
Carrick, 49
On the distribution of Eunica (formerly in Libythina) cuvierii (Godart) (Lep.: Nymphalidae)
including a new record of the species from Minas Gerais, Brasil. Ralf H. Anken, 63

ill

R

Return of the Comma Polygonia c-album L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) to Northumberland: Historical
review and current status. Hewett A. Ellis, 227

S

Stictopleurus punctatonervosus (Goeze, 1778) (Hem.: Rhopalidae) rediscovered in Britain and
new to Essex. J. P. Bowdrey, 135

Suburban gardens in south-west London as homes for subterranean beetles. J. A. Owen, 11

T

The current status and prospects in England of the Large Heath butterfly Coenonympha tullia
Miiller (Lep.: Satyridae). Harry T. Eales, 5

The genetics of the melanic ab. nigricans Culot of Melanargia galathea L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae). Rupert Barrington, 269 and Plates B and C

The identity of Myrmecopora brevipes Butler (Col.: Staphylinidae). J. A. Owen, 275

The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1996. Bernard Skinner & Mark Parsons, 153

The influence of childhood on an entomologist and a very rare fritillary. Rupert Barrington, 261
and Plate A

The macrolepidoptera of Banffshire. Roy Leverton, 1

The macrolepidoptera of the Rothamsted Estate, Harpenden, Hertfordshire. Adrian M. Riley, 71

The moths of Wimbledon: 1955 — 1997. J. V. Dacie, 129

The Phasiinae (Dip.: Tachinidae) of Kent with a confirmed host for Hemyda vittata (Meigen,
1824). Laurence Clemons, 27

The Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda (Lep.: Hesperiidae) in north-east England: History
and current status. Hewett A. Ellis, 223

The status of Formica lugubris Zett. and Formica aquilonia Yarrow (Hym.: Formicidae) in Ross-
shire and Sutherland. Jonathan Hughes, 277

The Yarrow Pug Eupithecia millefoliata Roess\. (Lep.: Geometridae), now apparently widespread
and locally common in East Anglia. Jim Reid, 201

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

A

A record of Crombrugghia laetus (Zeller) (Lep.: Pterophoridae) new to West Sussex. Colin
Hart, 289

A note on the 1998 influx of Diachrysia orichalcea Fabr. Slender Burnished Brass (Lep.:
Noctuidae). R. W. Bogue, 272

A note on the apparent rarity of Rhamphomyia (Holoclera) variabilis (Fin.) (Dip.: Empididae) in
Kent. Laurence Clemons, 98

A note on the outdoor incidence of the Death-watch Beetle Xestobium rufovillosum (Degeer)
(Col.: Anobiidae). A. A. Allen, 222

A note on the possible second brood of the Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina L. (Lep.:
Nymphalidae) in south-east London. A. A. Allen, 289

An extreme melanic form of Ectropis bistortata Goeze (Lep.: Geometridae) in Kent. B. K. West, 242

An overlooked paper on Tiree Lepidoptera. Derek C. Hulme, 239

An unusual habit of Micropteryx tunbergella (Fabr.) (Lep.: Micropterygidae). Jan Sims, 97

Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) new to Hampshire. R. W. Parfitt, 44

Atomaria scutellaris Motschulsky (Col.: Cryptophagidae) at Porthcawl, Glamorgan. R. Colin
Welch, 62

Atomaria scutellaris Motschulsky (Col.: Cryptophagidae) at Portcawl, Glamorgan. R. Colin
Welch, 148

Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) new to Norfolk. Stuart Paston, 238

Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) new to Scotland. Robert M. Palmer, 259

iV

B
Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Dip.: Tephritidae): first known British capture at large. A. A.
Allen, 36
Brimstone Butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Lep.: Pieridae) egg-laying on dock Rumex sp.. Peter
May, 199

C
Cappadaridaceae: an unusual host-plant family record for the cabbage root fly Delia radicum (L.)
(Dip.: Anthomyiidae). David G. Norton, 184
Catoptria falsella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in south-east London. A. A. Allen, 289
Cinochira atra Zett. (Dip.: Tachinidae) from Blackheath, north-west Kent. A. A. Allen, 217

Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi) (Col.: Coccinellidae) from malaise traps in Northamptonshire,
Norfolk and Hampshire. R. Colin Welch & Martin R. Jukes, 133

Collecting Notes 1998. M. D. Bryan, 143
Comment on Adela cuprella ({D.& S.]) (Lep.: Incurvariidae) in Berkshire. K. P. Bland, 103
Corticeus unicolor Pill.& Mitt. (Col.: Tenebrionidae) new to Warwickshire. B. R. Mitchell, 56

D
Daldinia concentrica Ces.& De Not. As a foodplant of Apomyelois bistriatella (Hulst) ssp.
subcognata Rag. (Lep.: Pyralidae). Paul Sokoloff, 138
Dead Alcon Blue Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) eggs in the Benasque
valley, Spanish Central Pyrenees - the truth ! Andrew-Wakeham Dawson, 25

Dewick’s Plusia Macdunnoughia confusa Steph. (Lep.: Noctuidae) at Staines, Middlesex in 1999
and the autumnal occurrence of Orthopygia glaucinalis L. (Lep.: Pyralidae). John Muggleton, 260

Dryas julia (Fabr.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in West Sussex. Charles Dewhurst, 148

E

Early emergence of Currant Pug Eupithecia assimilata Doubleday (Lep.: Geometridae). Adrian
M. Riley, 188

Eastern Bordered Straw Heliothis nubigera H.-S. (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to Devon. R. F.
McCormick, 226

Euryporus picipes (Paykull) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in Roxburghshire. J. A. Owen, 10

F
Further comment on Adela cuprella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Incurvariidae) in Berkshire. B. R. Baker, 119
Further observations on predation of hibernating Aglais urticae (Lep.: Nymphalidae) by a Wren.
K. P. Bland, 137
Further records of Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in Cheshire (VC 58)
during 1999. D. J. Poynton, 238

Further records of two species of Oedemera Olivier (Col.: Oedemeridae) in Kent. Laurence
Clemons, 141

Further spread of the Feathered Ranunculus Polymixis lichenea (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae). Graham
A. Collins, 10

H
Hazards of butterfly collecting — A bad day in Oyster Bay, Tanzania, 1977. Torben B. Larsen, 193

Hazards of butterfly collecting 2 fax for you Sir — Korup, cameroun, February 1996. Torben B.
Larsen, 284

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Schevy, West Africa, 1993 — 1998. Torben B. Larsen, 69
Hazards of butterfly collecting — The birth of a lepidopterist — Delhi, 1951. Torben B. Larsen, 242
Hazards of butterfly collecting — the finest bridge in Afghanistan, 1977. Torben B. Larsen. 146

Hazards of butterfly collecting — you don’t want to see my mudflies, Ghana August 1996. Torben
B. Larsen. 42

Hellinsia osteodactylus (Zell.) (Lep.: Pterophoridae) on the east coast of Scotland. Mark Young, 259

V;

Hydroporus ferrugineus Stephens and Hydroporus marginatus (Duftschmid) (Col.: Dytiscidae) in
Dorset. A. J. Allen, 222

Hypochalcia ahenella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) found again in Hertfordshire. Colin W. Plant, 288

I
Investigations into the feeding habits of Kampods (Diplura: Campodidae). Bela Blesic, 96

Is the Humming-bird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) (Lep.: Sphingidae) resident in
Britain? David Agassiz, 266

L

Lampronia fuscatella (Tengst.) (Lep.: Incurvariidae) and Dichomeris marginella (Fabr.) (Lep.:
Gelechiidae) new to Glamorgan. Martin J. White, 226

Larvae of Coleophora artemisicolella Bruand (Lep.: Coleophoridae) preparing to enter a second
winter. Jan Sims, 26

Least Black Arches Nola confusalis (Herrich-Schaffer) (Lep.: Nolidae) in Hertfordshire. Rob
Souter, 198

Least Black Arches Nola confusalis (Herrich-Schaffer) ab. columbina Image (Lep.: Nolidae)
found outside Epping Forest. Andrew Wood, 199

Leiodes picea (Panzer) (Col.: Leiodidae) and other leiodids from Upper Strathspey. J. A. Owen, 36
Lithophane hepatica Cl. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent. B. K. West, 272
Localities for Phyllonorycter muelleriella (Zeller) (Lep.: Gracillariidae). /. Sims, 20

M
Mercury Vapourers, A. A. Allen, 288
More Early Greys. Raymond A. Softly, 4

N
New aberration of Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages (L.) (Lep.: Hesperiidae). L. Winokur, 99
New species of Lepidoptera for the Isle of Wight. §. A. Knill-Jones, 41
New year butterfly sightings, 1999. Joe Firmin, 62

Notes on the Comma Polygonia c-album (L.) and the Peacock Inachis io (L.) butterflies in the
south-east London area. A. A. Allen, 44

Noteworthy Scottish Lepidoptera in 1998. Colin W. Plant, 39

P
Philereme vetulata (D.& S.) (Lep.: Geometridae) new to Co. Clare. Alan Jenkins, 9
Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zell.) (Lep.: Gracillariidae) feeding on Sorbus aria in Surrey.
Robert M. Palmer, 70
Plant bugs (Hemiptera) on Woolwich Common, south-east London. A. A. Allen, 204

Postponed emergence: A possible survival tactic on the Orange-tip butterfly Anthocharis
cardamines (L.) (Lep.: Pieridae). Harry T. Eales, 241

Prionus coriarius (L.) (Col.: Cerambycidae) in Hampshire and the New Forest. Michael A.
Salmon, 103

R

Range expansion in the Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae). P. K.
Kinnear, 131
Recent records of Medon pocoferus (Peyron) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in Dorset. John Owen, 96

S
Sclerocona acutellus Eversmann (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Devon. Roy McCormick, 188
Second update of early emergences of moths at Selborne. Alasdair Aston, 220
Sideridis albicolon (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) at Dartford, Kent. B. K. West, 232

Six-belted Clearwing Bembecia ichneumoniformis (=scopigera auct.) (Lep.: Sesiidae) in south-
east London. A. A. Allen, 4

vi

Some interesting records of moths in the Isle of Wight in the winter of 1998-99. S.A. Knill-
Jones, 100

Some observations on pigment stability in the wing markings of Graphium weiskei (Ribbe)
(Lep.: Papilionidae). J. B. Jobe, 206

Some records of Lepidoptera from Westmoreland (VC 69). Neville L. Birkett, 203

Swallowtail Papilio machaon L. (Lep.: Papilionidae) found dead in Bentley Wood, Wiltshire. L.
Winokur, 147

Synchronised capture of The Vapourer Orgyia antiqua L. (Lep.: Lymantriidae) at lights in
England and France? Colin W. Plant, 198

T

Tachystola acroxantha (Meyr.) (Lep.: Oecophoridae) — an established colony in North
Hampshire. Rob Edmunds & Ron Parfitt, 20

Tachystola acroxantha (Meyrick) (Lep.: Oecophoridae) in Somerset. Andrew Slade & Wendy
Farrar, 232

The 1998 season in my Cambridge Garden. Brian O. C. Gardiner, 136

The melanic forms of Acronicta leporina L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in the London area. B. K. West, 265

The Phasiinae (Dip.: Tachinidae) of Kent 2 corrigenda and addenda. Laurence Clemons, 197

The Purple Hairstreak Quercusia quercus L. (Lep.: Lycaenidae): first modern record for Oxleas
Wood SSSI, Shooters Hill, south-east London. A. A. Allen, 274

The Small Marbled Eublemma parva (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Lancashire in 1998. A. M.
George, 43

The status of Oedemera nobilis (Scopoli) and O. lurida (Marsham) (Col.: Oedemeridae) in Kent.
Eric G. Philp, 239

The Triangle Heterogenea asella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Limacodidae) re-found in Devon. R. F.
McCormick, 276

Third update of early emergences of moths at Selborne. Alisdair Aston, 286

Two highly notable vanessid butterflies (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in north-east Surrey. A. A. Allen, 45

Two new and surprising records of the ant-lion Euroleon nostras (Geoffroy in Fourcroy) (Neur.:
Myrmeleontidae) in southern England. Colin W. Plant & David Walker, 94

Two unusual micro moths for Somerset. Brian E. Slade, 210

U
Unusual seasonal occurrence of Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae). R. G. Ainley, 242
Updates for three species of moth in south-west Scotland. Richard Mearns, 218
Update of early emergences of moths at Selborrne. Alasdair Aston, 134

WwW
White-marked Cerastis leucographa D. & S. (Lep.: Noctuidae) re-found in Devon. Roy
McCormick, 183
Who needs a trap when a hamster will do - or - pyralids ate my pasta. Rob Edmunds, 41

SUBSCRIBER NOTICES
Aerial insects. Jason Chapman, 244
National Moth Night — 17 July 1999. Editor, 119

Orange Upperwing Jodia croceago (D.& S.) survey — autumn 1999/spring 2000. Mark Parsons
& David Green, 244

Relative frequency of the banded form of the Riband Wave /daea aversata (L.) (Lep.:
Geometridae): a request for data. Roy Leverton, 120, 188

Stolen books. Brian Gardiner, 25

The British Tephritidae (Diptera) Recording Scheme — a request for data. Laurence Clemons, 61
The Marsh Award. Editor, 119

The Shetland Biological Records Centre. Roger Riddington, 99

Vil

PRODUCT REPORT
The new Honda EU 10i generator. Jon Clifton, 290

EDITORIAL NOTES
Corrigenda, 295
Editorial note: Reader Survey, 102
From the Editor’s chair, 295
Product reports, 290
BOOK REVIEWS

A checklist of Irish aquatic insects by P. Ashe, J. P. O’Connor & D. A. Murray, 46

Checkered beetles (Buntkdfer): illustrated guide to the Cleridae of the Western Palaearctic by
Roland Gerstmeier, 47

Checklists of insects of the British isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera (incorporating a List of
Trish Diptera) edited by Peter Chandler, 152

Die Larven der Europdischen Noctuidae. Revision der Systematik der Noctuidae by Herbert
Beck, 247

Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Wiirttembergs, Band 7, Nachtfaalter V by Axel Steiner & Giinter
Ebert, 46

Hoverflies of Surrey by Roger K. A. Morris, 150

Jewels in the air: a combined video and booklet guide to British butterflies by Roger Kemp, 292
Lepidoptera of St Agnes, Isles of Scilly by Michael E. Hicks and John W. Hale, 293
Microlepidoptera of Europe. Volume 3: Gelechiidae I by P. Huemer and O. Karsholt, 294
Provisional atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland by Robin Edwards, 48

The birder’s bug book by Gilbert Waldbauer, 47

The colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles by Bernard Skinner, 104

Unfinished Business: a supplement to the Lepidoptera of the Orkney Islands by R. 1. Lorimer, 151
The Western Palaearctic Zygaenidae by C. M. Naumann, G. M. Tarman & W. G. Tremewan, 291
World Catalogue of Insects, volume I: Hydraenidae (Coleoptera) by Michel Hansen, 200

Vill

CONTRIBUTORS

Entries in emboldened type refer to peer-reviewed papers; entries in ordinary type refer notes and
communications refereed internally by the Editorial Panel. Authors who are not the first named authors of

multiple author papers are indicated in italic type.

Abadjiev, S., 267, 268

Agassiz, D., 266

Ainley, R. G., 242

Allen, A. A., 4, 36, 44, 45, 204, 205, 217, 222,
274, 288, 289

Allen, A. J., 222

Anken, R. H., 63

Arif, M & Kumar, N., 37

Aston, A., 134, 220, 286

Baker, B. R., 119

Barham, V., 121

Barrington, R., 57, 261 (& Plate A), 269
Plates B & C)

Benton, T., 121

Birkett, N. L., 203

Bland, K. P., 103, 137

Blesic, B., 96

Bogue, R. W., 272

Bowdrey, J. P., 135

Bryan, M. D., 143

Carrick, G., 49

Chapman, J., 244

Clemons, L., 27, 61, 98, 141, 197

Clifton, J., 290

Collingwood, C. A., 233

Collins, G. A., 10

Dacie, J. V., 129

Dewhurts, C., 148

Disney, R. H. L. & Evans, R. E., 235

Eales, H. T., 5, 241

Editor 102, 119, 290, 295

Edmunds, R., 41

Edmunds, R. & Parfitt, R., 20

Ellis; H. E., 223,227

Evans, R. E., 235

Farrar, W., 232

Firmin, J., 62

Gardiner, B. O. C., 25, 136

Geoghegan, I.E., 195

George, A. M., 43

Goodey, B., 21

Green, D., 244

Halstead, A. J. & Spooner, B. M., 190

Hart, C., 289

Hughes, J., 277

Hulme, D. C., 239

Jenkins, A., 9

Jobe, J. B., 206

Jones, H. L., 185

Jukes, M. R., /33

Kinnear, P. K., 131

Knill-Jones, S. A., 41, 100

(&

Kumar, N., 37

Langmaid, J. R. & Young, M .R., 105, 249
Larsen, T. B., 42, 69, 146, 193, 242, 284
Leverton, R., 1, 120, 188

Majerus, M. E. N., 195

May, P., 199

McCormick, R. F., 183, 188, 226, 276
Mearns, R., 218

Mitchell, B. R., 56

Muggleton, J., 260

Norton, D. G., 184

O’Connor, J. P. & O’Connor, M. A., 149
O’Connor, M. A., 149

Owen, J. A., 10, 11, 36, 96, 101, 275
Palmer, R. M., 70, 259

Parfitt, R. W., 20, 44

Parsons, M., 153

Parsons, M. & Green, D., 244

Paston, S., 238

Philp, E. G., 239

Plant, C. W., 39, 198, 288

Plant, C. W. & Walker, D., 94

Poynton, D. J., 238

Reid, J., 201

Riddington, R., 99

Riley, A. M., 71, 188, 207

Riley, A. M. & Jones, H. L., 185
Salmon, M. A., 103

Shaw, M. R., Geoghegan, I.E. & Majerus,
M.E.N., 195

Sims, I., 20, 26, 97

Skinner, B. & Parsons, M., 153
Slade, A. & Farrar, W., 232
Slade, B. E., 210

Slivov, A. & Abadjiev, S., 267, 268
Sokoloff, P., 138

Softly, R. A., 4

Souter, R., 198

Speight, M. C. D., 139, 211
Spooner, B. M., 190
Uhthoff-Kaufmann, R. R., 189
Wakeham-Dawson, A., 25

Wakeham-Dawson, A., Benton, T. & Barham, V.,
121

Walker, D., 94

Welch, R. C., 62, 148

Welch, R. C. & Jukes, M. R., 133

West, B.K., 232, 242, 265, 272, 273 (& Plate D)
White, M. J., 226

Winokur, L., 99, 147

Wood, A., 199

Young, M .R., 105, 249, 259

SPECIAL INDEX

Compiled by David Wilson
Newly described taxa are indexed in bold type.
Taxa new to Britain or newly recognised as British are denoted by an asterisk.

LEPIDOPTERA Page
A

abbreviata Eupithecta.:..:.2.:.cscccesessestteees 82, 220
abietana ACIEDiS is:ecccnn hess vtesx tere staees eee nceestteet 56
abietella Dioryctria ............c::cccseees 118, 157, 258
abruptaria Menophtra.............::ccecceeseeeeseees 84, 221
abséisana oBES1a: sscesccevsesasyssnazederesersaceteareries 115
absinthiata Bupithecia::.:........ciccssierscaseceecenesecedos 82
absinthit Cucuilllia | 4.24. sescsencchuscavtih sete tewtactess 130
acanthadactyla Amblyptilia ........... ec eeeeeeeeeee 258
acerifoliella Phyllonorycter ...........::eecceseceeeees 252
ACETIS ACTOMIC(Ascccssiecsdcnscscsevnecaeeeelosake oats 89, 145
ACETIS: Sthemmel] ae ois.uc 2. caren ncavscaetee cet ees alee 107
achatana ANCYINS) ..44siscr. cysts oversea eticerestt 115
PNCTOMUC BA Sosa sua sa ceen. essex trace ressetrercestnse hex veeee ss 78
acroxantha Tach ystolas::.c.ccscec.cc0 eter ease: 205232
acuminatana Dichrorampha.............c::cceeeee 116
acuminatella Scrobipalpa............c:ccccscessseessees 113
acutellus SclerocOna <..c:::22..c2deeecteeten oe 188
ade lp hella: SCiOta .cstesnosscaeescevie-teetececstnces se 1575298
adippe Cleodoxa ATPyNMIS.....:..sscesscsesveesacssanca 121
adyunctella Coleophoraz..:02/2532 ace... 253
admetus A prodiaetus -2::1...<ssoncssoaeccuss seco eaeed totes 122
adscitella, Blachista:..ssisescssiaccessesedstercdoecstueeaees 1d
adspersella Coleophora ::20e::ts8!2..ct.cteeaien: 111
adusta: Minioty pe. .2sc.44.cceeh ent e ereetans 88, 91
adustata Ligdta ....cccss:siv.sqecsevoeceayecnees $3, 131, 221
advenelia Trach yCera...:cccc2secosescescavceccteesoteeat 118
AC RELA Palab Pere. .ive.csscctsesttecccsavetden oust aera 143
aeneofasciella Stigmella....2.202.45. cia 250
aerugula Nola s. cisssavscseond teed eae 166
aescularia Alsophilais...:c.asteccccecdassstncescontect 79, 134
aestivaria Hemithed . A ctccccsstcesdvacsiecs acces 79
aeshivella Metznera:cc)y.scartwile een acces | ges
Ab MISC OSMIA Fs, ahkeeseceee eerste: 89, 130
alfinitata Peri ZOma saccessocsvesceetsiacstsnet tetsccatsatieens 81
aglaja ArPyiNis. ...2.c..s:02.0s2cesseeee th wees 57, 58, 263
aglaja scotica Argynmis .............:cseeceeeeeeeeeees 57, 60
ahenella Hypochaleta: .s4:6:.2270ccoctincte sarees 288
alacella: Acanthophila sss.322csoecscescccteesseececerauzce 113
albergamus: BreDaiscssce:.csssscosstcestesbesnateacetansavatiss 145
albicillata Meésoleucain.icsccks tates etecedictceseabvtae 80
albicolon Sideridis .......0c<ssscctcasiesc.wancs easels 232
albifasciella Ectoedemian:.s.t.c24 coded: 106
albifrontella Elachista \:.ts:..4.<.002 :2neta ethic: 111
albipuncta Mythimma sissss.ccssseecite uexsseeaecsdazesents 167
albipunctata Cyclophora ............:eeceeeeeeees 79, 199
albistria Arpyresthia-<.2....:2.0.0222¢0 terse 109
albitarsella Coleophora ............:cce0teubsccssseesteeese 110
albovenosa Simyra.....2.0.4si2... Bessa es 170
albuginana PammMene ovev.65. c.03s.sticcheaotedetecorevest 116
albula Mesanolai.: ccc: cstetevecessccdelisvittetesstietet 166
albulata-Asthenas s...:s2:c.cescseeceestovenaneeenees 83,131
albbulata Perizoimay i.cci.ctvsseeceras cocceteeot 81, 131
alburnella: Teleiodes:..:....iscnscaccccsteenseisaserteer: 254
alcetas Everes...iccstsah eos ee ek et oes 127
alchemillata Perizoma.:.i:22.sesocteeecctdetecsonatesesees 81
alcon Maculinea.....i..ts.:.s..s.00c0s5 25, 124, 127,.128
alfacaniensis:Colias .s.cc00i ci eccen secs 158
algae Cry philais cr. trae seroteeenites oes 153, 170
al gira Dy SP ONMA aie.cc.:eesccatens. ss ssttcadeeeseteeres 153; 173
almana JUMONIA ......:ccccssssocsesseecetteressboevsssceueseed 243

Page
alnetella Stigmella ...2,:;.cs.c. cave. cc oeee 107
alini ACrOmICta ..:..5..ccccecoeacxecececzestee teeters 89, 287
alniaria Ennomos ...;...5:..2:..2-..< ees wee 83
alpella\Ypsolopha..2:.:.2.0...t:d:.c04-.busdeeee ee 252
alpicola alpina Xestia...........02.2.2e eae ee 3
alpinana Dichrorampha...........,..iseets.s0ts.-she--2es 116
alpimella EBlachista‘........:s.0.:..,ss.guc0-taeeeee eee 111
alpimella Platytes si.dcsssascsceecontuten ee 117, 155, 257
alsimes ‘Hoplodringa....:...1.c2cc-cetee tee 90
alternata alternata Epirrhoe..............c.::ccsscceesees 286
alternata Bpirrhoe......0..00..c.2c<:.s2 a ogeeoseneeeeee 80
alternella Tortricodes .0..........:ceseeeeseeeeees 220, 256
alticolella Coleophora s,s, ::sc0 ce. fegcceescossee 111
Alucitidae .occiscccccsete eee 116, 257
amalthea Pseudochazara .............:cscsscccsseeeeeees 125
ambigua Hoplodringa os... d.c.dsccccecteresee eres 90
ambiguella Eupoeciliasiss...:..dicsieceeaeene eee es 114
amplana Cydia ..:....sissesescteseboeteeeeccete meee 155
ANCEPS APaMea «.....5ccisesiseetoesagesesee eet see aes 89
anceps Peridea .....;....<isssessasesemeneene tapeon eres: pHH|
andronicus Polyommats...............cccsscceseeeeees 128
anglicella ParoriixXess.cic.ceuss erent ee ee 108
ansustella Nephopterix......2......cssseomeer: 118, 258
annularia Cyclophoras.....::.......scctetsesteee aoe 145
anthelea amalthea Pseudochazara................0. 124
anthelea PseudochaZata~cias..:c.5..<tsee tos pease 125
antiopa Nymphiallis .............s..s«ateashepecsanes 45, 159
antiqua Orpyla'..c..cssascere ometeeteces 85, 198, 288
aprilella Metzneria .2:.2..225. 22 112, 254
aprilina Dichonia ...3..555.s.s anise ee 3, 88
aquilornis. BOlOfMa .....::06.0<.00c005- eee eee 144
arbutella Olethreutes ............cccceeeeeeeeeeee eens 249, 256
arcania Coenonympha ........:0:.:i.:s.2s-a00--85 121, 124
72 6) 11 (0 1 ee pee 85, 130, 131, 165, 207
arduinna rhodopensis Melitaea..............:cee 121
areola Xylocampa......Jcnvsiesew eet 4, 88, 134
argentella Elachista...........i:#.0:.t¢ see eee 25S
argentimaculella Infurcitinea................... 108, 251
argentula Coleophora .........::s9..sioem -oncqnesdepooee 111
arsiolus Celastrina .....0:<5.:..c:2e2ceuee 136, 143
argus PlEDEJUS ....<<scss<scorseceoeteeserrer eee eee 143
ATSVAMINAE ..00s:.0sceensecdereeSiea ee 121
argyropnomon Pebejus ............:rses.cieuscsteantoant 125
argyropeza Ectoedemiia.....2.0::..008:,403..et-cueeeests 106
atidella Pediasia .......<<..20--.ssegeet ee eee 155
arion Maculinea’....crs...ssso-0cngeeeeeee eee 143
arion obscura Mactilinea...i.....cccsensccnsenseoseceten= 121
armigera Helicoverpa................- 51, 145, 153, 171
armigera Heliothis ............. cesses 100, 131, 260
artaxerxes allous Arica... scscs.c3.shsicb sot anno 123
artemisicolella Coleophora ................ 26, 111, 253
artemisiella Scrobipalpa..:.ii.:-;::2seces neo eecseace 113
asella Heterogenea «:....0.:c,..2.csstecssreeeceearses eee 276
aspersana ACIEris......0.....:5.sc1 center 115
asseclana Cnephasia...........0.:.0..iseiest eee 115
assectella Acrolepiopsis.............:..0%sse<ts eke sae 252
assimilata Eupithecta .............sseceseeseeeeoes 82, 188
assimilella Agonopterix .............cceeseeseeseseeeeees 254
assimilella Stigmella.....;.....-.cc..-5-oeeseeee cee 107
asteris Coleophora.........00.:..:05.crestten-c seenomteseoors 111

atalanta Vanessa.......... 62, 136, 137, 143, 153,176

AUVANIAPIVICILACA ..65...0ssse.ssssseaecses caeensnesctenssderssees 143
AlrayBlastodacna.........cc.sssrseecedecchecchessteeebyooveone 25S
amicapitana COCKYUS ...5..is0:s.00cs0csexeseodssseeeedeevsee 114
atriplicis: Coleophora ............cce0cseentsenserees a, 253.
ariplicis, Trachea...s:..sc5...ssseccsesessessenendtces 170, 207
AMOPOS ACHETOMNA,...0::c0.cscssssecssocevescessseoasansveass 163
atropunctana Metendothenia................ceee 115
augur Graphiphora ............0ccesceccssedereseseoses 86, 129
EITC 40) 0.2100): Rea eS Pe 88
AUPAMAPAMIMENE ...0.06.cccsssesnseceesveccessondeseecscoceded 116
AUiMaN aria A PTIOPIS ....c..0..se.csesodseesecesctensenceeacers 84
AUPALAIP YTAUSEAU <cisccccssessessseusnccnoscucesceevencevedasdvs 117
AUFICOMIA ACTOMICHA..........c..s.es00etesesocneresacsasene 169
AUMIMIA HUphydryas......2..s0cseessocesdeddardeacewossdcavone 143
aurofasciana Cely pha. ..........cscsicstetieseodesnceees 256
auroguttella Bucaly bites. ...2.....ceccclasceccecsosonreses 108
PRNIGO SCI GAS Foes conesccutcsss scan sessncesistacessocetecceuats 255
AUN ACA PUTS -.2..c.cc500ss.s0cceesersuntsedsvncovsadectane 81
autummnitella Acrolepia.............s.sccsscrseseeessaedes 110
aversata Idaea................+. 50, 51, 52, 80, 120, 188
avalecila Caloptilias..iisc...ccssecaseeiaseht-. satesvouens 251
B
Badiata Amticlea .i.csccieccsssessccosessatenssnases 2, 80, 134
badipennella Coleophora .:........:::0..sscsseseeses. 110
pea an Sth ae ese eens saa reen scares severe aecrest eyes eee 87
bajularia Comibaena.....icctrssseccesssesnssssessnsseccens Ve)
PAK CHEMI AIS I 3 ssts.casssceasdacaivirrtsvnies dexetssedecieseebseate 37
Dballkkanicus, Tard cuss...s2:0.005.ccsireved<tussnssvcessenneos 125
banksana: Deltote 1.2... c5ccss0sssioiceseccecteeeseceessuees 172
basistrigalis ScOparia ..........::ccscccssceeeeeeeseeeeeees 117
Dats NY AES 2. 2. hes. coc sciss vary cocdeateasssacveaeates D519
Bathachednidac «10126 eek ssdicseensaassectascvaaasenacecees 259
beatticellaAethes 2 oi. taccsecessnsnecctestaoerers 114, 256
Dellarous Ly sandra aic..cccccccesdcsnessesdedes deecsneseseen 128
bembeciforniis Sesia........c<cessessndsecsscsteteceassens 2718
DEMME AS GISTIS sc sce, ohetecuas aastseers eters caracoseee 119
beramia Marpesias,......cic..sscesssserssssusssencaretenses 274
berbera Aim phiryrd.. ..:.c.ccsstectins senaceessdecesecedeaseaaee 89
besberatal Pareul ype cs: escesseceaystaversseseensancaces 162
betubac Pavoni Ks 52..2isc.ccsssecdesstsecvesteouseavcvaseace: 108
betularia Biston..........c cc eeeeeeeeeeee 50, 52, 84, 221
betuletama ApOtomnis -o.ca.c. cscs: ccssccavteaseessateesdoane: 115
biangulata Euphyia ......cccic.sssdececsssocecdancessstensses 39
bicolorama Temal ccc si.ccasscssccoscce-nosceesisedorens succes 90
bicolorata HeCater ag .ccccdiasencescnsaseieesaavanicr sae eecesee 87
Biers Blader. c.cc. tena vascgannvarentstaventasestessteee 87
bidentata Odontopera............c::cccssecessseeeeees 83, 286
bifaciata Perizoma ....2.2...cco0cssonesazeecatedeneess og) Ura |
bifasciana Piniphila.., ..:. cose; vceneetoencs Parcieases 256
Loy (oF: gb eb &: Raereapea peepee Mapes teppei eens 85, 91
bufractella A podias..vicscsstcsessctonesstntiectessavaceoas® 254
bigeneratus = gorganus, machaon Papilio....... 147
bilineata Camptogramma.............:cccceecseeseeseeees 80
bimaculata Lomographa .................... 84, 130, 286
binaevella Phy citodes: ....0..:..s.<eseathdsseavestevsewasave 258
bmaria WatSomalla......2...::.i.c:.ccccseceescsastecbesanceess 79
bipunctaria ScotopteryX ..........cccecesceesseeeeees 80, 91
bupunctella Bthimnia x. .22..0.c..000:cdesncetnvestesereoedee 154
bipustulatus Malachius .......0... ce eeeeseeeeeeeeees 138
biriviata XanthorhOe occ. 5.2-ccscecesece dre satabecscart veers 130
INSe lata NaC ae. eaeeessate cetera ease aes 80
bistortata ab. defessaria Ectropis ...............0+ 242
bistortata ab. extrema Ectropis ............:cceeeee 242
bistortata Ectrops ...........:scsssssesersesees 84, 134, 242
bistriatella Apomtelois .............eeeeeeeeeeees 105, 118
bistriatella subcognata Apomyelois................. 138

Xi

bistriga Cryptoblabes ............ ee eeeeeeeeeeee 118, 258

bistilcellaWlachista: ya. scccce.esssgecdenseesesnsseaeascessons 111
Divas lai V 100 a sae cores cess catess caesminawacesonctes 249, 258 *
bjerkandrella Tebenna sssiiccsccccossstsivcesssusscveonsosevess 39
blanda PoplOgrit a 2c5o255 cee eee 90
blandella Brachinia 745; wtsnsteuswayeereene 209
blandelloides Caryocolum ............eeee 249, 255
BlAStODAaSIGAG |...0e2sscetacvedetiansxcews feaeressiora sat 135255
boeticus, Mampides 26 sass catss santas sectivtecacctceacnenees 159
bombycinasPoa .siseccensossncscsnessuesenncnoisesosesasetenes 87
bonnetella Aroyresthila u.csiedecatvestesescoseesenauerases 109
DO ana EODESI ai oscc2-, 7200s 4 eseesatecneeend cone anucens 256
bractéea Autooraphna is2scsccsspeiedsteescsceteaseses 144, 173
bradleyi: Momiplia scstcccstanc ites casera aoe nents 114
brassicae Mamestra............eeeeeeeeee 50; 53;87;221
brassicae Pieris....................00008 136, 239, 242, 243
DritanaiCa NCTA so eae eeceee ee 81, 130, 286
brockeellaAroyresthia 0 ccvecsessexssuecasuaeceadenseess 109
brumata Operophitera :.i2.s1cs...03)ccrs.qsstensn-gsstereeass 81
brunned Witarsiascoc-cisceetceeegice sacra tee 86, 129
brumticata Mame <0... oe eeeeece oe Heese ee. g;
brunneata Semithisas.c2..:4.c2aciscnssavaseseascncens 131
BUCCUILAUICIGAS a2 tesiec i ereateaiae nee 108, 251
bucephala Phalera ........ eee 50, 51, 53, 85
C
c-album Polygonia...............c 44, 137, 203, 227
CMP TUM AN CSU, eee crassa eieeeerse ce 50, 53, 55, 86
caeruleocephala. Diloba x ices. eee ce secs sete: 85
caespititiclla Coleophora ais. cc.020se ctor dienes 111
cagnagella YpoOnOMeula.............cssccccssseeeeeeseees 252
CATA PAT CUAG sou geonncce es anac daar iene teen seqeseainer itera 86
caledomiana ACICUIS sas: cistccaessesecneateasscdoscteusersmas 115
Al LiGd CS POM A ccs c sess sae ovestier vo reusasne tenses. 144
campoliliana BUCOSIM a g.cciccc.ssesecsssoessteseccuaneass 116
Catia UCOSIN w.tecoe. cose tatsceasevsuecsbeactees useceneteor es 116
Candens Lycaena 5.2. 2ucct.wasinteseatee eres | PA Pe 8
Camila, PACU 6.05. eect oatetors-aeeeistacactanaeo3 tet cocees 165
CAPLCAMA A POON S sacsscece ners ceccccteuatcnssiacseteseoee HS
Capucina PtHlOd ON :csccatscpsnessscteietsseeerseeces 85, 221
cardamines Anthocharis.............0006 136, 143, 241
carduella-A sonoptenix tuieee es eee ee 112, 254
Cargui'C ymca :<.osecescitssantccceese 62,137,.153, 176
carmelita Odontosia ...........ccceeeeeeeeeececeeeeeene 85, 199
Carpinata TrichopteryX .........c:ccccsceessseeeees 131, 220
Cassioides Brebia..c:.:<.rs-angaiet tessattoaeueieee nee: 145
Casta PSyCnes 2 c.c sites aasstenesuer ee arate 108
castancae Phragmataccia .sieci2c ce tacteetenensatis 144
caucasia balcanica Colas ..c.ccseccseeacasereecovassoes 121
caucasia balcanica f. rebeli Colias................... Al
cautella Ephestia 22.2... 7aeincntinaennee eee ey
cavella Phyllomorycter .2cs.1-0.2:-cceecaeecinces, 109
celadon Protesilaus <.:ccavstuvsecssccussepsaveseescastvesex: 213
celerio Mippoton ......c..aseteecean escorts oa 165
centanreata Bupithecia 2c c.ccs. oars cs eee 82
centrago: Ate thin a: 2.402 occesstestegsciedt seerseetesssoees 88
CEFASTOMINOS1A cu. necee dae econ es 87, 100, 134
cérealella Sitomopa ic. ccrcee ss cereus sttereiets is
COMISY, Zery MUN a ae. 3 gt recese heaves ua neare eos 126
cemissella PIAtVIEs., 22, .ccrcersenactgarctuae ines 117
cervinalis, Rheumaptera .:ccsd:c2tcc ce nnsecrassoeeencee: 81
cespilis Pholera.« 7 ian ees 358 /
chaerophyllella Epermenia ..............:::ccseeeeeees 257
chacrophylli Depressaria.,...::.<.i:.<ssecennsonsecesesaes Li?
chalcites ChrysOdeixis .:.:¢.ss-ese-istaaseiusacas 100, 172
chamomillae Cucullia .................:ccscccsesseees 88, 286
chenopodiata Scotoptenyx....222:.-cs20.¢e;2scescsees 80

Chilades aie ee eee 268

chloerata Chloroclystis ............:csccceees 40, 82, 130
chiorosata’ Petrophora:...cc.ncceeaees ect 83, 286
Ghoreutidaese 2.0 eucos ne ree cece 109, 252
Christyi-B pirrita sss ee eee 81
chrysitis Diachrysia c:..01.neace er ee 90
chrysolepidella Eriocrania’.)..2;.cacsces.dsaeerecteeeos 106
chrysonuchella Thisanotia ............:cccsseeseseeeeees 116
chrysoprasania Hemistola...2:.02t228 see: aD
chrysorrhoea Euproctis ............2.4..+0:- 85, 130, 165
cicatricella Enocramia: .i.i.0ctiiceceteeee nee 106
CINAKAC PY LOUIS eis ss ssacawetata ccweseemerersetace nates 122
Cinctata PericlepSiss.ctiss...va evel homeeeaeteenceees 239
CIMETeR APTOS <.2.05, civ sicess tester emetic 86
cingovskii Pseudochazara...........:..ce008 123, 124
cingulata Pyraustas.sii0.2..50 tsccadotessecdensseiesee: 257
Cinkiia MeN tACa ic ieescssssserssastendetasecteidsteccecslanene 143
circellaris Agrochola........cte....csscccsecseeseses 88, 179
CIPALO Dealt a isis cee zscecetaenche eck tescceee se seers 88
citrata Chioroclysta.........:s0cvieeiens eee 80
clathrata Chiastita:::..:vc..ccorestutcctactnceee aoe: 21583
Clavaria Larenttia 0.0... cccccoscduccssstevessésestaeveses 80, 131
Clavipalpis: Paradrina.....:...:...scssacduertenseets 90, 220
CLAVIS'AOTOUS 32 tact ccctescctateaccensereetet nena 3, 86
clematella Nemapogon ..c....:.ssicssoreoesccesserentesess 108
ClEOpatha GOMEPlery % seche ee sxe-cewsecerassennecemeceaeees 159
elerkella Lyonetia...tcci.ncaavtxaeeee eee 110
Glimene: Karina sieiesaisan cise snevevevssivccees’s 122, 124
ClO@rania FAT As ee wss Gases tides ed eaeentre star eeet ee 131
CHICAMA ACHES tc ccahicsacnsncteseietae 114
enicella Agonopterix..c5..cact:csststeesssesaemsaee 254
Coleophoridae:..cc...a.c ees 26; 110,253
COMME TimManaE alesis ccivavccrstiers. Sonwheetese P9L221
COMIES IN OC Mais ae.8 cates ck ae sacescesderuanscesteete 50, 53, 86
COmitata Pelinrga. A. iicatn aside ee 80
Comma Mythimna...ic.5 cect ees 50, 51, 88
comiplana: Bilema.15.c.s.cs:siusccssesteerssscseestuerene tee 85
compositellatCydiain....ciicasantvein ste loi 116
cCompta Hadenayn styiiae.ciiecscesstwen: 41, 87, 130
CONMUISA HAGEN aia as vcedattacctaeensssecetertaetes 3,87
confusa Macdunnoughia.............. eee 173, 260
confusalis ab. columbina Nola................. 198, 199
confusalis: Nolav.25,.2ittiwsck atid? 86, 198, 199
conigera Mythimias.:.0...c.000 2d ee 88
consimilana @lepsisiys.t.\.ccsdsccacoiosneess atecenne 256
consonaria ab. nigra Ectropis............:csceeseeeees 242
econsonaria Ecttopiss....2.weeee eee 242
consortana Dichrorampha)..2:.....j2dea.teccossecestso 116
consortella Cosintotes ¥.2.csc:ctasusessctesecees-couteevees 299
contenminana Bucosmia cis he4. Sea tec be)
conturbatella Momiphia’.:-aiccitieccreoeeeteoeseee 114
COnVObvulbASTIUS +: Heike asked cee.eereeisee tence 162
conwagana Pseudargyrotoza.............00 114, 287
conyzae|Coleophorat i. tia tniiennienccecrete 111
coracipennella Coleophora ...........:.:ceseeseeeeees 110
Coresta!Marpesian iat aie cee 274
condon iy sandrar..venauvea ae eee 288
coronata Phlyctaemia.............cccescccceessseeeeeeeeteees 25)
corylata'Electrophacs w...0..ve.eeace sec 81, 287
corny linColocasiatncie nwa 90, 143, 220
cory Phyllonorycterties. ee es 252
corylifoliella Phyllonorycter...2i5.8:.8 cin 70
Cosmopterigidacv2ain cae 114, 255
Cossidac tis. Fae aren ieee 78
costella Scrobipalpa..csewsta kia ene 113
ChaSSay APS TOUS Sei te ae ent 95, 166
Crassalis Hy peniavwuwyatuen see ae 91; 131

Xil

crataegella Stigmella........0.:.ccceeeedeeieess 107, 251
Crataegi Aporiar.. vance 159
crataegi Trichiutajcc0enne eee 78
crenata A pameasoccssicssevcesccu eee 89, 130
crepuscularia Ectropis....... cv ee 84
crepusculella Pseudopostega ............:eeceeceeees 107
cribraria arenaria Coscinia...........ccceeeeee 166, 207
croceago Jodia «......:......ncte es 244, 246
crocealis Ebulea ...0.0c..2070 ee 118, 258
croceus Colias...........ccceeeeeeeeeeee 137, 144, 145, 158
cruciana Epinotia 7-2... ee ee eee 256
cruda Orthosia......4.0 bee 87, 92, 134
cuculata Catarhoes\ j..ccccnes ee eee 80
cuculipennella Caloptilia .....2,.0.000 2a 108
eucullatella: Nola <2....ccn nn ee 86
cucullina Pulodon’........2.32 eee eee 85
Cultraria Watsonalla ...........cesceeeseeeseeceseeeees 79, 130
cuprella Adelaii)).... 7s 103, 107, 120, 251
cupressata Thera’s....i::..00. Se eee 154, 162
cupressella Argyresthia......... 105, 109, 249, 252 *
cupriacella Nemophora....2.28. Soe ee 251
Cursonia BUXO4:.:........citeaseremeirnenr cee tees 166
eurtula'Glostera ys. cheer ae ee 85) OF 221
curvatula Drepana ....22.2.00..es.ee eee 160
curvipunctosa Agonopterix ............ccssccesceeseeees 112
CUVIET EUNICE. ...2c eee 63
cydoniella Phyllonorycter..........eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 109
cynosbatella Epiblema................005 115, 256, 286
cytisella Monochroa::....4..0.2.28 2008 112, 254
D
daphne Brenthis' .2,.....:..:: Dae eee 121
daplidice Pontia .......icc.....cen eee 159
daucella Depressaria'::...c0 ee eee 112
deauratella Coleophora ccc eee eee 110
decentella Ectoedemia:.2228 eee 106
decimalis Tholera....:..:.sngicn eee ee 87
decoloratus Everes ......ccin.een eee 127
decolorella Blastobasis ............:.cccceeseeees 113, 255
defoliaria Erannis.....2ncc22 2 eo 84
degeneraria Idaea....22.0.c2. eee 161
delunella Eudonia «..:.:.c2.2222: 2220 117, 258
dentalis'Cynaeda:.))i:2:cn20/ eee 117
dentaria Selenia.......2s.c0000. 6 ee ee 83, 220
dentella Phaulermis...:::2..22. 2203 eee 116
dentella Ypsolopha:.:....:.222.:2 eee 110
depressa Eiléma.....5..00000002. 4 eee 85, 199
derivata Anticlea :..2:: cca. eee 80, 220
desertella Bryotropha......:...0./2225e ee 254
désignata Xanthorhoe.....2.2.2.02 oe 80, 286
despicata Pyraustai..022.c00 ee eee 117
deviella Coleophora. cnaccck eee Lv
dia: Clossiana’.3..0350.0..0. 2S ee eee ee 127
dida‘Aurina. cee.) cee ee ees 43
didyma’ Mesapamea 1....../. ae eee 89
didymata Perizoma «.....)...0.. 22 eee 81
diffinis'Cosmiay..c.0..05..22.. eee 89, 92, 130
diffinis Teleiopsis....:.....00...2258 seen 254
diluta Cymatophorima .............cceeeee 79, 91, 130
dilutata Epirrita’.2. ccci2vn. RR nen 81
dilutella Pempeliella ...........0.00..000008 118, 258
dimidiata Idaca.2.....0. 2a eee 80, 130
dispar Lymantria oii... oe ee eee 165
dispar rutila Lycaema is... -2c102.cce siccssctecenetanenres 122
distans Crombrugghia.....2.0.101..Scce ite tees tees 289
distans"Oxyptilus..../...s:0000 ase secon We)
distentella Phyllonorycter ............ccccsssessseeseeeees 20

Gita peS ZHU XCSUA iscse2ccccesedaaseslecsvsedheuibeastocsestss 87
@odecella EP xoteleia cscc.ccsnsctenseaseeecaeecsnces 113, 254
dodonaea Drymonia..............::ccsccceseeeeeeees 85, 287
dodoneata Eupithecia...........cceeeeeee 82, 92, 286
dolobraria Plagodis ..2........c:iccseceseseeesoese 83, 287
domestica Bryotropha.:......icc.cc..cc0sscdeceseesseedes 113
domestica -Cryphia .c...cissceseesessiacdsideecccaceets. 5389
dominula Callimorpha ....:..4.0...0.cc0s002bcssseseaessces 61
douglasella Depressaria ............... essere 112, 254
Die Pam aes. o.: see tossisceetiocadtavtteagelitiiee. 79, 130, 160
dromedarius Notodonta ............:cceeesseeeeeseeeeeeeeees 85
Gubitata Triphosia cccscesacrssscscssesovcavtecsesdesnssecesses 81
Mumertan Upper: ....scscectsanscseeccteectoaecesseeteets 170
doplaris Ochropacha c.ccssies00. ick asoteecdeusdsscdeanaseiet pe)
E
Sdimandsil Vitula cc..cccsesccssvecssesessaiessosss 105, 119°*
EICOCITY SOP Swiss cessuhivassssdeccravassasaccaeacecsodleuanesiuaed 42
| 5 EUS) Vv 00 21 eae Pe lids 253
eleochariella Biselachista...:...............srs0scc0ees 253
elouchea. Manpesia ss sc.2.ctxceeccssscneceeaetetecsoeestedeve 273
elinguaria,Crocalllis ........s00ccessssescssonseedeevescsctesss 83
elocata Catocala x. .cchescsiudgunens aut 173
Clongella Caloptilia..i.ccssccssscccsoesessndsssereseseatees 108
elpenor Dele phila sac cccovsccasenstcnccoversseneteeeess 3, 84
@hyamisCNOrtOd eS ee. vcs cescicasdsciaas seetecseseonetateensiene 170
Cmlargana- ACES: .2cisceseececceessedesesscdeldcesccseectenss 115
PesO UTE 840047162 Wl (0 ot: eee Re APP 80
emberizaepenella Phyllonorycter.................. 109
emontuialas, Prisateles onc..cecces ssenssecceecucesucseatchests 144
empetrella Scythris 0.0... eee 105, 114, 255
EPCUMCMIGAS s..sccieseceieccsiesssssenccestsncescenent 116, 257
epnemerclila ACemiri a. ..c4..2522.2casnsdeceenssenestestsdeet 117
epiphron-roOoSt- Bre bia sic:.cc.ssccceecees nescesetveneteeons 123
Epiphyas pOstvittanas..ciccc....00ccccsesscessseceseesoscces 114
|) 0) 0G |: Cee ane eee re ree sera ce ene eee 78
SpOmnidion ApamMea ...c:..cssccesecsoeeseccveccvecesecessseeses 89
CTremitay Dry DOLOMES wis. wccesnesonnrsaceavaensesladens- 88, 131
BETES TG SUES sooo e aeee is ee ee eee ce 194
ericetella Neofaculltasii.iccccc.cb.eotives Hotsipaseeocnsetes 255
PROGRAMA AG 5c sd eco ak eed pe one sxe eee eee eee 106
éroides. Polyommatus.......2.-.2....ccccecetetsnceesercnes 1:23
GOS abl a MM OMLOS.. oes cadet ep eee eee see 83
erythrocephala Comistra ...........csccceeseeees 153, 169
BCA BE oo ies ee rates texan yen ecemse aeons 154
SUCH ALIS DCH AS iiss, 2 ccdecasineecissisonenerasscunteresectne 243
Cumedon: Bumedomia .......c:.cesreazceetenserereenececas 123
| 2100: PRO er ee ere eer eer Cte ne eee ere 63
euphorbiae Ales ....2,6.tsseccvssedacuedaiecadsbsccdgtonten 164
EW PMS Clad veioiut ca tancised sutsnenssoaudareeetchariaceecsaeiee 78
Clliry ale reba wcscavecsrac-ctert ctecceeese ee cccsmans 127, 145
PONE Sc si tty erences sc vues tes evened its toten Brea tetseneces 42
evonymella Yponomeuta ............:.<---4-ss:ccse2s0s 109
examthemiataC aera 2c. a cceoscaeeepeeee eecuteessoeeeeeks 84
exclamationis Agrotis ...........:000 50, 54, 86, 287
exigua Spodoptera ..........:::cce 90, 145, 153, 170
exigiata E Upithe cians... csseecsiestiessiedsctecceseecvnveedes 82
CRSOLCTA A VICI veyncussusepasastesaualaeneunedssaenhedenes 88, 92
EXCMMMANIS IB VETOESTS <;5...0csacvenc-gncesasesiacacasteosont 155
Sxulans Zy SAC a jecwscissces vcaeceaccesaceisnoettpaderasbevivesee 2
F
fagata Operophterarcisccsseise Gaines: 81
ACSA DININEA seg secsee cgnssavenssusetonens abesstetesetssbans 220
PAaPAEM PALOMA .gescierecssiendasdevaee tan tate ase iee 127
fag StaUnOpUS 4 cies a es 85, 286
falcataniawWDre pana s.cescseccetecdcsseted cect heriecree: 79

Xill

falsellai@atopttia 2. cea scien eters secties eanecesertes 289

Pas Ciabia\ Pay Lae acer. oh codecs. cceestecce<e ace wereees 84, 162
fasciuncula‘ Oli gia vse. eeriee.d ncssastecthavancdetecasanseee 89
fatiMese Pallapme re tts. le tees easel gec tiene rea 126
fenestratella MONOpISie:i...ccccéscccessc<ccsee-teseabencee 251
ferchaultella Iwan testis ivsesnssievsdendenicssceevus 108
ferrago Mythimna.................0 50, 51, 52, 54, 88
fermugalis WdCa x nici nu 100, 153, 174, 208
PETKUP ANA A CIORIS yaree.fier. cet cscnek ease nerennteoneee: 256
RERTUS aba cam LA OTM OC aca ceee se. crccreadaneeeas teeter eee 80
FSM SIME Aa RUSIMA se. hiscsedse ss ected: sccase tens tecneceeaeor 89
fErUla Saurus aestsczs.iiaddessecncescaalendescdatseandeassanes 125
festaliella Schreckensteimia..........eeeeeeeeeeeeees Pie}
TESWIC AS PIM SIA ossse senses toactetoseteeeorsuteeeuaseeeeensaees 90
HOWE a AGC la ves sscesescetcsessaneensa eles sesatssaniteaaseoes 2a
filicivota PsychoideS.........:.css0:.seccsssecseesse 249, 251
filipendulae Ay sana -.7..hssgseccee-asteneenstes 78, 263
Fimbriata: NOCHIA ss5:ccsciocdstsassediaasaseessasicaersasaueneere 86
flanninieasPanolas st. s. cance hosters meee at: 87
flammea Trigonophora.................- 169, 207, 208
flammiealis Budothicha i:.c66.0:sciioccksenee aes. 118
Hammeolaniavely diel aiss:c.s2hc.c. 2a. storcnsecnatodeden 83
LlaVag Oo GOrty talsstsecsscoctcsescastacsueeentaoscacensss 90, 130
Hlavalis Mee ying 26 a eictise cthesececltaceaaeetgeses: 118
flavicincta,PolymiKas siciseceeecste tees eeeeteees 88, 130
MaVvicinctata TMS pA a sixe.deed ace xccse ides taccentadeesee re: 8)
Bla ViCOrmis ACI Y dase: heccses-t-sentecinoracest cesupsereecsores 79
flavotasciata P Griz OM sceccaxctsncecareteonces gestern 81
flexula Laspeyria va..cccssaciacisnrcsocsevenssaecend oF 130
floslactata-SCOpUla sist cxncescdsmarss toassereetccneeeeen is)
floslactella Site mela scicssdeiveestsvites oss rcvesvesencace 107
fluctuata fluctuata Xanthorhoe .............. cee 287
fluctuata Xanthorhoe sa cececasess, .ccdstsecstvercenssanenent 80
fluxa CHOPLOGES xcracecscdeee ites toni cag sraseseasee 170
follicularis Coleophora :s...:c.czcedssvececessecgcceceseees 1a
Lorlicalis BVEreestis 1.42. cent [7287
formosanus LoZotaeniOdes -4..4:...cccs:ssseustedasedears 114
fovealis Duponchellia ............... 165,118 153,157
francillana Actes: cs. 2.s.clgacnveacscaccsisasisouststeees 114
frater Kaphia-cissncctepaid ote can Nas wile 8
fratermella Caryocoluiminci.-..cscscnnscssacesetesaninsnnes 113
fraxinata/Bupithectav ic dis <. eos eetoreneee 82
fraxine aPrays:cc.2 cereter maroc tae tee 110
fraximd Catocalas ue. ante atence oe neers 3,173
frischella Coleophota.ss..2: fechas eevecsvcetsaces, 253
TucOsa-AMiphipOCa sd. sie raise Actes eeeetbenreeeree 90
fucosa paludis Amphipoea...............c::cccccsseees 130
fugitivella Teletodes <..38e2 actrees eestenipecesseaes 254
fuligimaria. Parascotia ...::.cc400¢..cescaveccse3sea50e 9113
fuliginosa Phragmatobia:....:.....c.:-ccscccsnsesecssecness 86
Pal align Cals isons estas ca nccscasecdas ecdasenecststasnssovascoee 155
fulvata Cidana eysccccgae cain issscesectercceshaeees 81, 131
furmatella Chionodes .............::.csccsecseaccesessosesene [t3
furiebrana Cy Giawexsvteceserszesissecaciens aeacsivrsveess 116
funerella = quadrillella Ethmia...................00 154
furcata Hy driomena wliccavcsecsateehockccocastensees 2,01
furcula: Pris cw laz2: 662.2 -<5ccesctaesseonseeevatsees: 85, 130
furhurana: Bactrasst2:cee::22cancedeeinesside ans taaces 256
furuncula MeSoligta v..sccsincct.scsce.ssavectosbocsensthseees 89
fuscaiPylax setaescorern dai onc wrcencan eectecteee: 258
fuscalis OpsibOty Szccsretrasecse sete inieeeveecetiecianes 118
FuscantiarlasEMnOmos aac. cccseletessctestesssetioceeeessaes 83
furscatella: Lamipronia ccs. ccesccattssvecacssreattcaeeeseccss 226
fuscescens Borkhausenia..............:::c000 249, 254
fuscicormis Coleophora gesccicctsczetecctsscsteaseeccererse eu
fusconebulosa Hepialus ..:.:..6.2c6s.5e4ss0000s00 78, 130
fuscovenosa IdaGa vices dtaaiisscsssceseicaties, 80

G

galathea ab. aperta, Melanargia ................0:06 269
galathea ab. craskei, Melanargia.................0. 269
galathea ab. nigricans, Melanargia .................. 269
galathea ab. valentini, Melanargia................... 269
galathea leucomelas Melanargia....................+ 121
galiata Epithoei2c.:2.0.1.3hccensosssdeceteeese ean decease: 3
DAULISEIVIES 2. i2ie Mo isassateh tant assescaseanoent eee 164
gamma Autographa................... 50, 51, 54, 55, 90,
13751535, 179,208

gardesanella Coleophora... :..::..s,030: ssh sateteens 111
GrelOCIIN AS 353 cig co wcasei sanastanceses 112, 210, 226, 254
gemmiella Stenolechia .::<:...dccenshecpseheoeneo nets: 113
geniculea A eriphila jiscc..cs.cescscessaneasenterestoveivaes 116
penistella Pempe lia vic) .tchepdsaqstocenatasts wutedue 118
senitalana Cnephasia ......c<scssiessssstlaxectaveccnevers 115
Geometridae............ 9, 21, 79, 120, 129, 130, 161,
185, 188, 201, 207, 208, 242

PilVASO Mania. .....ccdssncecoccbuaesoecsssdeosuaatsoepsedebour 88
Plaucata:- CMR... athsssientsasanzemanoseednnsee he: 79,224
elaucicolella Coleophora. c. :iccecscesezscesectereees 259
glaucinalis: Orthopy Gia «..ii.siseuc.tocsdehoaes catltanteae: 260
glaucinella Argyresthia .............eseeseeeees 1Q9;.252
Gly PhiptertSidae «ci censssestasavesrionnentartedtatind 109
enidiella Cry ptoblabes .........2:cssspaceests-aeticsecces 118
PmOma PHEOSIA s sisiscassaxenssceseaeeeesonsdeareruedweys 85, 221
goedartella Argyresthia .......::..s.jeveace-dedecaayscasis 109
eothica OrthOSlaic...cseccesessceeeres 87, 130, 134, 220
Gracillariidae .......cciceesscenosssnexeoes 20, 70, 108, 251
PHACCA BOOM see. ssa5 cccssseccasesanetsewcoransteneass 123, 128
eraeca f. balcanica Boloria ....:ccsiwenAscderient 123
Sramints CerapteryX%, ccsssexdeacnsoansosdeaee 50}5:1,.52,.87
srandaevana Epiblema......:..sicenadteostecseneecetne 154
grandis Schiffermuelleria............. eee 111,253
prisealis Hermninia .....:seccsscavesrneseee aces 91, 286
SESE AVA CHEOIA fo Sasvsesssses scenes neetoneeen eae 118
eri SCOla PAM <..ce.cceseces cuneate Mesten g eeed aes 85
srossulatiata ADIaX aS ......sssusicdesicquanesh ewes tars 83
gryphipennella Coleophora............ceceeeeeeeees 110
ey ssclemie la CeGesas csccscsoccnntiunsoarsetatteeecenete 110

H

halterata Lobophoraiccessccscescccataes cet ae oaks 83
hamiamalA Cape ta es, <.cic.c..22cccseeesesnastenettene dace 114
harrisella Phyllonoryctet.....cecssieccssesttsaed 20} 252
haworthiata Eupithecia :...........cssesessztecaies: 82, 287
hecate Bremthis.2)4:..ccsassscquareadueesexteeesstindyl anes 127
he cta Pe pialusiisi.:isst53i 1:03 soc ucpastacsaeeiee tage hucuaei be 78
heegeriella Phyllonorycter..............::csseee 20, 252
He lcominae:.20)20 ties. ates aie we 148
helvola Aprocholass:2 sssc:.sscgeneostnesanstestete de 88, 130
hemargyrella Stigmella ........2scc..0c-s0.3S0-ahs 250
hepariella: Zelllarig 4.25325 is. ot fecectess tae tees 110
hepatica Lithophane si... cc sesicsseceegteee esaazs 88, 272
Hepialidaes..3. 1. .cAe nite we et cies es 78, 130
herinei BctoeGenna......:.cssenascccuss apenreeteew te huattas 106
les peril dae ee isis csessenss se csssas te casnse we eee 99, 223
hexadactyla Alucita,...........t.<:sesacncatee 116;.257
hilarella Phyllonorycter «....0....:.ttsacsintnee: 109
Inintaria Tey Ciais8...2.5025..04:cc1sssgssectaaceancs eet 83, 220
hispidaria Apocheima ...............::c0000 83, 130, 220
hornigi Monochroa ............:eseeeeeees 112, 249, 254
Hostilis SciOta).2..is.c.: ss eeete eee tee 157
humeralis Synchita....22..51:. 192g aes 138
humuli Hepialusiy sc. cccocco tant ee eee 78
hyale:Coliasic.....3...ciicenc sees eee, ae 158
hyperantus Aphantopus:.:..........cc0:0 cee 131

X1V

hyperici Chloantha.:.....:...:..-....0etenee 153, 166, *
I
icarus PolyommatwS.............cccccceseeees 58, 128, 239
icarus Polyommatus, mariscolore.............:.006 262
ichneumoniformis Bembecia............::ccscceseeeeeees 4
icterata, Eupithecta...:4..:.2:.2.-.....erate oe 82
icteritia;Xanthia ..................n2eseeee ee 88
Uia A Patra ize) sii.o.s5scsnnnsoneds eoehereerecenes eee 122
ilicaria Peribatodes. .....:.cs:s-cssaseseee eee 153, 162
ilutana Cy dias::.......:...«.es<eteeaedncneoreeeree ee 25i1.
imella Monopis .............:2<hess00-os.aaecemeet neonate 251
Imiitaria SCOpuUla ss... .<sco..2scseseaseseeeeeeeee 79, 130
immundana Epinotia............:eseeeeeeeeeeeees 115, 256
immundella Trifurcula ...::..2:s.ecscnsseees 106, 250
implicitana'Cochylidia ::% ses .sczete-ese sees eee 114
impluviata Hydriomena .........::2<.cstsseee ne eeereeeet 81
impura Mythimna ...............ee 50, 51, 52, 54, 88
IMNCerta OtNOsiase.cisncssuoicecsesscdecsoeereee 2, 87, 220
incongruella Amphisbats .............ceeseeeeeeeees 112
Incurvartidae «2:45.28. -<0: 103, 107, 120, 226, 251
indigata Eupithecia........:..-.s...«eessges kee 82, 130
inopiana Phtheochroa..:..::....-.iacqcaeeuesee See 114
inquinatella Agriphila.......:..se:seackienestns o atenees 116
insectella Haplotineay,,..t0.0.:..:..s1snceeadota eee 108
imterjecta NOCtila........:::...-c:.dlsseieseeeees 86, 130
interpunctella Plodia®...v2:..:...1.2...cemeis.eaee 4]
interrogationis Syngrapha...............csecceeeeeeeees 173
intricata Eupithecias..i..:2.:5:80. Aiea 82
inturbata Eupithecia .....:....s.seeageeene ssh 82
inulae Coleophora ......::23:::s.c..sratpeee eee 111
POPEMACHIS 5 5) ccceecetaszacuvsaeneett 3, 44, 45, 62, 137, 143
VOlaS Lolana ..i.c:.:.2.e.ccennasseassherteotetanhe co beamnamener 122
TOUS .2..00503. 0 Se ccsceosensiendnssnnt peeeseehee meen eee 70
ipsilon Agrous..2sc12i26. ses: 51, 86, 143, 178
Its Apatur as. :cscciticsascssntaare semen ee 123
isertana Zeiraphera........2:.:-s.seastreseeee ten eee 115
J
jacobaeae Ty iia ....2.-cianssaesctesesiasranesteen meee 3, 86
janiszewskae Sorhagenita ................scssseeossesess 114
jJanthe Noctua :.::4....0s..s.0ssesesnestuadicaosseuteee 50, 86
jasius CharaXxes .....)...iss..-assso.sanaeseconesa ee eee 243
josephinae Pseudatemelia .............e eee 112, 254
jota Autographa...............ccsscceeee 50, 51, 54, 55, 90
Julia: Dryas. sco 0ssensac-sssatdeatenen sanonaaenuneesete Beeeee 148
juncicolella Coleophora.......0s:ssesdesessaeth oreteue 253
jumoiella Cydia. .......<:.acsscunsecepadeeunncasugenenctes 2a
juniperata Thera. isc...cssssssssecccsoaseeeuceee teens 81, 92
jurtina Maniola................. 124, 137, 239, 262, 289
jurtina splendida Maniola .............::.:ccssceeceeseeeee’ 58
jurtina ssp. iernes, Maniola.............csseeeeeeeeee 263
K
kaekeritziana Agonopterix ............:eeeeeees 112, 254
kreuperi Artogeta ......:.....:s0...<..sioegetemere ees 125
kuehniella Ephestia.................s<ossrssseasee Senses 42
L
[-album’ Mythimna ...;..::....::...0....acsngeeree tenes 168
laburnella: Leucoptera .........:..+.....s««scssessoeaeeesee 110
lacertinaria Falcarta .......32::sssssss-nsosacnteersaee eee n9
lacteana: Bactras.....:..s-:-sascaodees 105, 115, 249, 256
lactearia JodiS.:..:0c.c.2..c...cssccacennsconndasneyaeaees 79, 130
lacunana Celypha....:.......:+..-+---seoesseieteoeseeeaaeee 287
lacustrata Dipleurina..................05-ass«seeske LAT: 257
laetus Crombrugghia...<::...........cosscaeseeee- eee 289

laevigatella Argyresthia 0.0.0.0... cesses 109, 252

Fatnbdellla B atta .2...:..:.ssccsccscssccseecessesssecneeetsdeace 254
laricealana Bactta ...-:......0.c.scoesesedestasecesee 249, 256
Jangiella Mompha ..............sscsescosescceesers 105, 114
atacand; SpilOMOta ....c.:....secescescesssctvccrtevsversceeess 116
Hard CtAC AB UpIthe Cla <ioc.ccsesccse beso ccatcss randecolassontesen 82
Easiocampidae -...............se0crssesesecsaens 78, 130, 160
PATH A AP AMOa a... .cotscieseacestsscicessnsnessssaverenss 170
athonia Ar SyNiiis .::...2.3.<0c...s.0css.caccbease-cenedeosses 160
lathoniellus Crambus ......:<..cssssscceecessosseveasecese 257
lath yrana: Cydia ...1.....:.cecscsessssessessecteeesssveseeeese 257
datasthia A Cri HiNa 3. o.s cccsctssasscaavstiescavasieoasseteans 116
atremleta- Pan alia s.i.iss.s.nsssseccassaiceovcedenevessetess 114
fatruincula Oli gia ..........s.c0csscecessccsessessecesesersenees 89
lautellasPhyMOnOryCter.....:..s.cc0.cccesceseocesuseoiesenn 20
leander leander Coenonympha .................::000 121
leander orientalis Coenonympha .................... 124
leautieri hesperica Lithophane................: 204
leautien Lithophane -.....0.:.:<00ssc:. thease 88, 92, 130
legatella CHESIAS ...cc..scsstesscscdosesssestessonertins 82, 130
feminatavCatacly Stal .c.2:<...,00cssedacenensuassionnnctegnences 117
lemumnascella Stigme las. ....saseccdeecs sede seaseanassnvees 107
leporina ab. melaleuca, Acronicta................0 266
leporina ab. melanocephala, Acronicta............ 265
leporina ab. nigra, ACTOnICta........ eee eeeeees 265
leporina ab. semivirga, Acronicta ..............00 266
EPONA ACTONMICIA, sasasanscuncynssdacesudesvantass ccasedneceees 89
leporina f. brasyporina, Acronicta..........000 266
leporina f. grisea, ACTONICtA............:ccescceeseees 266
leucodactyla Merrifieldia .......:......ccccsccc.sesceenees 119
leucographa:Cerastis.......:0..dcssasseasseasobeese 183, 220
leucographella Phyllonorycter...70, 109, 249, 252
leucophaearia Agriopis ............::cccceeseeeeeeees 84, 134
leucostigma Celaena.............. 3, 90, 130, 145, 179
leuwenhoekella Pancalia..cc..c.cisecscissibesevsonseses 295
Hib atteix SCOMOPLER YX acscsacnscaad.cenearsdoensocrennceee seat 9]
Bebo RMT 2A ocs vaceisc onsdsans sctacsAiacceodeateuavenateenteree 63
licarsisalis Herpetogramma ................. 249, 258 *
lichemaria Cleorodes ....;.s.:cscccsvescecsstsdecnsasereeeas 145
hichene dP Oly Mi X1S..5.ccccscsssaseanns sestssendoonsees 10, 232
hichene lia Dalia i ..ccccscessecovstsssecosavsecessreesenecce 20
USE VEIT IDL seart, ashi steenadenocsaaztaansoeeuateteer 121, 145
lignea Blastobasis \...2....e0c+.seccssescexsgecsnsceesasccassss 113
Tiguala COmiS tha. csi si ke decce sade cscce secs oe kaedoecdedes 88, 130
IPSS S PHUIK., sccscessenetsaeerserscrudsectetans 84, 92, 129
MEMMMACOGIA AC. ..xecsisvecéasnecesstanacveracdersdvndasvaws suseuss 276
Him bata EVeErsesus ....scccscevercaceccecsdonceessseees Wd 195
limatia ta UPI C1 a oe. evccssesceccascscnceateusscacsenecceos: 82
line aria Cy ClophO tay accexas8-fectececshesseedecneacee 197130
limeatellla‘A narsia........c0s.ascecccsaccesieeesseeeee 105.113
Hin Cola EUGOMIA vs: cseteoeeeosveveceeceacsyapeeneseeee 117, 257
MtErOSa MCSOMPIA...:...scccccsseresesoercesscleccedeaseacssens 89
lithargyrinella Coleophora..............c:::cccseeeeeeees 25
lhthoxylaca. A pamieas ..s..ic.n.:cscc<saryt-ccsantsctteeuens 89
Mttoralis |LODES1a cise nsssccacencndicsccsstend tervesocenraceuie 115
BUC AY A DEOCH OMA sass casanssincsnvenecawetenpssesuctaeaare tenes 88
Pilate ata NAC AIA cis. ii ccsacvaetdiatoreenccttnonerenetessseeeeees 83
HV Gri Ca VICS...5.sevssvcrecasssesesvienen Sacalsrtesae 165
ljungiana Argyrotaenia..............sccccseesesessrreeeeees 256
Hobe lh a LUQUE Ass sasccuc cx encuntcesruntensceresdueuestcc costes 112
Hogaca: RAY ACIONIA.... 6 icbic.csvsccsssnseasssvsbvncstcicsseees 116
Ho puranacA CIES 2)clrcassesteassceencabseernerines auiwecd 115
WOMICET AC ZY SACI A occas tesrexcccertsese eee es etteeveaets 78
| Oy RENAL Kia 10000 01 0 ee en ene fey Reeser ot 169
Ota Aer OCHO lace ssedincssuecacsesec vast rieeeetieetoncccewstires 88
Fomsella EctoeGenia ws. ciecacssee tees tsdescanctvnnteesees 106
lubricipeda Spilosoma ................. 55, 86, 221, 288

XV

lucens. Amphip0ea «.. 2.00.33 2..sc2s00desssecetecoceseoeesevis 90
Jucemed Standfussiamas:.....:s.0s0sc0ssesecss0acscesensetarss 61
lucidatA contac ievigstschleesc ecco eovccecnestomuiceree 172
fucina Haimearis 22sc..ciccssssseevedocsetaetetessatecvctease 123
lucipara Buplexia 2 zicc.cesteencctacctsssscccsstnusostisss 89
Net osa Ly tage cacea.cd ste: ccecseveneest eee esoiesy 90, 91
luculella feleiodes sicticasciialcassiitinwventivessoienes 113
lunaedactyla Marasmarcha ..............-.00 105, 119
Tiemaris BS atta esssaissahesstnaavanisriananeavetioteeeees 112, 254
Tunatus: Biphy las 2 s22:2c22. sei eee hte aseael 138
lumigeraiCosmotriCNe is. ctiane: eee teste ese needa 144
lunosa: Omphalos Celis s.55.c:..<c5tsseatsutdecrsaencuen 88
lunwlaCalophasia. avec acc tiee ataeecccales 169
lunulania Cydia sce freee tintstceecs aed: 116, 257
Huniutl atialS Cle Mi aiica.aecasst<asesonseaaadecsessteeseeese 83, 162
Tupulinws: Hepialis ccssacceiscscxscecessteeseaeacoes 2, 78, 287
Jurida CymothOerisis.codsdiai-ristinanatecssesniutccceeunteees 70
luridata ScOtopltery Kiss: A <sas..c.ccueccdesecsecersanct 80, 129
lurideola Eilema................. 50, 51, 53, 54, 85, 130
lusciniaepennella Coleophora .............ceeeeeee 110
huitanea) Me trl OtES vive. 60.5 a.deicsacadicenssecusceesemaneauies Piss)
lutarea Paraswammerdamia ..............ccsscceeeeeees 110
Mite aS pHOSOMA ei resesscaceeechatdieighiereses Barts 286, 288
Titealis Wea yicecicccusseausots cewestomenee nto 118, 258
luteolata Opisthograptis ..........0eceeeeeeeeeee $3, 221
luteum Spilosoma ................006 90;-91,.535 59, 86
Ngo Say RIM ZeCh ac csest.ajsccsavacyeevectadesaeteeesuecescses 90
lutulenta Aporophila:icsiissiscciaticnt sasctsuessacaceucuets 88
lutulentella, Monochtoa.:..4. cach uienu denne: 113
Weyeaemidae 22. 2c0tere.e---tr 25, 159, 194, 268, 274
Iyehimidis AA BrOCHOl gi cirecc.421ectatateseeee ce eecterre 88
Gis cct Wi igus b Teeeneaye meer 85, 129, 130, 165, 198
Te yOne iid ae: wire, aceite tre sceoeine teens 110, 253
M
machaon gorganus Papilio... eee eeseeeeeeee 147
MMACMAON-PapiliO irc cerecce giana laccsn tes nenvsecceeed 158
miacilenta: Agrocnolayccacnsscaues aera 88, 130
maculicenusella BlAachistayiss.cccsiecstnesccteeae LES
magna NeMmatOpOsOM .casesecse.seccsteddtacateesdacseuseese 2o1
mansuetella Micropterix .22202..222s-deecccesoecicens 106
manuelaria = ilicaria Peribatodes................04- 162
marcidella Acrolepiopsis............::0::ceee 105, 110
Margaritata Campaca..ccs.ccecsgarcecc se caceteeere 84
Marpinaria A GriOpIs <.ccxcvescessacesee eeasses seeks 84, 134
marginata Lomaspilis 5. cic.cc,cccstacceseeceess 83, 287
mrarginella: DiCHOMETIS .a...istscecssacencenenaesne 113,226
IMarginepuNctata SCOpPuUlg .2..ccicecetsssase-coiceceneceesee 10
maritima, PRYCUOdES .2.45./2.cFe ears 258
Wan ems CHUOTES 5. .2522-ceccceres seat cetesesesvenss 90,131
marmoreum CaryOCOlUM wcccccccgcecszecccteeceietoveesss 259
Matra Rhaipephila siscccnassctentetcseer casero 89
Maturna LY POOLYAS 2 icsvcosedcttonves eerste <snta cae ve 144
EMA a MIGHIMO wie .cscssness nasendes voatoeasnetervennnes 89, 145
mayrella‘Coleophora .ccex.ccoc.teesctecsiceeesncetees 253
MECUSa ETeOA.:.41.0.0245 5, ce semeeeasremeserseees 123, 144
megacephala Acromictass.35 <sciiiivnesssascasescescessesses 89
INC PELA LASIOMIIMN Ala sese ee age here eeeccteerseeashnd 223
miellinata: Bulithis.c:suctantcuantttnre me: 3, 80
mellonella Gallenia.;.....c:scssseztesssaseceeineenss 118, 258
Mmemdica:Diaph Ova ices coccec setae aetesedenacesaes 86, 221
IMEMGLCA DASA btkaeuch ae het te ose er seer 86
mercurell a DH UdOntane se cteencerecscscs tee eee) 117
mesomella’ Cy bOStavivs, vescctesusccctet ee cencsenenetos 131
messaniella Phyllonorycter.............::cccsesseeeees 108
messingicila Pidophasia:.2iii...cc-csteeresucesecess PES Vs
metallica, Nemophorat..-s1ccxesesteeestsccseerceneecesss 120

meticulosa Phlogophora.........<.:ccsscsstexess-t..32ies 89

MES Apatura......cisnetaheca eee: 123, 126
metzneriana BPUCOSiNa ieee oecevs eee 249, 257
miata‘Chlorochystac.:)..:A ie eects 2, 80
micacea Hydracciaic....icss.cthi tae 90
micalis Tebenna ..............ccccceceeeeeeeeeees 39, 109, 252
micella Argolamprotes :.1c...i.0. d.siteseaches Sete seeees 112
muicrodactyla Adaina :.. casneseeen ae: 119
Micropterigidae siississss.ncscsessesasecsssr eet 97, 106
millefoliata Eupithecta:....:.......01<ctse.0tseen- 10, 201
muaniata Miltochrista.....2::.s.s.césassceteneheoteae eee 131
Minima PHOtEdeS: 251.6; Aantal ean emeteat 89
minimella Nemophora........s.asoriereancak hans 107
Amina “Cupido: :i.s25 sitvnencsscevadonct aeanee one 127
MMMIOSA OMMOS14 He. sasesapsoteasvonvecaned eon rednadeanese: 131
immaStranal Pala 4 ihysccccscciseneecaearesneee eat seae 114
Mnemosyne Parnassius «.:..:100s..0ddsreeaweseeerdecets 143
mniszechii tisiphone Pseudochazara....... 123, 124,
125, 126
IMomiphidae siiiesccccsscecosdeesacebesoshac eerste 114, 255
monacha Liymanttia w..:.-.2ec<esssersseantees 85, 130, 165
monachella. Monopis..xvnciic.eccteescerctce sew: 108
mMiOne fa"POlVCHIY Sia ib. we secosaacvanectekeoeehaetes: eee 90
monibifera, N ary Cais c.2 sceseecececs.nsnnceexroeeetes 108, 251
MONUMG EWM CAT. .5.5.4¢o0uecheltteeetewt cone ies icecaet 63
moOnima Modesta Eunica............ccaseverecsSea<ceeeetn 63
monodactyla Emmelina ............sesssseosestessesess 259
monoplypha Apamea 2:2:...05..0ieetbeeseeers ee ak 89
montanata montanata Xanthorhoe.................. 287
montanata XN anthorhOe .....<05:.csvses0ss0000s00stsseeeee ss 80
morpheus Caradnna ......csiessarateee dsc. 90
mioulfetella A thmps. 2.0 isc cisesiesecsnndested eee £13
MUCrONAtA SCOLOPLELYX s.csencasesocawonvenetoeracotencess 80
mucronella Ypsolopha .........::..<.:00<ssce0se00 249, 252
mucronellus Donacaulayc...:.sesccssacsssesercctacccenees i?
muelleriella Phyllonoryecter :.d.icc:azeccsesesses<seseess 20
multistrigaria:/Colosty 914. ....s..0..ccsssesbedtees 81,91
MUNG AON OSA ..a.nseceas-scsadcasdeetssereesteerecests 87, 220
mundella Bryotropha’...a2kcscccvesietnntin: 254
intitana BudOmia.. ie. ses.0<.0.00becdeceeteheceeedeczs Ak 257
muscaciormis Bembecia ss scscssesctees 05. Gs scc sexs 218
muscosella Gelechia 2..45..8 els eh eee 2355
miyrtillana ANCYHS:,.ci.<.ccnevemceSietccedtn sod etencas 256
miyrtillana RhoOpobo ta s...6:..c0ceeeetees antares LtS
miyrtillelia Stigmiella ...2..:.2:5..aitn steers: 107
Moy thimmmna s. .3.03 Sa Sodas osscotamnetieam homie De)
N
nanata angusta Eupithecia....<2<ists.ciesssctescss 287
nanata Bupitheciawss A.2.:. 2A eerie 82
MAP PICTIS hs ecendse sconces sate eee 6, 136
nebulata BuchOeeay.c:...0.c.ascptpeee stein 83, 131
nebulella Homocosoma:..ai.csscsecotariveendccseeseses 119
nebulosa Pollan 28 jcceiechecasetn ee ee 87
NeMOriVaga E pinot ox. ...<.c.sccenes eewseeaadedeeaaesee 115
neophanes = bistriatella
subcognata Apoyelois .i.c.1:..nie snus 138
nephohiptamenos AgrodiaetuS..........c:ccsceeeeees 128
Nepticulid ae: 224... :csicsnc. eee 106, 250
NELVOSa A PONOPLENIK . 5, 5. csscs saeco Sete 112
neuropterella: Metzneria:.....cicncsttinw ewes 112
neustria Malacosomia s...:-xcs.2:assendeeee eee 78, 91
ni (richoplusiay 22... ..ecs..sssaneaeeeameener ete: LZ
nigra Aporophyla ...........c:ccceseeseeees 2, 88, 204, 272
migrata Pyrausta..0.ts. nsec eee 117
nigrescentella Phyllonorycter ............c:cceeseeee 109
MLSTICANS WK OO susciaxscecczeesedeeens eee ee + eee 86

XV

nigricomella Bucculatrix «....vcseek. eerie: 251
nigropunctata Scopula -..........:.2.2..cstece see 161
nimbella Homocosoma......../.....aheee: eee 119
niobeeris Arsynnis ....43:.:5....:.2-eeeeeee ee 121
nitidana Strophedra ........:..::.s.:.csdeeeae ere eee 116
noctuella Nomophila................ 153, 175, 208, 260
Noctiidaci; Gr... 10, 43, 86, 129, 130, 131, 143,

166, 174, 178, 183, 207, 208,
222, 232, 260, 265, 272

nodicolella: Mompha.........atsnHee). Beer 41
INolidae 2M iit ees aaa 86, 166, 198, 199
notata’ Macaria) :..:...:..:.c.sncssasccusaet eee eee 83
Notodontidae.t:.:2:..0cccsecesecteereeetee 85, 129, 130, 162
nubigera Heliothis......2.0.c.n2 eee ee 226
nubilalis Ostrinia............ccccceesssseeeseeereeeeeee 117, 155
nubilana Neosphaleroptera .............:ccccsceeeeeees 256
nupta Catocala ...0.i2.4% nc. 90
nylandriella Stiigmella::icts te ee 107
nymphaeata Elophila......:2:.::.eteauet & 17257
Nymphalidae............... 45,57, 131, 148, 159, 176,
227, 267, 269, 273, 289
O

obeliscata Thera .....:....cdaeneee ei ee 81, 221
obliquella Sugmella sici.28 ee ee 107
oblitelia Ancylosiss.:.:2. a eee ee 118, 157
obscurana Pammiene .;.:...:.c0.aceee eee 116
obscuratus Gnophos:.2..2...22 32a. 2 eee 3
obscurepunctella Perittiajn2c eee 111, 253
obsitalis Hypena......<.....2.. hee eee 174
obstipata Orthonama..............:eeeeeeee 80, 129, 145,
153, 162, 208

occulta Hurois)....:.aivagoiecteee 2, 87, 166, 207, 208
ocellana Agonopterix............%%a te eee 112
ocellana Spilonota......:..ccb23e ee 116, 257
ocellaris Xanthia vis:.00::2.:3ce eee 130
ocellata‘Cosmorhoe 22:23 80, 131, 145, 287
ocellata: Smerintbus.... .<ccxccetascs eee ee 84
ocellea Euchromius..............0steee 116; 1555257
ochrata [daca...........s.sc+.ssssuseszosee tees eeeee eee 79
ochrodactyla Platyptilia ...........s.i:ante-en ete 119
ochroleuica Erémobia :......s¢.::cc¢e-sse08-c eee ee 90
Ochsenheimeriidae .....,;....cs.00difeateremeieen ae Vipys
ocularis octogesimea Tethea.......3..cs:ssessescscenees 39
ocularis Tethea «......:...s5cs-.sdecsssoseneseeeetetee tees 79
oculea Amphipoea ......-i:-.cessascenccez-oc eeebeneaeeees 90
odata Chaetoprocta....::...5../5 eee 146
Occophoridae...i5--2...-:e0cce sles 20, 111, 232, 253
Oeme Erebia ).. {ices ee eee 145
oleracea Lacanobia ................cceeeeeeeeeees 50, 87, 286
CUS foo o iio ccs enone snnscsnceledccseecastensa ee eeene meee 78
Olivalis Udea ..2......c0cteneseonsedeacs Conee cena eames 118
olivana Olethreutes ... occ. Lee 115
Olivata Colosty g1a.....).2:c..acscnneceetrae pene 81, 91
ononaria Aplasta ...........s.cc.cssnsreadeietengt aes 161
OO DIC Chas io icici sccaeseconessantescs cee 89, 92
ophiogramma Apamea..............-sssstestenersseneeess 89
Opima OrthoOsias ...2.6:2..0cs-secesedecncsss See eee 130
Oporana ALCCHIPS ......::..0.00.<detedenet eee eens 256
Opostesidac.......ccc.s<.s.secercsosasoncas d0¢ tre neee a eee 107
OL PCE S vocsco sid concedes ssnchesacen eee 39, 79, 199
orana Adoxophyes..:............i:.s2s-seeee 114, 256
orbitulus Albulina ................0...senserenee Sees 144
orbona NOctua..............s00-csassnedsicieaaceeaneears 3, 86
orestes Pseudochazara ...........ceseeeeseeeees 126, 127
orichalcea Diachrysia........:..c.00iesseaeeee See D2
orithyia Junonia .............:..dasgaseosecrstesscseseeeenenes 243

oritopus Lithophane.............. eee 88,92, 272

osteodactylus Hellinsia «0.0.0.0... eeeeesseeeeeeeeees 259
@strinalis.Pyrausta ........c..20.scssnseeeeesseeees LW 257
@HOMAN A ETEDIA ss .....cs..erccersssesscennsssesesesvenaveers 123
oxyacanthae Allophy€s-c...:.....:.0cccsccicseosssetcnsscees 88
oxyacanthae Phyllonorycter.............eeeseeeeeeee 109
oxyacanthella Stigmella......... eee 107, 250
P
padella: Yponomeuvta..........ccsssccccesesccsececsesstceess 110
Paleacea nara sissies teaeceteeagstess casera nets 170
Paleallis SitOChiOA.....:c.0:..cessasersseesscseesseees 17, 155
PALESAS OL OTIA oy seadivesicerecsiicspeeaie eines vs ate 144
pallens Mythimna ........... eee 50, 54, 88, 178
pallescentella Tinea. .....0.:.:ccccsstseeessaoansssseadsosess« 251
PalllidaiFudOMta ... 2.02. elei0cciuceeee chee osdsececesestees 257
pallifforitama Cydia ......0....sccccsscceseccssecessssavsseees 116
Palpima -PterOStOMa...........,-22.cceeeseseeeeseveeee 85, 221
paludella Calamotropha ........... eee 116, 210
palustrella Monochroa ............cccccceeeseees 112, 210
Panidrose Brea ici. cecs i. scetdicccessssctestsnsnere 144, 145
papilionaria Geometra ........ eee eeeeeeeeeeeeees 44,79
PapiltOnidae.csccccccsseccssecesssacensessesvecns 147, 158, 206
PapitOnOtdea coc. foc. cencsccatet cassceaccensececsenenese 267, 268
paradoxa Stigmella ......... eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee 107, 250
Parasitella Pphestia...cc..ccsecceessescecescaceesscenseneses 118
parasitella TriaxOmera ...........:ccccsccessessseeessseees 108
paripennella Coleophora ...............cesscceeeseeeeees 111
PRAIA SS INNS ie toate Area ae sbtsactdassCtaresaasiestaveavne oteacs 146
Parva Bublemma ........00.c0cssescerecceienes 43, 172, 204
parva pallida Eublemma .............eeceeeceeeseeeeee 204
pascuclla- Cram Dus .....5...ceserssssscscevasssedeceetertess 116
pastinum Eygephila...............cccssseestesssces 91, 130
paupella Ptocheuusa............eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 113, 254
PAWUPETAMA EUCOSINA ..c.s00.s...ceieseesdecceesstvessevesecss 116
PAV OMIA SAUNA 4. .eisscic.ccsescotcecsccsestecncsotsesanedeans 79
pectinataria Colostygia ..............c:0 81, 131, 286
PeChmed MiG ury arta. ooo scs sees lec sacencadevessssesents 107
peltigera Heliothis.......0.000.000.. 90, 130, 171, 208
Pemia- El phinstOMmia .......ccosccnsssessecvsvessvectsaseonsees 127
penmaria COlOtOis,......is.cseccceiceesecstecesnerszvesersecasnes 83
penziana ssp. colquhounana Eania.................... 115
peribenanderi Coleophora ............cccceeseeseeeeeees 111
perlucidalis Phlyctaenia .............cccccesseeeeseeeees 117
penple xa. Paden a scot tase ccc sctesascacadatcasasasdecsonscevwess 87
perpygmaeella Stigmella ....... eee 107, 250
persicariae Melanchra..............cccccesseeeseeeees 50, 87
petasitis Ply draccia ae. 2. ccseccscecceiccescncetoncsasteshentee 40
petiverella Dichrorampha .............c:ccccceseeseeees 116
PEWEUS MALPCSIA «..c.cc..cececusececeaccsccndnaccosennecceass 274
plane: Brebia..ciecactateew aia ewians 145
PhicOmone Colids ....céccccsccselessessssensssenndsvesseare 144
piiluppi Lbysandra:....0.22.0.22.. 22a saaise 126, 128
phlomudis Spialia.. 2. oeccaeihediscsencisiens 122
phoeniciata Eupithecia.....s.c.s..ceccsesescseecssessesen 131
plinagmantella Chil). sceseiecdesctsscceteecgenstecuahhivonets 116
PICAEPEMNIS SCYANTIS «...2.--.cs.csdedersssescieeessccseesess 259
je) (ee 2 GS Ue E20: a ree iene 39
prercellaNiditinGd.... c.cccsseseececcsabessedsecsesesvdseceeas 108
PHeTiGd@ ns. sic uecemsneetd ie 158, 199, 241, 242
pilella Nematopogon.............ceeeeeeeeeeeeeee 107, 258
pilosaria Apocheima ...........:ceeeeeeee 83, 100, 134
punpimellata Eupithe cia .......0:..:..ccccsscesssezcesecsenes 82
pimastt HYLOICUS.......ccc00..ccicseccesseccense 84, 130, 164
DINGUIS: BUZOPNETA jassscsassxssyecscascesccesasetedeteasess 258
pini Dendrolimas .«....<é.s:cc.000006..0.0000 144, 153, 160
pilaria Bupalys Jaca: ccseere RW sta tenancteees: 84

XVli

piniariella Ocnerostoma............ceeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeee 110
pinicolella Batrahedra............eeeeeseeseeeeeeeeeees 255
PESW@ Cran Ca ey, tecce: 2:3 see ete ea eee ee 87
plapiata Aploceta® 4-10: .cexecnreescere trae: 82
platani Phyllonorycter......... eee eeeeeeseeeee 249, 252
platanoidella Phyllonorycter...........ceeeeeeeeeee 109
Plebejar hada \ x.ceices:sstesisctesseuseriscucdecsseeares: Sde2ad
plecta Ochropleura.............. eee 50, 86, 129, 286
plexippus Danaus 1. bere eect ee 160
plumigeralis PechipOgo ..........eesceeseeeseeeeeeeees 174
|) UU Ce a i oF: eee ey eee oeryene ner ee ee ere 145
pneumonanthes Stenoptilia............. 105, 119
politella Bry otro pha ..c2:23.2:ts casters 254
polychloros Nymphalis ..............:ccessceesseeeeeeees 159
polyodon: ACHMOLIA 2..sscc2:st.deccesscse2canecaseevencussece 166
populetiOrthosia wc.c2.ccceccincsetivincsscrssveateons 87, 220
populi LaothoOe s...csescaveccecersssees 50, 51, 53, 84, 287
populi Poecilocampa.........ccesceeeeseee 2, 78, 130
porphyreaLycophoOtid Sts c:a2 2 se-ceeees ooez ees crasetnn eee 86
porectella Plutella.c.. ies ak. 110, 287
postvittana Epiphyas...............scseccsersseees 105, 256
POL AON a, wth K arse casceeercveestcotseaaseascsteecseseenceses 79
potentillae Coleophora :4cAsvtasirscescscsetance ae 110
praecocella Argyresthia ............cecceesseeeeseeeeeees 109
prasina Anaplectoides ..cccicscc.cstesccceseedeesesoeeateeees 87
prasinana britannica Pseudoips............ 50, 90, 130
primapia Dheria nds isin wes 84, 134
proboscidalis Hypema. 2. ce -ssteciceusnataweleave: 91
procelilata: Melamtbita 3.5.02 scctsescecdsessacssaesesssnosner: 81
processionea Thaumetopoea................ 41, 95, 162
profugella Eperimemia.....cicccsecsseccessesdelelccerstasses Zoi,
prones Eve bia. iivsecrii eo ciss aecesusses tresses ees 145
pronuba Nocta.:2222.2 were 50, 86, 178
pronubana Cacoecimorpha ...........:ceee 114, 256
priinata Pscudoterpna.c 2.2.2.2 oe eee 12
prunalis: Wea -2.cieec ie eae 118, 258
Primaria Aneseronta incur ta aaa: 44
prundta ultthis cscs: tuesa Veer ones uate 80
PRUNE Satyr tedster cstesecebiesssanees oe cstaeecs 143
Prumlama Hedy ais ciscscicteccetacecssttectcetssttceees 256
prumiella Arpyresthia:, 11... ciscssstiiedessscsndseceegs 109
PSUWACTOMI CEA eat ts seanascacasteteteee caves bores 89
PSY CHIGAG ios eees accession ee eee tat 108, 251
Pterophoridaé :. j.acineuenn 119, 258, 259, 289
pudibunda Calliteara................ 50,982,895, 221
puichella Utetheisa..:.222.2-ereetesasee 166
pulchellata Bupithecta...1.5..crscdeseicscectvseosesvacs avs 82
pulcherrimella Depressaria .............cccccscceeeeee 254
pulchrina Autograph an.c...cc...ccessseeesssensivercctsasetes 90
pulveralis-Psammotis <3 xseeses eerste ee eceens 155
pulverariaiP lacOdis <ascreccssmsescses-cscarearece 131
pulverosella Bohemannia....................006 106, 250
punctaria Cy clophoras.25.4).accecseoccssdecnseees sa eianses 79
punctidactyla Amblyptilia........ eee eeeeeseerees 119
punctinalissy pOmmeCiS ca. 2-2scceeesee st csteae esas 84
punctulata Acthalura s.5. sg. ciccctecackes duns canienscuesoctese 84
puppillaria Cyclophora ............:ceeeeeeees 130, 161
pupula Bus tix] sia ciaccctes nc atceyeeeser ee LOS 07>
PULPUTAlis PYTAUSEA ocscscciccneesecwtesacsenssoassnes 117, 258
pusaria Cabelas aweAntctecscunic geass 84
pusillata Bupithecia. a acceeeee atsantenis tice 82
PUCAAPEONS o).cricendvieccceneeo ncn alae 86
Pita puta ASTOUS ...0.s.000<cddssseceseess 40, 50, 53, 221
DUCTUS AK Vb oc reniceateeo ee dA ae cch eter pean ces 86
PY Parga ProvodeltOte é.ccesssessecs.ccdasaececvenesstuessvaes 90
py smaeanaE pin Othac cee. fieciseess.sssseviesseeeors 115
pysmacata: Bupithecia sy. <ciscccsicscssecssvsssceasecvosseetees 82

pysmacola Bilema ..:. ..2...scececsteceeteecerer ne nttnceoss: 85

pyegmina Chortodes........ssssasteesstapegesiteegshtentoses 89
PYIAOMPEDEIUS | cxcccce.cssccsazessce+secceenatvaretreeeesercs 125
pytalella Scoparia ...../...:0..:40-.:..uteeee ecole tee 117
pyraliata Pulithis .......:...:...sseeceseseheoen: 80, 130, 131
Pytali@ae oso nc jecuetsansecceses 116, 138, 155, 174, 188,

257, 260, 288, 289
pyralina' Cosma 2:....0.2.)..tsc2. seit tegsc eee ee 89
pyramidea Amphipyrai ....::0-.<..c0sceescese ecssernceees 89
PYNNA ZOUZELA -.....:...021.00.ass2cceate Saaeeeesentersewr saeee 78
Pynitoides HabrosyMe 5. .c.2.c.c-.cssse20-ngaseer nat ecees 719
pyrrhulipennella Coleophora ............. eee 111

Q
qginnata Phyllonoryctev..............s.c2cessssiess-senze002- 109
Quadra LthOSta occ cone scacs cedentngnsncestnctsaraensccse 165
quadrifasciata Xanthorhoe ............eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 80
quadrillella Ethimia.......2...0:.ccassencesantstacseaesesi2e 154
quadrimaculella Bohemanmnia .............:::seee 106
quadripunctaria Euplagia ...........cceeeceesseeeeenes 166
quardripuncta Oe gocomia.........<.ccdicsesseseesneeees 299
cplerCatia Carcima: .5c-5:csccnsseotcccaseteneesntengeae. 112
quercifolia Gastropacha .........e cece eeeeeeees 79, 91
quercifoliella Phyllonorycter ..............ee 20, 108
quercinaria ENnOMOS «...-.:...sicsecossezereresstess 83, 129
@uercus LastOCampa ics. sccyatsecuncasneaeenes togetaeeenes 78
@UETCUS QUCICUSHA..oc....20stecssnoa eee pe 274
quinnata PhyllonoryCter......2:.cscecd.te0s:ce-$aecs 252
R

Fajella Phyllonorycter.......:::cc:.escessorcecherescetiane 109
ramburialis DiasemiopsIs...............::esceeseeeeeee 118
pamela Epino thea sce csscsaccteoey-soentececateneeeeceupese 115
PAD AC ACTIS Fone satan canta seat sence tect eects noes 2, 136
raptricula Cry pia soc .c.2:-esccscpen eee 170
PAVACA SPACIOUS. n.dcccncaseiccnanscegnasiacedaptereen steer none 86
peaumiureila Adela 2. :.5..:..<sccsscosscsesescugareds 251, 286
rebeli Maculinea ..............cccccssssesesssseeseeeeees 25, 124
rectangulata ChlOroclystis ..........ceeseeeeseeeeeteeees 82
rectifasCiana ISHIAS «.......sssancecescneasattvoredeaventae 115
Mesiama PamimMene ais. ccc sessseedeeeseendcate cots 116
TEMISSA AM AMECA cc cr55-,:ssensdcosevesaacacssacodiee-tertis-ocees 89
repandana Conobathra 00.0... ce eeeeseeeneeeeeeeeees 118
fepanidariavE plone. ....:<...i oc. seca atiteeeset eae, 83
repandata AlCiS.A1¢.2:.sccccccscneecsavenentstieseoes 50, 52, 84
mesmmella, REtui a ....:..3:<:.-sscsneecnessere nate stagecunees 116
resplendella Heliozela.;........ssesssisdesess<taaesenrnxers 108
reticulata Heliophobus...............::cc0008 87, 91, 131
retusa Epimorpha |....5..:-.:--dsccsessapeestiy. faces esas 89
tevayana Nycteola ..........:4. science topics 90, 130
thammni GonepteryX :..<....2.. css 136, 143, 199
rhododactyla Cnaemidophotus ..............:::06+ 258
rhodopensis Coenonympha......123, 127rhombana
INCIOTIS: 5 .25ccveuestacnsscenarsauae cuca trem Ae ee 115, 256
rhomboidaria Peribatodes ...............:ccesceeseceeeeeees 84
PHOMDOIGEA NESW... 5.52. seca. nseasceexsisessts ooteesseieass 87
rhomboidella Hypatima ............eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 113
ribeataDeileptenia.....:......:......0.<<coseesseneeeeetee 84
ridens’ Polyploca.cis..:.3:cie2scessscssteaneneuree et 79, 221
ripartii pelope Agrodiaetus ................006 122, 123
TiVala EPITEAOC:..5..0000ssacesecc ones dosteesnacesee eeteanes 80
rivulana Celypia .....at.czersennceasscrtaccicnsceateeen 115
Mivularis Hadena:....is..0sssasseesesesranermateecseeaont es 87
Fivularis NEpPtis....:......s.<ccvocssncceecceaets 121, 125, 127
roborana Epiblemat.:...:....<..-.csteeascne earns 115
roboraria ypoOmiecis:..:.......0.cseresente- cesses 84, 91
rObOrella PHY Cita.........sscsscesurcesigsosateantt saate cect 258

XViil

rorella-Yponomeuta....:......:... 2.238600) eee 154
rotundella AgOnopterix .........eecceessecesseeseeeseeees 254
roxélana Karinia .....:.....:.:..s..-0s:sFaeeeeee eee 124
Wubi Diarsials).-c..02...:¢.ssncesessssssosess eee ee 86
rubidata Catarhoe..............cccsccccccsssseesssseseeees 80, 91
rubigana Acthes'........./aiier/castne eres 256
rubiginata Plemiyria...../....:.ccactteeecect eee 81
Tubiginata Scopulla ..0)/5.1 kee ee eee 161
rubricollis Atolmis ....4.:82.tcuein nee 218
Tubricosa-Gerastis..!..2..::.-...5 sees 87, 129, 220
rufa Coenobiar.. 0... 5ccsscss<cceetsvese Men ee 130
rufescens Helcystogramma...........csccessceeseeeees 113
ruficiliana Falseuncaria...........eeeeeeeeeeees 114, 258
ruficomis, Drymonia.. <..:.:.:.....:..4eceeeeeee 85, 221
rufifasciata Gymnoscelis ..............sscceseees 82, 220
tufimutrella Adela...............cscastecceaetees 107, 251
rufipennella Caloptilia «0.00.00... cece 108, 251
rugosana Phtheochroa.:.:.....c....s.ccseceueett cee 286
muMucis ACTOMICta. ...!::..:.0.dshe eee eee 89
ruralis Pleuroptya.....:2-7S..:. ated aera 258
russiae japygia Melanargia .................66 121, 123
rusticata [daea ................sssseseeeses 80, 130, 161, 185
S

sacraria Rhodometra ..............ccceeeeeeee 80, 145, 153,

161, 207, 208
Sagittigera Pachetra...:x....::.cneepeesee eee 144
salicella Dasystoma..............c:ccssecceseeeeeees 112, 258
salicicolella Phyllonorycter ...........:...::.sseeesoss« 109
Salicis LeucoOma .....ccsc:cssst0essseseace eee ee 85, 129
Salicis Suugmella....0.....4cc2 ee eee 107, 250
salinella Scrobipalpa.......:.c.:..csm<wtheer ee eee 255
salopiella Eriocrania ........:.:)css.sescaeesoe eee 106
samadensis Scrobipalpa ..........2.:css-cesstaee eee 113
sambucaria OutapteryX :...:..2.:26fcaecs-eeee eee ee 83
samiatella Stismella:<:cnccan. eee 107
sangiella Syncopacmia.......-si<znc:tes0 eee 113
Sangi Eriocrania ......:...<..<:/:05.cee eee ee 106
Sappho Neptis. £2050. .s..:c0 2.08! 121, 125, 126, 127
S AGUAS ....:..ssse0scssaaronsseduazecctatuanaetcuteeten meee 79
satyrata Eupithecia..:........5..-..4.22 est 41, 82, 130
Satyridae ..:........essssdondsadsseie esas ee eee 5)
Satyrimae ....i..20)..-:-5:c0,.<5seet eee eee 269
saucia Peridroma................ 2, 3, 86, 100, 178, 260
saxicola Phycitodes..::::.:...2..c2:2 See 119
saxicolella Coleophora...::i..:24 22 pees 253
scabiosella Nemophora.............::ssseeseeseeeseeees 120
scabrella Ypsolopha...............,.saneeseeee 110
scabriuscula Dypterygia.............:cesceeeeeeeeees 89, 130
Schreckensteiniidae .....:::..:..:scss1:cseeeeee ee 251
schwarzella Pancalliia .;..:..:.::0c:i::,s.c.sectousoreeteees 114
scolopacina Apamea ..............:eeeeeseees 89, 130, 219
scopariella A gonopterix ............:scsiqssestess-b pases 112
scopigera Bembecia . 1.212.210) :.ss:cesdenee ee eee 4
scoticella Parormix:....::;......-c28eeee 108, 251
scribaiella Cosmopterix ............::ccescceeeeees 105, 114
SCYtHIdidae’ 2. ton. .neatncnnoon nan basguaeagate atees 114, 255
secalis Mesapamea:.......:.22.2..ss1c:-4.,eeeeee 50, 89
sedella Yponomeuta’...........:.......:eeee eee 110
segetumr AgrOtisa:!..-...-:.iscosdeatea-cseteene 50, 86, 221
Selemaria ASCOUIS ...:.:...s0.c.02+-coersaunnbecsenceeueree seat 144
selene Boloria’.........:..-,-.:-s---g:s:cs3 eee eee 6
semiargus Cyaniris.........:.cs:<scsetusteas® esas 127, 143
semibrunnea Lithophane................... 88, 131, 272
semifascia Caloptilia..:.............:2:%sctescsepssemmonss 251
senecionana Clepsis ..........,...:.0:ss.sssessssaeeee 256
senectella Bryotropha ................--cesseesseeersontes 113

SCMEX WMUMACNA ...5:.c5sssscassecsecctscesccsesccassces 85, 130
Semthes Hipparchia:..2.:..6c...secsess.dseusdsecncsasotdasnces 127
senticetella Gelechia ...,........:fs.0s<-50 113, 249, 255
Se PURSES ACOUMA sac cicesxcensdeisssconsseveversudecesapecsnerse 251
septembrella Ectoedemia .............ceeeeeeseeeeeeees 250
SCO ANe CLOIOMES oie eessctvaw Sekcsanveacesdsetspeieectedesens 113
sequella-Ypsolopha...........0....i:ccssssesesceseese 110, 252
Se liata LOA A 5 bi sec cersncesecessasecassnces dccosaocweveeccencsos 80
SCMCCAMS AVA oy aveccicwcvetieeceeacevensisddescessteseescontes 91
serricornis Biselachista .............::cceeeeeeees 249, 253
SSS IGAE sss sssacevechsdoscccnussstasestesescsanserecossssiawetesd 4,78
Sexalata PiérapherapteryX -..c.-<-s..cs0sscconsdacenseceves 83
sexguttella Chrysoesthia ..........:cceeeeeees 113, 254
SOXS RIO Ata ON CSE avs. det ve sss teas ssecteiaucstecesousieesateeenss 87
SICCEMA SCY UMIIS r2..deseecceeoscpuaniaesntaeiest-apacontenars 114
Side” Py TS seis socio esac ectecdeasataenucesiaxsaceahsstecectecs 123
Stendhal MACAL As cixesesscvscncaseeescasaoveedass 71, 83, 162
Sigmatana BPiMOWa ssca.s:i..s.cccenccsnceonseeseeousincesas 256
Silaceata: ECliptopera iecccctcc..cascescarsssedersesete 80, 221
silenella Coleophora... ..t:...22...c0c4-csc0e..c0000: 105, 111
similaria Parectropis ...........:::esecceeeee 84, 131, 199
Stmilella IDEMISIA ......ssscecccssuscessseesssnsscaressasconne 254
similis Bry otropna. ........40<c2e::teesssseacees cence esueeens 254
SiiilaS PUPTOCHS s....1-:.:s0sarecseaenssdeaascosseasnass 55, 85
simplicella Dioryctria .......... cece eeseeeeeeeeeeeees 118
simpliciata Eupithecia............ceeeeeeeeeeeee 82, 130
SumUlans RA WACIA 2.2.5. 0i Petco ccccecsvenscussenaesosoaseces 86
sinuella Homoeosoma............eeeeeeeeeeeeees 119, 258
SimUOSaria Hupthe ia .. 0.15... .Ssiscseesesnesanecsenes 71, 82
Siterata CHIOTOCLYSta ......écc.se2<cseceueseaeeerstesnes 2212
smeathmanniana Acthes..............eseeeeeeeeeeeeeee 256
soctella APhOmMMas. s 5.5 scc:cessonceernsssthereesecescsesossves 118
solidaginis Lithomola ........-.2.:..:ccetecnassenseee2+ 169
sommulentella Bedellia.........20....cesssencsccaes 110, 253
Sorbi PRYMONOLY Clerc. 2.55 hese cescccseetcodecssseecaieeoss 109
sorbiella Argyresthia.............:ccsccccsseeeeees 109, 252
SOLGEMS APA a. 2 ace ic aust ace ceca sueonasaocervesasetes 2, oo
sordidatella Depressaria..............00. 105, 112, 254
SOFOrCulla: MSM a cc csscacs secs is icanses oudeyseettereaneons 85
sororculella Geleehia ..c.c.2.2. 2... ccecece-cestoes INS 52595
spadicearia Xanthorhoe ...........::ccceceeeeeees 80, 221
Sparsana AClES 6.2.4 cciscttsccsseestnlosnieants: LIS; 256
Sawlie la AAMAGS1ass. 8 cncetcesc susan eudsoene css 135255
spartifoliella Leucoptera .............c::ccsscceeseeeesees 110
Sphingidae ................. 84, 129, 130, 162, 208, 266
Splhimx-BrachiOnyCha ic.....-c.10c-sessynncecctenseetosseeee 88
SS PULO SOHN: oy counc tas esees canna seeeee seas casas tans conasdeiconts 55
spinella Coleophora <cicccncccsscccscusieceetscceeccoceerees 110
Spinosissimac Stomellay...2..c....2.gecsdteecegsesocraoe 107
Splendana: Gy Gras. .a5-siiecsesee arco eactenes ener 116
splendidissimella Stigmella ................00. 107, 250
splendidulana Pammene ..............::csceeseeeeeeeeeee 116
SPOMSa Cato ala. r-eraes cavesennsesessecteccticcsecteccsetes: 173
stachydalis PhlyCtaemia .ic:....c..d022c00 leccncceceaseesee0 118
Stagnata Nymphulla’ .isic...cc.cccssecsocencsscsosead 117; 237
stellatarum Macroglossum......... 84, 164, 208, 266
Stephens DYySte Denna :ac.czcssec: lenecccossvecececstedvecas 114
Stephensiana Cnephasiay ste: s isc ceateccacetssesvernncs 114
sticticalis Loxostege..........c:ccceeeeee 117, 155, 257
Sticticana Epi Dlenia oa: cs6.¢screscayx scare tecoeeteescusestne 115
Siraminata IAC. sercstastaveceveatsses since bevatesunesvenses 80
Stranminea Mythimita.i.....25.c.cccssesescatesssnecvesseene 131
Strataria BistOM.....c...sssseeeiesessssececceocdecesses 83, 134
Striatella ISOphriCtis: 2c s..ct2ccast..doieeecs cee caes ees: 254
striatipennella Coleophora ............ceeseeeseeeeeees 111
Strigana Lathronympina 2: ii..25 occ cosscvansebeastaxasecsns 116
Stra alas OM aso sad sas carass san ecard este oacetes 89

1XX

StrigOsa ACKONICHA f..iiscccc.csccdecstescaedeaassenns 153, 169

strigulatella Phyllonorycter...........cceseeseeeseees 109
striolellla Nidituned 522.022 cece, sa. cteete wosstadsesieeaas 108
strobilella Cy diaic.s.s2istes sectececcdecsasecoerasexcdenteoess 207
sturnipennella Mompha ..............:cc:cceeseees 41, 255
SUAS a MAC AMOWIA 5.08. cae <scdesuscesssactsouscencesteencvaes 129
SuavellarlraCMy Cela est syezcseswsqeceve woot ceseecctestyeeeceens 118
Subacuilea: Deni siasteecteco-ceacterscexseanaesseets 249, 253
subbimaculella Ectoedemia ............:eeeeeeeeees 106
Subfuscata Eupithecia <.<.sccccsscecsehccecvsassosaseuses Pig 92
SUDIUIS EIS A pane a sxcc21ssecetearot cea e teesecau ees 89
subocellea Blac hista..._2,22...acacecc-sesateesteestexcoes 253
SUDSHICEAtA das scisa. secs ectearistere es uenst onto save 80
SUbtUSA [pUNOLPHA......cscbsscseecsavarcseseccsesaedecnsersnss 89
subumbrata Eupithecia.............ccccsssccssseeesseeeeees 82
SUCCEN Urata E WDC Cla <6: 21-:22eec0ssroynrecee decrees 82
suffumata LampropteryX ..........e:ceeeeeeeeeee 80, 220
Sulphititella BSperia cs. :cesctsaccasstscaness aschareetedans 112
suspecta ParastiGltis <c-c.c2-ss.¢-ccsrsoeeerreeeeaeeee 89
SVENSSON St Ome ac 25.eeseece-cse-aeestone secon eueeecone 250
Svlwata A DiaKas ts... +-<tascacncusenetescaseaneents 35,431
sylvaticella‘Coleophord.-.2.c.0c122s sisson 111
Sylvella: Ypsoloplias .c:.2is.-c01:sceesareaaerereenrceeses 110
SVIVESHIS TyIMehCUS -sycccecesorsnscarspercemrorsccenes 225
SVIWitla HS Pia ius *-iey ccecdeyvesceeexesucccevseuncescesceectaseee 78
S¥ilaCa TID PACING. 0--4-eovse.wexedenccssssessencsesecciaes 1)
SVEN Pablal POM ae aces prea ee recreate 83, 131
T
taeniolella Syncopacm .............cccscceeseseeeeeeeees 113
PABES FC VMS ces cecaeaneescres eeeneanatiasisaveencseeeeoneaee 99
tantillariaBupihectai2cccc.czccee. cece aecenseces 82, 130
tarsipennalis Zanclognatha ............eceeseeeeeseees ol
fatula DellaniasunlCa =. cvescseteaccesstactiarsnsesattee. 66
taurella Ochsenheimeria ............cccceeseeeseeeeeees 252
telejus.Maculinea.ci .secatcececsct- eres 144
temerata Lomoprapla.i...1ccc.0.caielssseverss-secoeceners 84
tenebrella Monochroa vicsvice.t sisvbercessoscceee 112, 254
tentaculella Ancylolomid as...405 eee 1
tenuiata Eupithecia.............ceeeee L, 2;,3, 82,130
tenuiata fT. cinerae Bupitneeta:, .ssceesesscacsseucesasarcns 2
tephradactyla Buleioptilus.isi..cssicsscsssncceessaenses 11S
terebrelila ASSarg icc sa bch nnuieiecssceneeteres 258
termmelia Momphiaicc. catia ee cet ee 25D
ferrella Bryourooha ssceasscevessancese tee ers 254
testacea: Piperinasss.ccatyawaceteciectsat eee 90
feSCat a SUMS cc seen oe cee ees ceseet eee 80, 81, 131
tefragonana Epiblemia 2922.0 522s tieeiseencers 257
tetralumaria: Seles a ctesste-ce-teereresecese? 83, 131, 220
tetrapumetella A thrips ...c2vicee cect ceeeecesscetes eee E13
thalassina LacamoDia :252:500scsactossdenssavsesectenazaaneee 87
thermella Coleophora caer crease: Vie 253
thoracella Bucculatnix <2: vi.chevscisiseliccciseseentes 108
thrasonella Glyphipterix .............c:ccescceeeeeeeeeee 109
Why abide 252. cecccteee Sy actetinneseesseatteaceans 79; 130
tale: MilIn AS 2209 her Ae cote eee ae 84, 287
tamcte lla Crassas jes tatoos tsesecaceesusecoeesceeteseeciteans 254
teatla ANCVIS soit atn ete sere tostaeeanes 249, 256
Timeidae .2......0.ccecccsseescccececcccosssecesssessvucees 108, 251
titania Ol OTAG as, sectacedetostacboseecadestanctanarstenet aes 267
qmtyrella:Stomellas...05.2.5;,scsestoneeeaseetesccoscencavecns- 107
TO Gata Mamthiia. Ha c.ncoceieedaensdecsechsveteeeaceetaeetes 2,08
MOntne vd ae toe 2 ecctee ences sae ee tee eric 114, 154, 256
tragopoginis Amphipyra .............::esceeeeeeeeeeeseeees 89
trans versa BUpsilia sa ise ecccsssesetactmeesnecsces 88, 130
transversata: Philereines../.cccssisssiscsectsascsssteeesvees 81
ftapezina:GCOSmia ic. sees cosas eee 50, 89

treitschkiella Antispila siiscioss.ccnerssiorarvnatt aia 108

tremula PheOstats..:....sceascsisccnsvateces 50,,52,;85;, 221
triangtilum: Xestia..........-.022- hae ees. 87
thiatomea Elachistasisc.cs:icssisssonazsionderdeietaseaeenes 293
tridactyla Merrifeldta ....:.ccesecccessesisseseetosaeeess 119
tHACENS ACTONICA «.casesssenessnesvnvensecseaetncs tears eeeeee 89
trifasciata Argyresthia............eeeee 44, 109, 238,

249, 252, 258, 259
friholn DISCS ta wats sscAas avandecowsanesteseitvend 50, 87, 178
trigeminata Tdaea ....:...:-2--sseseseseunaeestepeene 80, 92
trigonclla: EpinOtha 2....snteicseassetavertvetcadcccaicusecest 256
trigrammica Charanyca.............sceee 50, 90, 286
trimaculella Stigmiehla...........sc0ssssestsopeoasaeaeatine 107
trumaculosa POS ic... .fedtacinsteetacannbetindeoase lee £31
tringipennella AspilapteryX............... 108, 251
trimOtella, Vite. <s.cceccssssssansecssasedencettcarsennse 251, 286
fripartita ADrOStONS ..f...c.cssscncsecensasrapnecestonrepe 90, 287
friplasia A DIOStOlA:....:.-..s.cessessesasoesasssdenstapenccie 130
tripuneta, Telechry SiS s::.sci2 seiesenshaceeseecceenecotaise 112
tripunctaria Eupitheia...sscccc.sssorencecnssasssgeresonceds 82
trisiomaria Pupithecia is.......c0sesenneessveccsuacenasacenste! 3
tristella Apripiila’ cccececcscrcuscpecccceepeereeees: 116,.257
GILG CE KOA sess ceosscvunass pind efoucartcesecossi ena ceasacuuize 86
IV 8a MICU i ox satvaseevnencxancixonsenediungumnceadcacd 144
trochilelia COlOPNOLa.....0i.<<asnesseencaacsearscrecevstns 293
trochylus trochylus Chilades.............. cesses 268
(ruricata CHIOEOCIY SIA «x. c.casccceneesanessseseesssnpeceneoanes 81
truncicolella Eudonia ..............cccsseccceeeeeteeeeeeees 117
futllita | C OGI OMY MPN Ay i, x ccorecpenent-wsadgsseuseee steeds atest 3
tumudana Con@bathra.. cise: cccegersntessscaannsianaotsenes 157
tuber sella IMMCEOPLEPiX 02: seencectecasoeareesenencaccens ct o7
turbidania APOtOMs sisscscosassersssasnsssstesanesanntdees 115
turbidana Epiblemia ......<.scccissviseessercarocceeaeessaaes 257
CyMG AMUSE TODA 267.5. cesessssarsast-asneaciopcaressaseeossatss 145
Cyphiae NOMA STI aco isc. ccesas scans ideecasesutiessagaraveapareg 90
Livy] ohh erz al bS&o) 0) arate arc ee epee td 87,, 129

U
Whinrariae:S thomiella se, sccsgsscesceeeseecoceesscees 107, 250
ulimellaUCCUlatrix.: <..cccecmsncsaecentssaecns-ccapepaencaes 108
ulmifoliella-Phyllonorycter ...:../.......0sssesnonesees 109
Witimiaria Bupitheciay........c.csccccsescssconsascascecssoess 162
witimelia Depressarla .c.1......csescsssesseecbonaceasctense 112
umbellana Agonopterix...........::ccccccsceeeeeeeseeeees 12
OF Ueyecky Ga 9 0 00 Fee ante reenter eeelapis ae oenemiie Spt AF 90
umabraticaC@ucullliay citer ccstateaseeecctecden 2, 88
umbrosella Bryotropha ..0.........c...ssc2-ceseeceeeseeee 113
unan Sulata, Expl yi seccccsct cite sete ees esos ceteee cons 81
WIMAMIIMIS- A PAM ds: csssiccsisionisoseosesscctesaces cesvoneoe sat 89
wuncella ANC ylIS:2.syecais nies eet ecrete 256
Wn Cua DEMObe iy. siaecevtnciteee. Boe cetines ceteeeeeneascosee 90
undulana Orthotaemia esc. selteccstterecctsesosceecene 115
unsuicella AMCYlIS scsesiccceccsctcestsec ie teeee coeeeetace 115
unicolorella Bulamprotes ..2..:.55.sccccccsecestetesevace 254
unimaculella Eriocrania .............seeseeeeeeeeeeeees 106
undonalis: Pal pitas: wsissscn.cirtetenncced tones 118, 157
unipuncta Mythimna................ 100, 131, 145, 168
unipunctella Phyllocnistis .......... ces eeeseeseeeeee 252
Unitella: B atia.,..ccsccocscoecsesvtertedeeet eet eeree 112, 254
UpUpania, AMC WIS... sczcnscvstevdevvavesercsonvseootcrorsesce 115
urticae A Slalsiscsatstccossccesn.cdodemacteneteeies 1372239
ustella Ypsolophaiciccd:.ccwssnsumenen cota 110
ustomaculana Rhopobota.........c:cceseeseeeteeeeeee 115
ustulana Endothenia........ceriessccsteseosssuscesvoas cess 256
Vv

vzata Chloroclystis :......c5220iGie 82, 220
WACCINIT; COMISEA 54) :..0cascnte asda. emai dente 88

XX

vatiabilis Euchalcta....::.sesc<.sse.cs eee 144
velocella Aroga ).0-s..3....i.02/.550c se pe 113
venata Ochlodes'...4c.3.c.2): gah 223
venosata Eupithecia «......././...:::..0.seenaee ees 82
verbasci Cucullia \.....2:...4écaisaeres eee 192
verbasci Shargacucullia ............ccsecceseeeee 88, 287
verhuella’ Psychoides ... «..........cdeenrete meee 108
versicolor Oliigia 0 s.....2::.sasseeseeeee eee 41, 89
versurella Coleophora ...........:::cccssceeseeeeeeseeeeeees 111
vetulata Philereme ....,......wsAeeee anne 9, 81
vetusta Xx ylema cil. eects eee 169
vicrama schiffermuelleri Pseudophilotes......... 123
viminalis Brachylomia.............cccscccssseeeseees 88, 91
vinula Gerutal oo ioslicctieees lets ee 85, 91, 129
Wiretata ACaSIS .2..i.ocsoccech oo lessseeactcctee copes 83, 286
VITPIMIENSIS. VANESSA...) szcs.scceeansesee ee wereeeeetss 159
Vitidana TOrtrix .........-.csnssssseesseosectpeeecenaene eee 115
viridata'ChlOrissa..\.\...c.c.css2sennastseedetence came teers a)
viriplaca Heliothis:.....:.....0:0. een he 90, 171
Vitalbata Horisme..........ccccccccsccccceccececcceecees 81, 220
vitellina Mythimmna.................8.00403 88, 167, 207
Witrata Maruca .2....s.0:...ses.sseatecqsducaees eee eee 155
Vittata Orthonama ., :..:.....s.05..seaaciaoneteeeryeet teens 80
volgensis delattini Hipparchia ............ceeeeee 122
vulgata Eupithecia ....::.::...2setieee se aie 82
vulgata vulgata Eupithecia............cceseeeseeenees 221
vulpinaria = rusticata Idaea ..........cccesceeeeeeeees 185
Ww
w-latinum Lacanobia ..........cccececeeeeceeeseeeeeeees 87, 91
wagae Teleiodes....../..:.:- be eae ee 254
Watlaria, Macaria.:::,..<2:.2::-0csus gee eee 83
weaveri|Ectodemia....2:....20Gee es ee 250
weisker Graphiuim .....:......<csessiebsdepeocasecdeesepeaceys 206
wockeella*Coleophora....:.....4¢ ese a 111
wolffiella Nemapogon ...:c...naiineeaeh ie 108
xX
DRAMA. «1... ccecsscesesceaadessaccectaedece eRe ee een 2
xanthographa Xestia .......-sdisiseieht co teoeaees 87
xylostella Plutella..:..::.....c.geeutene 110, 174, 208
Y
yeatiana A SOnOpteriX.....csécccadadvecddedsascessedembess 254
Yponomeutidaes.2...Ala..2e.cess 44, 109, 154, 174,
238, 252, 259
ypsillon Parastichtis ........2.../001s...oc00.seoteeseiaeeese 89
Z
zellerielia Stigmella .2........0s.05.03-. eee 107
ziczac Notodonta ....:..1c..e20se10. een 85, 286
zinckenella Etiella....-vs..ssdessseceussteiiee re 1535057
7Zoegana Agapeta .....c....c.cesnssnessuseeaeetetesecee ees 114
zollikoferi Luperina ........4:t2..5s5e ee 153, 170
zophodactylus Stenoptilia....... lees eerste 258
ZY SACNIAAS: 2. sesse.3ss0-.ssesstedesdes dares eee eae 78
ARACHNIDA
Araneus diadematus.............scescrsestseeonyedessoatere 137
COLEOPTERA
Abracus globosus...........2c...sscissisessedh capeaee 12, 15
ANCTOLOMA PALENS ...5...:..5:secnrecsutaiesessaneaees 12, 14, 15
Adalia bipunctata............:i-:.s:ieessstesbetesessoseebeere 196
AQONUM SEXPUNCtAtUM ........ sc eeceeeeeeeeeeseteeeees 144
Alevonota aurantiaca ........ccsceeceseseeeeee 11, 14, 15
Amara aenea:y.ic.cc.-cvdeceacersccac et cee 62, 148

Anommiatus dieck1...........eeeeeeeeees 12,13; 16, 17
Anommatus duodecimstriatus................00 11, 12,

13, 16, 17
PXTIOLYAUS SCULPTURE AUUS2 cevsecsccctvaksessasncdtencderaaianees 15
ANOtYlUS tetracariNatus ........0..6.scccssscessvescssevensceas 15
PCAGINS MOG CTs scacauiiesdssasasdeccasvencetereetscreuneheodseeas' 16
PATO MARIA TMOSC IAL 5 sosanti Jub deaeensaussoucd saenvestst onatec 190
PES EMINUINAC Shc. sel uscuedsedkcetcn: ek eds Menaatae eaters Gesane 189
ANSE MAUI SUL AUUIN 5 2i.s.cfacdesennsoxcdseccoresetcecsssoves 189
Asemum striatum V. agreste........ceeeeeeeeeeeeeee 189
PXUME LA CRASSICOTIUS ox, os0c2scougecetieasaeasn sorcuesceseavesoss ibe:
NUE PAOD ILA vs iosas teases snvaixeoicessesusosovecsossaadteosnnestes 15
Aneta (AM SUNUM jocscsccacesesssgeaensnereratesseerstetseosies 15
PXUMO tA MATUMO DUS: <cr¢cnrercaqeascenauuccanenscnaseoeoseery tvs 15
AthOUS CaMplYOIdeS. .:..0....secseiseceoorvenees 12, 14, 16
AX CGI ATIA DUN CIAT A c22 ios. tastnoeseos taceseuteseqanettecasorase 16
Atomaria scutellaris ..0..........cceeeseeeseeeeseeees 62, 148
PTOMANIA TEStACEE ccc. ss¢ssccccctenacececestanedecenannssesees 16
Barypeithes araneifOrmis ....2....s0cc.sssesecseeese 16, 17
Bary peithes Peluciquys ..n15.-cisseacecsanevvoctaessss 16, 17
Bema DidiOn ACMCUM ....css0ssscsnasesceccoadsenese cossoreus 145
Bemibidion Swttula 02:2 scsacetsatesnseascets tees sever, 145
Beibi dion iC OlOL. <.ceccagic. saeesereccecanctaneseneeseecnse 143
Bembidion lunulatum .......0.0.sc.sesecssssssssescorsensess 145
BSmDidiON MUMUMUM ...06.cc:.psnceecanccest deenteesecesse 143
Bembidion nigropiceum ........... cs eeeeeeeeeeeeeseeees 96
Bembidion quadrimaculatum.................eeee 145
POUT GCT OAS: 26 acciies is voetstn-sceigetons sscsntadeasasersenaces 16
Brachinus CRCPICANS scc...c2s.crcscesocecersocssonseneunteasce 144
CalBCerus TigACiCOMUIS icc: svsssicesaceossvaesedesesnacteeonss 15
ARATE icc suns extonesveatdcanctscseesiansdnccesaneure 15, 143
Carpophilus marginellus .......... eee eee 12,16
CEraMby CHIE 5.2. -assivasescartencsaewsases 103, 189, 190
CHIAENIUS MISTICONTUS oio:cccscssscccsorecancecvasscenncenee 145
Chlaemius VESHEUIIS 54st c.ccese cies eee ech 145
CGhitry SONG IEC AC: cee, 2, .co5,se acwetesacscia se ueeesasedieatates 16
Gionusralau el. cues <3.cs1se0cedesasycnsedeasavensavtcaveutiecciss 192
Cronus Scrophulariae .....4..c0geencssuesesesseeerscereases 192
ClitOstethus arcuatus.........c..cccseeaserseerssecessinese 133
LAV AROSSOT 5 sc setescescuscesaancsutecseucsestenessetes caataeet 1S
CNG IMS AMES c.2 ee agi ciate xensereereeea ete eeaeeee 190
Coccinella septempunctata ...........ceeeeeeeseeeeees 195
Oe Cie AAS oe. serces- cenccauasnsteeaassautuetactasinasies 33
Col yGitd ae 5. .2:.cc2ecpe cise siesexsecassseotiadansaaawecisede es 16
CoOprophilUs St AtUUS s5...0..cssceccsscecsoersvvanssesrteates 15
Wordalia OWSCUEAL 06cc.cscasncesavsssascecassitnenneiviepcaaes 15
COMiCelis Traxtinl -2re2ceesece se cssaceesesaeeeeicee ss ese 56
CG OTICEUS WMI COLON soos engl ce ccc sscdesctnestacievasascacee 56
COnUMCALA CHBDOSA :, ccd iaeneseacctsedsercoreeaueiansavecacd 16
Cry ptophagidac.....cssesessenrssernsereensvencese 16, 62, 148
CC UITONIGAS ioe sess cescsssaincsadansetsacttep diac teaanencs 16
GCyMOdes WMC isctassasasenensoxtesewsecsossanacbsteexcaalees Bi
POAC OMIACTA TECTIA ss cg nscees-cecveseseeeotateveuteeentes tenes 15
DemietriaS Wperialys ocf52cc¢ dese cc casssenesescoedenxee 143
DMinkaraea an Cust 2s. 25scc,.censscvevesanntaseyecestestassteuss 15
Dinocampus-coccinellae -.......i.cicsceessssennense 195
MOU IISCHU ACS seca i arcteccsucuccovenesenesicecageosescavacess+teen 222
| SHE 1G E | Renee gee Sere eee meee ere tr gan Sree nr 16
EMG OMY CHIGAE: 5, cansc.cssoccqsnrctorsecsvetncet ieeevetsasaseckis 16
Euplectus karstemt i.c.isctscsceussreieaStisercccsssessisenss 16
EUby POMISIPICIDES x. ss.c02:csaceaeeicese een AAR aes 10
Glischrochilus hortensis............::cesceeseeeeee 12 Aho.
Grammoptera ruficOrmis..............:cceeseeeeeeeeeeeeees 190
Harpalus' Attints ..:.:.c:cec..csesctoiecasdeceehnciasteces 62, 148
Flarpalus ODSCUMUS .:c4.:sscesessrsste0sessdconeddecsascnsaness 145
FIEXALHTIUS GAVISONM vitiedieeisteotveseesbdeueeiedeees aT

XX1

ELES(STIG AC eee ecetenn he recateacen tase eee enecooseaneaaies 15
Pyro pili dat. 33 iirc setstectetecan aceon eeecagieeaces Ns)
Hydroporous ferrugineus .............ceeeeseeeeeeees 222
Hydroporous marginatus ............eseeeseeeeeeeees 222
IRiSSILEY TIMIMNUS «,.5.c2scdssceseavecattcnasesces 15, 62, 148
SATA MALTA aoe ag ey eacecusestcves bc roan Sreuedsavecesssiuscent 148
[ARMIN AG caress yetectctees cate acnancertacancaestrancasere! 190
Langelandia anophthalma................ P2617
MAL OVAL Ay Soe sacc ieee gees: tbls fan cds Ue eved vived aa tecees 62
Lathrobium ful Vipenne’ ..i...o..cssasecesecessesoaseoetvaee 15
Lathrobium multipunctum 1.0.0... eee eee 15
We atrihisd aes cascsiaenateccndiestes casestdaeutccavacmancvsetsesnes 16
Metodes fetrigimed .2..,.26/Acecceceee sete ttasterunearises 36
ECIOGES ODES Ait fs cansesvendcedavsesanseaesetadencecrevscvaemenss 36
IS1OGES* PICEA cetera sirens aia ree ear oper eeeee 36
etd es -rutipennis wet. toa-asewesisaattvesessanceneielals 36
| OF os (0S 6 £2 | cena Pere ne meer enn are Pre 15, 36
| Boral abt GupY: Camry ep eee mean mn eee ay avr eren ener 189
DSTOCY TUG a TTI ine eae ae cycots een pace to ceseeesneeanteese 36
MEdOM POCOLEIUS sus sectccsrs. chases sasastecsasnaeesve contetons 96
Mecastermuiny ODSCUNUIN sis. 4.1 ee: joesnsises series 15
Mel anotis VallOSUS 1.25. ereeeteasestamnenrsessncanenenes 16
Metabletus obscuroguttatus 0.0.0.0... eee eee eee 145
INGOCY Ca stn Bs ay. cries cc treerneoe hada teehee aeeneacas 15
IMiordelln ae tig 24 eetece eee see cect 101, 205
IMordellistemar fai... <2rc.checcustereertat reeset. 205
Mordellistena bicoloripilosa ...............00++ 101, 205
Mordellistena eludens.....................ce eee 205
Mordellistena falsoparvula ...........cceseeeeeeees 205
Mordellistenaparvulac i2.c5c.itccscarescecneese 101, 205
Mordellistena parvaloides i.22..:.teccs.csscessssanceons 101
Mordellistena pseudoparvula.............:eeeeeeee 101 *
IMycetaca inte eqsprceaccea essen coe soeees putea 16
Nivmmlecopora DLEVIDES 4—,¢..tenc seen 213)
INDUS ease caestareevacnd seca tnanteatanesgeneauauer den eeene 16
Oedemena, .-cees aerate atieiaemaeescttne 141
Oedemiera lurid ay iisci.s:ieisaisiaiasenssvenssenavec: 141, 239
OedemeradiODilis ys. -csc-ece ence 141, 239
Qed emeridae ta ccnagtasstecauertescecam erates 141, 239
Omohron lim Dati cic cece case ceenossscctesns adsaeetons 144
Otis MYLMeCOPHUUS csi. ccsseskecnassdedsresouereeresseses 15
Otiorhynchus Sin@ularis ...1..::c0seseccssacsosaees 16, 192
OXYVOMUS SYIVESUIS. << sneer eset eee 16
Oxypoda brachyptera .j.<c.siccssecesaeenysressccesee 62, 148
OxypOda OpaCa a ncrecysdeneuta sie stuaee ste toteeutasenee esate ity)
Parabathyscia wollastomi ..............:eeseeeeeees 12S
Philhyora-clongatula si sceccjjcscasweacreronevesiconscenee 15
Phy lotretaai orl POS sayesecevyesceecatavesdeccsastevenet asad 16
Platardea Drunine as. caitiavaeershccoameaee acre esas teen iS
Paty Stet Mite csc, cecsaaeceew cuss essaseecvereane os. 15
Pogonocherus hispidulus .....ccc.csscccscbesssceseoaneese 190
PYUOI AS sooo ae ch Ses a eee eer 189
PTiOMUS COLLATIUS vi. c.ocac ts aeeesccunesracesnerssctes 103, 189
Pselaphidae 32... meatal a sertngesgatemieteestie 16
Ptenidiumy laevis atuniice.cahesteice Noscesen eee 15
Ptemidsammepusil haiti: 245.0 becca, cero cess ace eeasccceseae 15
Pterostichtts aethiops cies: sescesecececgcactba sess cacnat ees 143
| PAGIIBS LaF: —ee entero ere Cree ene yi emer metas cree 15
Quedius mesomelinus ............ccccccceeceeeesseeeeeeeseees 15
Raymondionymus marquett............ceeeeeeeee {1,43
Rhagium: btlasciatuitcs 22. <.ccc/sesteetn ect keces 189
Rhacimemordax wie. sasscatocemscsurieniaectntarcss 190
RI ZO papi ae 2 s oiashsectye acs secseeeadteaanertant ees: 16
Rhizophagus parallelocollis.......... eee 14, 16
Rhizophagus perforatus ..............c:eeee 11, 14, 16
Roymondionymus marquetl...........:::eeeeee 16, 17
SCarabacid aes. 8ioh ccc ce teens ee eee eee 16

SS POM Gy Mae rts sais 5cvcesec/s, adbatestacact eassnartenmeeeece 189

Staphylinidae ...........<..c60/sssscesessensee 10,,.15,.96, 275
Staphylinidae OWeENIE siscciicucccelos.ccaccsaacessoaoces esac 275
Staphylinidac sulcata’...<.....cd<ses.c00-sszscanacenncins 21D
Staphylinidac vida... ...)..ccs<.cscsssanasenustateetsesetes pA fe)
S lapel y MUS SOx. eeeresspseceneesoseesteen veut hese by)
SfEMOCOLUS METIGIANUS.... ....ces.sccsccscensedeoegsseet ee 190
StOMlS PUMMCAUUS......5.<..0)cteserergeseeestteee ne 13, 15
Strangalia maculata....:.-...c:ss..sacssssssonssseecepsuatee 190
Strangalia quadrifasciata.............cscccssceseeeeees 190
SUMIMS PFOPMGUUS: ........scedosech¢cesdesennaenen annie osecds 15
TachinusS subterraneus :.........c0ci2.ccesesasaseccenesutesnes 15
TACKY POMS; GIS PAK 255s ccc sentecwacesncens osonaquateiencten ek 15
Tachyporus hypnorum ..............::::0008 15, 62, 148
Machy Porus mtd wlUS 5 3.5.cso, seccecasscescoarveceseuseses <2 15
Tachyporus pusullus ............cceeeeeeeseseeeeees 62, 148
MSMeDMOMIdaS:.b55.02ccvcds iotascvassecnsceccansssteumectoesuant 56
MUDCOSCIAAS trecastcitcadeosc cisus tote ssat ceea cetaceans ae 16
PECMUS ODIUSUS 26 53.5 -xkocceesccc. sxeccessececcasancacenesecat 15
Prechus Quadeisitats s.s2<<si.ccecceseoeecteckes.oecesent 145
Prichonyx sulcicollis...:......0..20s-ssesecsaesees 11, 14, 16
Tia Sus CARIMITOMS 57512), 2e5-cc:csecsonaseharencsusseteaee 16
Tyrophagous putrescentinae ...........c:ccceeeeeseees 3)
Mantholimus MNES 5:03.10. sdiosecegescomnesdedevecuacecaces 15
DOTY MAES Se sectistte a cscatedtecexcsstenaseetcsuncvencese eee 37
Xestobium rufovillOsum ...........cceeceeeeeeeeeteeeees 222
DIPLURA
Campoded CamMpPeStre sic sscscsascesedzscvesssessaszeesccrars 96
Campodea frematia’s ic:..0sc.e.csSeseasancaaieavensonectouctove 96
Campodea SUCNSONL «:...cicedcdececaszncconscssecenssensaress 96
Camm pO didae a ticwietssconcveatsoscruac?sesecycueucexsee ocoeaee? 96
DIC ANP ales swstecsh tesctucvasdneanctiasaiainesssueuostitoacnadures 96
POdOCaMPa SCEDICA .«, :<cssiccssecessouedesvoadesessecceeceecat 96
DIPTERA
Ginirosta Detulett ss <cosc.css.0stsesttaxeevicceneacercessecce 149
PRPROWMIY ZUCAS cages ntasagaetigetsrnacercitedetiessaesinace es 244
AMMAULOMY Za VETDASCE 2s. <sscccscecevassnsnenzseeteoraceds 192
AMMNOMYMOAS: «2c. -2-2-.cuantceocaseaecertexseodese722< 184, 244
PRSUCMO ASS coca cas cseusces csasdecn cvs. Sopot torah saesonecescees 244
BactrOcera CUCUIDIEAC 20/42 inst s.acestosesnavestevieatease 36
Brachypalpoides lentus .......0....:.s0ice..da00se 211, 214
Brachypalpus chrysites 00.0.0... eeeeeeseeeeeee Z11,:215
Brachypalpus laphriformis............... 211,214,215
Brachypalpus meigemt..2..52::..:-224.2 25057, sioestaot. 211
Brachypalpus migrifacies, .:....2::2:.-ccessesecsecsessee2 244
Brachypalpus valgus................ 211,212,213; 215
Bradysta paupera :s.icetiece cesta ece vet ere tees ey)
BradysiartCutien sc. coscasscesseeh ee versetctes ston ststiaesaeee 37,
Catharosia: py Smacae a2. /..0ittseate st cietccteescucee 197
Chalcosyrphus eunotus .............20+ 211, 213, 214
Chalcosyrphus femoratuS.............:cccccee 2A 22
Chalcosyrphus jacobsoni ..............4. 211, 213, 214
Chalcosyrphus nemorum ................. 211, 213, 214
Chalcosyrphus N1igripes..........ssesccvsteeaneees 211, 213
Chalcosyrphus NitiGus:.........cccc-:det0cscanccochicernce pA
Chalcosyrphus pannonicus ..............::00006 211,212
Chalcosyrphus piger «.......2.c..easrteacecessnnex: 21 212
Chalcosyrphus rufipes................06 PND WAP IS
Chalcosyrphus Valgus ........:..esessssasswedsiersaasens 211
@heilOsiacaheENea ci2c0, cc. c.ccase ccsacisacertcescests seat tee 139
CimoOchira atta ....c<.......ssedececcceseevevecccece 27, 197, 217
Contarinia tiliaguim....::Maesccct tse. ccccnceceete cd 149
Cylindromiyia brassicarta,. ...2.c..0:ecessevascnreeeteceest 28
Cylindromyia iMterrUptas,...s..2-.:i.coeresassssesectcouses 28
Dasinewta pustulans ..:.fecsisssstoeeecccssecencs erences 149

XXil

Dasineuita violac ia..scc..ccst¢see cece eee 149
Deliawradicumni (5. s.42.0d5..2.<c--<ts--ccte nee 184
Drosophilidae ta... sccsacesss ct -csctee eee 244
Pmpididae’....ar..csssssssstscsadeevstses eee eee 98, 244
Bphiydridaen.. ios..2.sd1c.scaancacesteee cece see cee 244
EXStalas) oie 3 c2220 sect ctic eae teas ee eee eee 192
Gyminosoma itens: ..:....4...6¢c2.2ecsesene eee 28, 197
Gymnosoma rotundatum ..............::.ccscceee 29, 197
Hetophilusiiiici02iie.: sasshan tele cone eee eee 192
Hemyda ‘vittata.c....:.:sc.csse00.asecsssveecctueston 27, 29, 34
Heteropezina Cashistes .....:.....c.,0.escsssanceeesascasees 37),
POLO CET as, <.sccsles dsc cus cesanase dues sne-teceuecaecrecesanctioace 98
Litophasia hyalipennis.................cscccesseeeees 29, 197
Lonchoptertdae <.cis.s<ss0-.easteesceiereee cane ees 244
Lophosia fasciata ...1.i.sc9-saGiee cece ees 29
Lycoriella auripila., ....:........ccedersencomacouec Steen 37
Megaselia bermdsemt «,..2....).:.0s<.cjccspasencsueeeee: 235
Mepsaseélia: (awa c.i..<.ccscccccssess tesco sae ree 235
Megaselia flavicans %.......0:1....3cccrecntgesscee conse: 235
Megaselia frameata.:.,o.....es ee 235
Megaselia Wirtiventris.......i-sscccctcstervecscascosczseee 235
Me gaselia 1atiOr sissc.cscscerevscsesaecscsteneeteren cere 236
Megaselia longipennis .1.2...ii.cecciiciecsectvsondesss 235
Me saseliaslited ........t0cccecctasssceceseret tate cee eee 236
Megaselia nigra:.:..0..0:.ccsceeecaee ee eee 236
Megaseliasandhut v.00oes ee eee 37
Megaselia scutellariformis ss :).. 0.2L eee 237
Megaselia scutellaris...........eseeeeseeeeeeeeee 236, 237
Mesaseliya:agarica ......:..:c-sssiciaternecteeee 37
Melanophora atta ...2/..0.023 Peace 27, 197
Melanophora roralis.............sceesceesceeeeeeeeeeeeees 197
Microdon mutabilis. «circ 139
Nematocera’s.i0i.3isicuieesre ae tee eee 244
Paragus constrictus’..:..4..... 2B en ere 139
PASIUMAE Acc .cseceseceotastseeiene ee ee 27
Phania funesta.)..2... 202 ee 30, 198
Phasia hemuptera:..c2.<.ecc eee ee Sileet97
Phasia obesa.isc3 sa eee eee 32, 198
Phasia pusilla cass. nie 32, 198
Phasia thoracica’ .:.:siss:isaten ec eee 31
Phiasiinae s...ciscsss, cacthscarseveeeiaee ae oreo eters 197
Phoridae 22.4.0 ee 235, 244
Rhamphomyia variabilis ..............::escesceeeeeeeeees 98
RAIN Gia. si scs..sssseessesadteste aca ee ee 192
Rhinophoridae.....:.:. osc aceite teehee 197
Sciara sp. Orientals .....sssscsssvedt eee eee 37
SeOpsidae sjsccsshessesscasesvsssvecte eee ee 244
SPaeTOCeni dae. f.2o2...c:ssseececines ete eee 244
Subclytia rotundiventris............ceseeseceeseeeseeeeeees 33
Syrphidae «...s0cse5.ccevereescevessenasers ee ee 211
Tachinidae :) 2. 2c tesvasceensiaatiee Oe 27, 197, 207
Tephritidae: ka tcici.csceccttentan eee 36, 61
Wachtliella rosarum...-2s...:s22 2.0 Be ee 149
Weberia curvicauda.........1:.000s..sssceee anes 30
Weberia pseudofunesta.......2....:...:80. tee eee 30
Weberia thoracica:..1......4......i: 8 oe eee 30
Mylota abiens.<....sscease-sessedepeeenstereere 211, 216, 217
Xylota coeruleiventris........... eee 211, 216, 217
Xylota forum...:2.2.5.h- eee cae: 211, 216, 217
MYlOta WQMAV As. 5:822:5.acc000cscnessotensetemnncesseenee 211, 216
Xylota meigeniana ............eeeeeeees 211, 216, 217
Mylotasegnis...1.4..5.0124 02) eee 211, 215
MY lOlA: SUCCICAS, s2..00:c-ceeepecseasoxaeeeeeiee em 211, 215
Xylota sylvarum...............2sccssntdeaedebescee 211, 216
Mylota tarda: s..c4...3..:c500;- eee 211; 216,217
Xylota triangularis ........ 211, 215, 216, 217Xylota
KANHOCNEMA s.si.55s00cec.enocenesesssesqueeeconensenese 211, 216
PV LOGUMN Lip asnsessonsssneossaassvanctentanes sees Meneame 211

HEMIIPTERA: HETEROPTERA

Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale ..............cseeeeee 30
PRCA ACUMMMALA sec. acsesencasecasscvetsaerseodesssene 29, 204
CGN ACT Secs cd cca eecn cer ec censevsee sawed ae eNe pea trata catecse 38
Coriomeris denticulatus .......... cee eeeeeeeeeeees 204
Gy dias: fes,...2.oteristed sastisait ceraanepunectnsasaess SK)
Ey AUS 5 cece pesecsencseeecnnsvsccuressasastaecu tase nieve 35
DolycOris DaCCarUM ...5.:izeccciestecesiessiicsecsancasteenses 28
DD ys) DIMOU oy oct roses ess vecaensetoesemne sauseeees 24
DiyMus SY]VatiCus .....2....c.csessececcesaatnastsooses 27, 218
Elasmostethus interstinctus..........ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 33
HAGMMUCIIA OTIS aesidsssectencnsswvesecpateeeiecseed masieris 33
Buy emia Ol6race as. ...cccsssascseveressenceesaeecies tans 204
Bury caster testudimaria .3.0660..2..-cceesesecessencestisescee 29
ASS PMOL SHTIMOOSUS vise cadesseas ccs snesceceaieatententecsauseeds 31
Ney ACI AC Sects cere Petecsaatecesa ce spoiauce tartar aves 33
Lygocoris pabulinus.......... cee eeeeeeseeeeseeeeseeeees 192
Neotislossa: pusilla sscircjsissse ia siecsevagsavecadsteeess heats 32
PAalOMeN a SDP ccscseitercjastensertercseciaunteienason 29
Piezodorus [tur ats cs...35256605-tessuscencersicadenensaseuses 29
INDO Palidae 2.2. kee ces csreasstaessseaaths eoecgesttaesne 135
Rhopalus subrufus ............ccceeeeeeeseeeeeees 135, 204
SCIOCOMS!CULSILAMES cota stieetcescassus cancesussdeccozweesees 29
SCIOCONSNEIEH 21,2. crusts ast eteuer eee 29
Scolopostethus affimis .............c::cccccessseeeeeeeeeees 218
Scolopostethus decoratus............ccceeeseeeseeeeeeeees 2)
Scolopostethus thomson] .............:::eeeeeee 21,218
SEA ATICOLOL, 2ocsas SeaeSuactosencsevsasdaskculusetesaseues tebenets 37
Spathocera Gahlmann :..5......00sseccsscesactseecnssncosese 29
Stictopleurus abuGlon -.0....cccc:cceccceeteceseoresviee 135
Stictopleurus punctatonervosus ............ eee 135
Stollia = (Eysarcoris) fabricii ..............ssccssscseeees 29
Sty SMNOCOMS AULIPINEUS .....60..0.2heceesssessdeceseasagenee 55
StyQnocoris Pedestris ...........ccceeeecesseeeseeeseeeeeees 33
POs MPG US 39222 cies cecatacsdevunnesttd Soctaheoeeeteaes 29

HEMIPTERA: HOMOPTERA

PACE IDES eS Pia cs oeath srececuansedescbanncedahs hee tbienreoens 136
PAPE AC sas oats oes os ssn seacoast ea cecespa ctoncsaee 19]
PA DINIS LAD AC cus Sie sess cecsatna ci cedabessstecteeens oso, 192
UNPIIS VETO AS Clean. cosinds sheets anes ested exis tanesoencca 19]
IXSIEAC AI CIAVICOEINS «5550405500040 -sasessceascasassaseeer ss 204
Cicadellad ae s.sijs.esuarcccsssversecsieutansessaoeiesanssvineltns 244
Delphacidac 2 2stas ee ciate ence en? 244
Macrosiphum euphorbiae ........... eee eeeeeeeeees 192
Philaenus Spumarius .3scic.0cc5.c2idcactsincxcotaceecdere. 192
Prociomnilus XYLOSE Vas. ..chcccrasreuwyseeeeptie rece vatecekes 149
sy lac nse ee se eg ee cee ee eeee ote aca 244
Psy llopsis trax 02.45 eiccece oh etcaaseeteeteancacieeees 149
Symdobius oblongus...........cccceeeseesseeeeteeeeseeees 282
HYMENOPTERA: ACULEATA
Camponotus herculeanus................::ccecceeeeeeees 234
Camponotus ligniperdus .........0....eeeeeeeeeeeeeees 234
CTE MALO PAS EET 552s cede ces apa eadissaceect ro oa ececeess 284
PROT ae si. iol shes canans eon, Soncdse Sei icteewute anes 195
Formica aquilonia ........eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 234, 277
Pormica: Candid ars .5 siestucsteassediciavcacecsacetes cones 234
OrMICMEXSCCtAn... detent setae corsscesreeect 234, 277
Rormica forssluindt <<.2.5. cceciccasccecerexteccessssss 233, 234
FOTN CA MUSCA Rie, cress ssedsasswcscsecctusess peceatstes 233, 234
Formica lemani ..............ccccecececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 233, 234
POrmiCa IU SUOTIS... <.ssccccetesecessecceneseccteccen 234, 277
ORMIC A PTALCNSIS oi. seececeaee-seesevesecdeeeteaosases 234, 277
Formica rufa... eee ecccceceeeeeeees 44, 197, 234, 277
FOnmiCa TUMBALDIS. -.5..5010..00s.00crveecedencinsvocesscaseee 234
FOLmiICa' SAN QUINEA «..2.....2cccecccsessescesoessases 233, 234

XXill

Formica transkaucasiCa.............csssssssseeeees 233, 234
POrmica ten COMUI xs..scc.ceccssntteescatndecoessenessncatss 234
Formica uralensis..............cccccseeessseeeeeeeeees 233, 234
FOrmMiCidae..............00ssscccescecccocecsseossessesens 233, 277
FOrmicoxenus DIGdulUS =. .1g¢eradeeeeec aero 234
Hahictus: caleeatusics. avs assiaectevtics aries. 192
Harpagoxenus sublaevis .............cccesccceeeseeeeeeeee 234
Leasius flavus c302civinss. eee ee 234
aSTUS Ul PINOSUS. cc, ciated caine eee 234
TeaSTUS PMX US oss5 oso sadedeetoceere ee etapa 234
LASTS TO GE Aceh cece enctet reeves cers 233, 234
Seasuis) platy UOT aK oc. 2s, cctcsetseeeeeaaattare cs 233, 234
Leptothorax acervoruim ....2.425..cccc-cccecsssncesenstees 234
ee ptothorax miuSCOMunn sed :iscctseeesoncavenccgrcceines 234
Leptothorax tuber s22ss:2-0scr2e ost eteseee 234
I bia ayy (ey: Bars ieee ry eete eed eet ie ot reer irre Terme 26
Miyrinicaskaray ajevd focss2) perssccoee nye 234
Myrmica lobicoms.cc.c8i cen een 233
MiviiilCattl Dav, sssasdaee neccasmientiackercacspa arene 233
Wyte TU BINOGIS ccc. as55ie0eceesscihedenectesstcceseecs 233
MiyrinicaySabUle tl afeaccsvxtlocatosacinrs.cecebeupebene core: 233
Myrmica:seabnmodis <5. 2ec28ts seeccsteces ters 233, 234
Miyrimica SChenck i iies, sisncerssdsseuecateacacssetaesoeree 234
Myrna SUulCimOdtS. csricctesetieiasncxcscetoutosecrertnne: 234
Phanactis hypochaeriqis' .si.ci.c¢.c1.snsteacssscceensceee 150
Sifolinia/Katavaje vs .2..<:45.52siescaces-cestanseveeceueess 234
Tetramieniain CacsitUaMy.<sysnscgcssccsse<cseesescovs eee? 234
Vespula Serna Ca ss a.7..ccvsdsccsocesecversesetseseceseneers 136

HYMENOPTERA: PARASITICA

AMOTICUS CURVY ALOn 8G, ci esucten eeecsvastoctee es 149
ANGTICUS TECUDAALON ge eeccacesaeaeveeaeeeencaceserae tes 149
(ANATICUS GUETCUSCORECIS sssigss-ccxtassoasscsleionessses 149
IBPACONIGAG ta3: eescccsens ences erecta eres 195
Chalcidoideane nrcetimccroree etc sieserates 244
Vii pOrdeas 245. atten aes ree eeeee tee eees ee 244
Tchneumonoidea..............:ccccccccceesssseceeeeeseesssnees 244
Proctopmpoidea ss ccscosrnmseet x hues toe See a area 244
NEUROPTERA
Baroleon mosttas anwuaunsccs ee 94
MiyPIMGleOntdaes7j.ioces cence sss soesere cer erer seers 94
ODONATA
ATIAXSIMP ET ALOT :2 sacesceemeree eee eere ee eee 127
Calopteryx SplenmGens sc... cece eee cyaeeres ee 127
Calopteryx Spp teeta eer sne es eer es 127
Ppallaget atiniec. ck eee rete ee eee eases 127
Orthe trum: Dronmeuim seccecccccecnsessesseoseteaceceseseess Lay
Platy Cems Penni pess sc. .ccseuccs.sccunceceaceaeeeedeeeeess 7
ORTHOPTERA
Conocephalus. dorsalis.2.c23.5.2c.tese-cccs-sseeeveesepeee 139
Leptophyes punctatissima............:csceceeeeereeeees ibeh!)
Meconema thalassinum .............:::ccccceseeeeseeees 139
Metnopteraroeselia.c, cicc ste enececpececntsqecteenstserss 139
Pholidoptera griseoaptera .............ccccssseceesseeees 139
ett Onia var GISSitil alesse ee eec-ceee-c-ceeey eet 159
Pettis OnNGAaS We icteiecssnets.ceest tens cenercutee nates. 120159
COLLEMBOLA
Lepidocyrtus cyaneus ..................ccccccceseeeteeees a7,
eEPIGOCWLUSSDiereseay.sscrerdceessser-.sssereventeeee eee ay

PACAIN tiers. cots sueseue ice mectehen mate ee, 150
Eniophyes Calycophthitus's: i2.::500:csecsecccoaoenseaces 150
ENOphyes Weinus \.. «72.2. :aiteecs steer asie whan Ges 150
Brophy Gidea, Jccccscuiasnsiegetse eet eeaeee seater! 150
Phyllocoptes somiothorax cc03..8saccs38 i ededses 150
Tetranyehus Urticae ss... tyscoue een sas oe tact 192
NEMATODA
Aphelenchoides ritzemaboSi...............cccccceeees 192

XX1V

HECKMAN
BINDERY, IN C.
Bound-To-Please®

JUNE 00

N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962

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